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Athirojthanakij W, Rashidinejad A. Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: Comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:5121-5130. [PMID: 39055189 PMCID: PMC11266887 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from green tea waste (GTW) toward its potential application in the food industry. GTW, which is generated during the harvesting and processing of green tea products, accounts for a global annual loss of nearly 1 million tonnes. Notably, this waste is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, which are renowned for their significant health benefits. We assessed the optimization of catechin extraction from GTW employing hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and ethanol extraction (EthE) techniques at different sample-to-solvent ratios (1:100, 1:50, and 1:20 w/v). The extraction temperature was set at 80°C for both HWE and UAE; however, for EthE, the temperature was slightly lower at 70°C, adhering to the boiling point of ethanol. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the extraction efficiency by quantifying various catechins (i.e., catechin, epicatechin [EC], epicatechin gallate [ECG], epigallocatechin [EGC], and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). In terms of the concentration for individual catechins, EC was found to be the highest concentration detected, ranging from 30.58 ± 1.17 to 37.95 ± 0.84 mg/L in all extraction techniques and ratios of solvents, followed by EGCG (9.71 ± 1.40-20.99 ± 1.11 mg/L), EGC + C (7.95 ± 0.66-12.58 ± 0.56 mg/L), and ECG (1.85 ± 0.71-6.05 ± 0.06 mg/L). The findings of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical assay illustrated that HWE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency at all ratios, ranging from 61.41 ± 1.00 to 70.36 ± 1.47 mg/L. The 1:50 ratio exhibited the highest extraction yield (25.98% ± 0.75%) compared to UAE (24.16% ± 0.95%) and EthE (22.59% ± 0.26%). Moreover, this method of extraction (i.e., HWE) produced the highest total catechins and %DPPH reduction. Consequently, HWE was the most efficient method for extracting catechins from GTW, underscoring its potential for valorizing waste within the food manufacturing industry.
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Lin Z, Wei J, Hu Y, Pi D, Jiang M, Lang T. Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2721. [PMID: 37509813 PMCID: PMC10380055 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a metabolite derived from purine nucleotides, typically accounting for 2-5% of the dry weight of tea and 1-2% of the dry weight of coffee. In the tea and coffee plants, the main synthesis pathway of caffeine is a four-step sequence consisting of three methylation reactions and one nucleosidase reaction using xanthine as a precursor. In bacteria, caffeine degradation occurs mainly through the pathways of N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. However, a study fully and systematically summarizing the metabolism and application of caffeine in microorganisms has not been established elsewhere. In the present study, we provide a review of the biosynthesis, microbial degradation, gene expression, and application of caffeine microbial degradation. The present review aims to further elaborate the mechanism of caffeine metabolism by microorganisms and explore the development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yongqiang Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dujuan Pi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tao Lang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
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Attanayake G, Mao G, Walker KD. Semibiocatalytic Approach toward Regioisomerically Enriched Ethyl Dimethylpyrazines Important in Flavor Industries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15314-15324. [PMID: 34874714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkylpyrazines are important heterocyclic compounds used as flavorants in food and beverage industries. In this study, a regioselective semibiocatalytic process was developed to synthesize 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (235-EDMP) over its 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (325-EDMP) isomer and vice versa. We initially explored how sterics could direct the coupling orientations between diamines and diketones to access 235- or 325-EDMP selectively. Also, the physical parameters of the reaction conditions were changed, such as reduced temperature, the order-of-addition of the reactants, and supplementation with chiral zeolites to template the orientation of the coupling partners to direct the reaction regiochemistry. Each reaction trial resulted in 50:50 mixtures of the EDMP isomers. An alternative approach was explored to control the regioselectivity of the reactions; α-hydroxy ketones replaced the diketones as the electrophilic coupling reactant used in previous trial experiments. The hydroxy ketone reactants were made biocatalytically with pyruvate decarboxylase. The coupling reaction between 2-hydroxypentan-3-one and propane-1,2-diamine resulted in the desired 235-EDMP at >70% (∼77 mg) relative to 325-EDMP in the mixture. The 3-hydroxypentan-2-one congener was biocatalyzed and reacted with propane-1,2-diamine as a proof of principle to synthesize 325-EDMP (∼60% relative abundance, ∼73 mg) over 235-EDMP. These results suggested a mechanism that was directed by the hydroxy ketone electrophilicity and the sterics at the diamine nucleophilic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayanthi Attanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guohong Mao
- Conagen, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Kevin D Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Razzaghi T, Salami M, Qomi M, Moslehishad M. Assessing Caffeine Contents in Tea Infusions Decaffeinated by Hot Water Treatment Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Studying the Effects of Mint Leaf Addition to Tea Infusions on Improvement of their Total Polyphenol Contents. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.7.2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Gao T, Shi Y, Xue Y, Yan F, Huang D, Wu Y, Weng Z. Polyphenol extract from superheated steam processed tea waste attenuates the oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13096. [PMID: 31693210 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, tea polyphenols (TPs) was first extracted from tea waste by superheated steam (SS) pretreated ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal extraction (UAH). The optimized strategy presented extracts with the extraction yield up to 21.19% with a significantly higher antioxidant ability, compared with the one without SS pretreatment. Further investigation proved that the SS suppressed the polyphenol oxidase activity of the TPs extract. The ability to scavenge the free radicals were compared in mouse liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cardiolipin peroxidation, and respiratory chain complex (RCC) I-V activities were also evaluated as the index of the mitochondrial oxidative damage. The study supports evidence that the TPs extract exhibited significant protection against oxidative damage on mitochondrial. Furthermore, the effect of TPs on antioxidant ability in zebrafish embryo was evaluated. After TPs pretreatment for 1 day, zebrafish embryos showed a significantly higher survival rate as well as heart rate when facing the oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polyphenols from tea leaves have been viewed as an antioxidant additive in food, mainly due to the ability of scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The results of this study suggest that the SS pretreatment could be used as an efficient method to extract TPs from the tea waste for the prevention of oxidative damage in the mouse liver mitochondria and zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Gao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fen Yan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanzi Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuquan Weng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang E, Li Y, Maguy BL, Lou Z, Wang H, Zhao W, Chen X. Separation and enrichment of phenolics improved the antibiofilm and antibacterial activity of the fractions from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis in vitro and in tofu. Food Chem 2019; 294:533-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang L, Ku KM. Biomarkers-based classification between green teas and decaffeinated green teas using gas chromatography mass spectrometer coupled with in-tube extraction (ITEX). Food Chem 2019; 271:450-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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HPLC Separation of 2-Ethyl-5(6)-methylpyrazine and Its Electroantennogram and Alarm Activities on Fire Ants ( Solenopsis invicta Buren). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071661. [PMID: 29986521 PMCID: PMC6100352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (EDMP) was an alarm pheromone component isolated from the mandibular gland of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Several pyrazine analogues have been previously found to elicit significant alarm responses in S. invicta workers. This study aimed to separate the commercially available 2-ethyl-5(6)-methylpyrazine (EMP), i.e., a mixture of 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine (2E6MP) and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine (2E5MP), and to examine both electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral responses of S. invicta workers to EMP and the purified isomers. HPLC separations were achieved using a polysaccharide chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak AD-H) column with both mobile phases: Cyclohexane/isopropanol, and hexane/isopropanol. A ratio of 99:1 was selected for the separation of EMP at semipreparative level. The structures of the isomers obtained through the cyclohexane/isopropanol mobile phase were confirmed by detailed analyses of 2D-HSQC- and -HMBC-NMR data. The two isomers showed differential methine C⁻H correlations evidenced by 2D-HMBC-NMR spectra. The two concentrated fractions obtained through hexane/isopropanol mobile phase were subjected to EAG test and behavioral bioassay on S. invicta workers. The two HPLC−purified isomers, 2E6MP and 2E5MP, and their mixture (1:1) at same dose elicited similar EAG and alarm responses, indicating that these two isomers are equally active. The 2D-NMR−spectroscopic characterization, and electrophysiological and alarm activities of 2E6MP and 2E5MP were reported here for the first time.
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Villanueva-Bermejo D, Reglero G, Fornari T. Recent advances in the processing of green tea biomolecules using ethyl lactate. A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adnadjevic B, Koturevic B, Jovanovic J. Comparative kinetic analysis of isothermal extraction of caffeine from guarana seed under conventional and microwave heating. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Santos SB, Reis IAO, Silva CPC, Campos AF, Ventura SPM, Soares CMF, Lima ÁS. Selective partition of caffeine from coffee bean and guaraná seed extracts using alcohol–salt aqueous two-phase systems. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1199569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
| | - Igor A. O. Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
| | - Camila P. C. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
| | - Andressa F. Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
| | | | - Cleide M. F. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Álvaro S. Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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Gu H, Chen F, Zhang Q, Zang J. Application of ionic liquids in vacuum microwave-assisted extraction followed by macroporous resin isolation of three flavonoids rutin, hyperoside and hesperidin from Sorbus tianschanica leaves. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1014:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Banerjee S, Chatterjee J. Efficient extraction strategies of tea (Camellia sinensis) biomolecules. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:3158-68. [PMID: 26028699 PMCID: PMC4444893 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a popular daily beverage worldwide. Modulation and modifications of its basic components like catechins, alkaloids, proteins and carbohydrate during fermentation or extraction process changes organoleptic, gustatory and medicinal properties of tea. Through these processes increase or decrease in yield of desired components are evident. Considering the varied impacts of parameters in tea production, storage and processes that affect the yield, extraction of tea biomolecules at optimized condition is thought to be challenging. Implementation of technological advancements in green chemistry approaches can minimize the deviation retaining maximum qualitative properties in environment friendly way. Existed extraction processes with optimization parameters of tea have been discussed in this paper including its prospects and limitations. This exhaustive review of various extraction parameters, decaffeination process of tea and large scale cost effective isolation of tea components with aid of modern technology can assist people to choose extraction condition of tea according to necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302 West Bengal India
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Comparative evaluation of atmospheric and vacuum microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from fresh and driedCentella asiaticaL. leaves. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ionic liquid-based vacuum microwave-assisted extraction followed by macroporous resin enrichment for the separation of the three glycosides salicin, hyperin and rutin from Populus bark. Molecules 2014; 19:9689-711. [PMID: 25004075 PMCID: PMC6271344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective ionic liquid vacuum microwave-assisted method was developed for extraction of the thermo- and oxygen-sensitive glycosides salicin, hyperin and rutin from Populus bark due to the strong solvating effects of ionic liquids on plant cell walls. In this study, [C4mim]BF4 solution was selected as the extracting solution for extraction of the target analytes. After optimization by single factor experiments and response surface methodology, the optimum condition parameters were achieved, which included 1.0 M [C4mim]BF4, 2 h soaking time, −0.08 MPa vacuum, 20 min microwave irradiation time, 400 W microwave irradiation power and 25 mL/g liquid/solid ratio. Under the optimum conditions, higher extraction yields of salicin (35.53 mg/g), hyperin (1.32 mg/g) and rutin (2.40 mg/g) were obtained. Compared with other extraction methods, the developed method provided higher yields of the three target components after a relatively shorter extraction time (20 min). No obvious degradation of the target analytes was observed under the optimum conditions in performed stability studies and the proposed method had a high reproducibility. Meanwhile, after adsorption and desorption on macroporous D101 resin, the target analytes can be effectively separated from the [C4mim]BF4 ionic liquid extraction solution and the yields of salicin, hyperin and rutin were 89%, 82% and 84%, respectively. The recovered [C4mim]BF4 ionic liquid presented a good extraction effect on the three analytes after recycling five times.
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Choung MG, Hwang YS, Lee MS, Lee J, Kang ST, Jun TH. Comparison of extraction and isolation efficiency of catechins and caffeine from green tea leaves using different solvent systems. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource; Dogye Campus; Kangwon National University; Hwangjori #3 Dogye-up Samcheok 245-907 Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hwang
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource; Dogye Campus; Kangwon National University; Hwangjori #3 Dogye-up Samcheok 245-907 Korea
| | - Min-Seuk Lee
- Sulloc Cha R&D Center; Jangwon Co. Ltd; Seogwipo Jeju 699-920 Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS; Tree Fruit Research Laboratory; 1104 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Sung-Taeg Kang
- Department of Crop Science & Biotechnology; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
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Bahar B, Pelvan E, Hasbay İ, Alasalvar C. Decaffeinated black tea: Process optimization and phenolic profiles. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kanda H, Li P, Makino H. Production of decaffeinated green tea leaves using liquefied dimethyl ether. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vuong QV, Roach PD. Caffeine in Green Tea: Its Removal and Isolation. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2013.771127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lou Z, Song X, Hong Y, Wang H, Lin Y. Separation and enrichment of burdock leaf components and their inhibition activity on biofilm formation of E. coli. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Determination of volatile components of green, black, oolong and white tea by optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Analysis of alkaloids from different chemical groups by different liquid chromatography methods. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlkaloids are biologically active compounds widely used as pharmaceuticals and synthesised as secondary methabolites in plants. Many of these compounds are strongly toxic. Therefore, they are often subject of scientific interests and analysis. Since alkaloids — basic compounds appear in aqueous solutions as ionized and unionized forms, they are difficult for chromatographic separation for peak tailing, poor systems efficiency, poor separation and poor column-to-column reproducibility. For this reason it is necessity searching of more suitable chromatographic systems for analysis of the compounds. In this article we present an overview on the separation of selected alkaloids from different chemical groups by liquid chromatography thus indicating the range of useful methods now available for alkaloid analysis. Different selectivity, system efficiency and peaks shape may be achieved in different LC methods separations by use of alternative stationary phases: silica, alumina, chemically bonded stationary phases, cation exchange phases, or by varying nonaqueous or aqueous mobile phase (containing different modifier, different buffers at different pH, ion-pairing or silanol blocker reagents). Developments in TLC (NP and RP systems), HPLC (NP, RP, HILIC, ion-exchange) are presented and the advantages of each method for alkaloids analysis are discussed.
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