1
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Langer T, Nicoli R, Schweizer-Grundisch C, Grabherr S, Kuuranne T, Musenga A. Comparison of analytical approaches for the detection of oral testosterone undecanoate administration in men. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38205661 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
For antidoping laboratories, the determination of an illicit testosterone (T) administration in urine samples remains a difficult process as it requires the determination of the exogenous origin by carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of testosterone and its metabolites. As a complement to the urinary analysis, targeting testosterone esters (e.g. testosterone undecanoate [TU]) in serum samples by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) could represent a simpler approach compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). These two approaches both lead to the direct detection of the administration of exogenous T but with a difference in effort and complexity of the analysis. To compare the detection window obtained with the two strategies, serum and the corresponding urine samples collected from an administration study with oral TU were analysed. Results showed that, at all timepoints where the intact TU was detected in serum, the CIRs of urinary steroids were also not in agreement with an endogenous origin. IRMS analysis required more effort but resulted in slightly longer detection windows than the ester analysis. Finally, this comparison study showed that, in the presence of a suspicious urinary steroid profile, the LC-MS/MS steroid esters analysis in the corresponding serum samples can be very helpful. If steroid esters are not detected, the IRMS analysis can then be conducted on the urine sample afterwards. Overall, the combination of matrices might facilitate the detection of prohibited T administration in sports, especially for athletes with naturally low T/E ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer-Grundisch
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Musenga
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Walpurgis K, Piper T, Thevis M. Androgens, sports, and detection strategies for anabolic drug use. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101609. [PMID: 35120801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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3
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de la Torre X, Jardines D, Botrè F. Evaluation of longitudinal 13 C IRMS data in antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1877-1890. [PMID: 35738893 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The detection of testosterone and its precursors' abuse in Antidoping sports analysis, is based on the longitudinal evaluation of markers of the urinary endogenous steroid profile. A Bayesian statistical approach is applied, allowing the establishment of credible intervals of the selected parameters for every athlete. Samples showing values outside the acceptable boundaries are selected for additional confirmation by isotope ratio mass spectrometric (IRMS) analysis. The alterations of the IRMS values last longer than the alterations of the steroid profile. Then the application of IRMS to a larger number of samples, at a screening level, would presumably allow detection of additional positive cases. The steroid profile and IRMS data can be treated using the same Bayesian inference procedure. In non-sports population, we have demonstrated the stability of IRMS data. In this work, we studied the variability of these data in real conditions, in samples collected on athletes subjected to anti-doping analyses over the years. The data obtained confirmed previous observations and the applicability of the proposed approach. The results of cases where confounding factors of the steroid profile were reported are discussed, showing that in most of the cases no significant changes are observed over the absolute delta values. Changes in diet may significantly change the absolute delta values but not the ones relative to endogenous reference compounds. Finally, a case that could have been evaluated as normal with the current approach without a thorough review of the data, was detected as positive by the proposed approach, demonstrating the benefit of its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs; ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon - Quartier Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Iannone M, Alberti F, Braganò MC, de la Torre X, Molaioni F, Botrè F. Influence of synthetic isoflavones on selected urinary steroid biomarkers: Relevance to doping control. Steroids 2021; 174:108900. [PMID: 34391799 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have investigated the influence of the intake of two synthetic isoflavones, methoxyisoflavone and ipriflavone, on the urinary concentration of endogenous steroids, and on their relative ratios, of doping relevance. Specifically, the concentrations of testosterone (T), epitestosterone (E), androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio), 5α-androstan-3α,17α-diol (5αAdiol), 5β-androstan-3α,17α-diol (5βAdiol), and the ratios T/E, A/T, A/Etio, 5αAdiol/5βAdiol, 5αAdiol/E, were considered, in the framework of the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The above set of parameters were complemented by the urinary levels of luteinizing hormone (total LH) and the ratio between T and LH (T/total LH), to assess the possible effects on the biosynthesis of the mentioned steroids. Five healthy Caucasian male volunteers were selected for the study. Urine samples were collected before and during the administration of (i) methoxyisoflavone (Methoxyisoflavone, MyProtein) and (ii) ipriflavone (Osteofix ®, Chiesi Farmaceutici). For the analysis of the urinary steroid profile, after enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase from Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) and liquid-liquid extraction with tert-buthylmethyl ether, all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), while for the determination of total LH all urine samples were directly analyzed by a chemiluminescent immunometric assay technique (Siemens Immulite 2000 LH). Our results show that the administration of either methoxyisoflavone or ipriflavone causes an alteration of the urinary concentrations and concentration ratios of the investigated steroids, in the range 55-80% from the baseline values. Furthermore, an oversecretion of LH after the daily intake of methoxyisoflavone or ipriflavone was also recorded in all volunteers, corresponding to an increase in the biosynthesis and excretion of T and some of its metabolites. These changes trigger a disregulation in the pattern of urinary excretion of the steroids included in the Steroidal Module of the ABP, which makes more difficult the interpretation of the longitudinal steroid profile based on the definition of individual normality ranges for each athlete. Our data are also consistent with previous evidence regarding the in vitro effects of natural and synthetic isoflavones, suggesting that their monitoring in doping control routine analysis would be very beneficial for the result management activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Alberti
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Braganò
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Molaioni
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise in antiDoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon, Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Iannella L, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F, de la Torre X. 5α-reductase inhibitors: Evaluation of their potential confounding effect on GC-C-IRMS doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1852-1861. [PMID: 34318592 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are considered by the World Anti-doping Agency as potential confounding factors in evaluating the athlete steroid profile, since they may interfere with the urinary excretion of several diagnostic compounds. We herein investigated 5α-reductase inhibitors from a different perspective, by verifying their influence on the carbon isotopic composition of 5α- and 5β-reduced testosterone and nandrolone metabolites. The GC-C-IRMS analysis was performed on a set of urine samples collected from three male Caucasian volunteers after the acute and chronic administration of finasteride in combination with the intake of 19-norandrostenedione, a nandrolone precursor. The excretion and the isotopic profile of androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio) 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5αAdiol), and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5βAdiol) were determined as well as those of 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE). Pregnanediol (PD) and pregnanetriol (PT) were also measured as endogenous reference compounds to define the individual endogenous isotopic profile. Our results confirmed the impact of finasteride, especially if chronically administered, on the enzymatic pathway of testosterone and nandrolone, and pointed out the influence of 5-ARIs on δ13 C values of the selected target compounds determined in the IRMS confirmation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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6
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Martínez Brito D, Leogrande P, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botre F, de la Torre X. Arimistane: Degradation product or metabolite of 7-oxo-DHEA? Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1430-1439. [PMID: 33783974 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The instability of androst-5-ene-3,7-dione structures under acidic conditions is known. The formation of arimistane from 7-oxo-DHEA, influenced by the conditions of sample extraction, and mainly derivatization reaction and gas chromatography (GC) injector temperature, was described earlier, potentially leading to misinterpretation of results. By using a liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) (LC-MS) we investigated the stability of the 7-oxo-DHEA in two different solvents (methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), and the arimistane formation after the application common analytical procedures. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies of 7-oxo-DHEA were performed. METHODS The stability of 7-oxo-DHEA was studied in solutions after 60 days storage at -20°C. In vitro studies were performed by incubating 7-oxo-DHEA with human liver microsomes (HLMs). Healthy volunteers collected urine samples before and after the administration of a single dose of 7-oxo-DHEA. Analyses were performed using high-performance LC (HPLC) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) and GC combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) following HPLC purification. RESULTS 7-oxo-DHEA was stable after 60 days in DMSO while a protic solvent as methanol promotes the degradation of 7-oxo-DHEA to arimistane. HLM incubations showed no formation of arimistane and the sample preparation only influenced the degradation of 7-oxo-DHEA when solvolysis was applied. After the administration study the presence of arimistane also after the hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase (Escherichia coli) was observed while using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia) showed the presence of arimistane already in blank samples collected before administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm arimistane as a valuable diagnostic marker of 7-oxo-DHEA administration, but also indicate that its formation is due to degradation processes rather than to metabolic biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy.,REDs-Research and Expertise on Anti-Doping Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Lalonde K, Barber A, Ayotte C. Two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography purification of underivatized urinary testosterone and metabolites for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:558-570. [PMID: 33151038 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone doping in sports is detected through the measurement of the carbon isotopic signature (δ13 C) of testosterone and its metabolites in urine. A critical step in achieving accurate and precise δ13 C values during compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (CSIA) is the removal of interfering matrix components. To this end, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) recommends the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a method of sample pretreatment. We provide a description of an automated two-dimensional HPLC (2D-HPLC) purification method for urine extracts that has made possible the CSIA of underivatized steroids, requiring only 36 min per sample. Eight urinary steroids including testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and four of their metabolites as well as two endogenous reference compounds were collected during HPLC purification. Comparative GC chromatograms are used to contrast the efficiency of two-dimensional (2D) purification to a previously established 1D-HPLC method. The 2D purification leads to improved sample purity while simultaneously decreasing the analysis time, allowing for unprecedented sample throughput. Precision of δ13 C for all analyzed compounds in negative and positive controls was 0.5‰ or better, which is comparable with the precision of pure reference materials at similar intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lalonde
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada
| | - Andrew Barber
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada
| | - Christiane Ayotte
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada
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8
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Iannella L, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F, de la Torre X. Detecting the abuse of 19-norsteroids in doping controls: A new gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:770-784. [PMID: 33242373 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The detection of 19-norsteroids abuse in doping controls currently relies on the determination of 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). An additional confirmatory analysis by gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is performed on samples showing 19-NA concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/ml and not originated from pregnant female athletes or female treated with 19-norethisterone. 19-Noretiocholanolone (19-NE) is typically produced to a lesser extent as a secondary metabolite. The aim of this work was to improve the GC-C-IRMS confirmation procedure for the detection of 19-norsteroids misuse. Both 19-NA and 19-NE were analyzed as target compounds (TCs), whereas androsterone (A), pregnanediol (PD), and pregnanetriol (PT) were selected as endogenous reference compounds (ERCs). The method was validated and applied to urine samples collected by three male volunteers after the administration of nandrolone-based formulations. Before the instrumental analysis, urine samples (<25 ml) were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli and extracted with n-pentane. Compounds of interest were purified through a single (for PT) or double (for 19-NE, 19-NA, A, and PD) liquid chromatographic step, to reduce the background noise and eliminate interferences that could have affect the accuracy of δ13 C values. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2 ng/ml was ensured for both 19-NA and 19-NE. The 19-NE determination could be helpful in case of "unstable" urine samples, in late excretion phases or when coadministration with 5α-reductase inhibitors occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,ISSUL-Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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9
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de la Torre X, Iannone M, Botrè F. Improving the detection of anabolic steroid esters in human serum by LC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113807. [PMID: 33281003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the abuse of pseudo-endogenous steroids in sport is articulated in two different levels: an initial testing procedure, based on the longitudinal evaluation of the urinary androgenic steroid profile by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MSn), and a confirmation analysis, based on the differentiation between the endogenous and exogenous origin of the pseudo-endogenous steroids by gas-chromatography coupled to isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The abuse of pharmaceutical preparations displaying a carbon isotopic composition values within a range similar to those reported for endogenous urinary steroids makes more difficult the application of GC/C/IRMS technique. To overcome this limitation, the direct detection of an intact synthetic anabolic steroid ester in blood matrices (plasma and/or serum) could supply the unequivocal proof of exogenous administration of pseudo-endogenous steroids. Here we are presenting a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 14 testosterone (T) esters and 2 nandrolone (Nand) esters in human serum. Sample pre-treatment consisted of protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization. The formation of three different derivatives (oxime derivatives, Girard P and Girard T hydrazones) is considered, in order to guarantee an improvement in the detection capability of the assay with respect to underivatized compounds. Once the most suitable derivative was selected, the method was validated, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), extraction recovery, matrix effect (ion suppression/enhancement), carry over and autosampler stability. The formation of Girard P hydrazones of T and Nand esters provides the best results compared to the underivatized compounds, oxime and Girard T derivatives, respectively. The presented analytical method is specific for all considered compounds and linear in the range of concentrations investigated (0.25-10 ng/mL). The LODs are between 0.03 and 0.30 ng/mL, the extraction recovery higher than 70 % for all esters and no remarkable matrix effect, expressed in terms of ion enhancement and ion suppression, was observed. Finally, the developed and validate method was applied in the analysis of serum samples collected after the administration of a single dose (40 mg, 1 capsule) of testosterone undecanoate (Andriol ®) demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy; Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Synathlon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Montes de Oca Porto R, Fernández_Hormiga MA, Correa_Vidal MT, Martínez_Brito D. Carbon isotope ratio of endogenous urinary steroids of the Cuban population of athletes studied for doping purposes. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1501-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Iannella L, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Ciccarelli C, Mazzarino M, Torre X. Carbon isotopic characterization of prednisolone and prednisone pharmaceutical formulations: Implications in antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale “Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | | | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
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12
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Iannella L, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Torre X. Development and validation of a method to confirm the exogenous origin of prednisone and prednisolone by GC‐C‐IRMS. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1615-1628. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco“Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale“Sapienza” Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
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13
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Martinez‐Brito D, Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. 7‐keto‐DHEAmetabolism in humans. Pitfalls in interpreting the analytical results in the antidoping field. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1629-1643. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI Rome Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
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14
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Iannone M, Palermo A, de la Torre X, Romanelli F, Sansone A, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Botrè F. Effects of transdermal administration of testosterone gel on the urinary steroid profile in hypogonadal men: Implications in antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 152:108491. [PMID: 31499075 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is one of the most abused pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport doping. The current method adopted to detect the abuse of testosterone and other pseudo-endogenous steroids (endogenous steroids when administered exogenously) is first based on the longitudinal monitoring of several urinary biomarkers, which constitute the so called "steroidal module" of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP): atypical samples undergo a confirmation analysis based on the measurement of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of selected target compounds, to distinguish their endogenous or exogenous origin. At the same time, testosterone administration can be allowed in athletes diagnosed with hypogonadism, provided they are granted a therapeutic use exemption by the relevant medical authority. In this pilot study we have investigated whether the approach based on the preliminary determination of the urinary steroid profile, in the format considered in the steroidal module of the ABP, also integrated with the inclusion of the sulfo-conjugates and of additional target steroids, can retain its validity also in the case of hypogonadal athletes. We have studied the effects of a single low dose (40 mg) of testosterone gel (T-gel) on the urinary concentration of the markers of steroidal module of the ABP, as well as on some additional steroid markers. The study was based on the analysis of urinary samples from 19 non-hospitalized hypogonadal men, 10 of them with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), collected before, after 4 h and after 24 h the transdermal self-administration of 40 mg of T-gel. None of the patient had any co-morbidities possibly affecting the urinary excretion of the steroidal markers. The steroidal markers were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective glucuro-conjugates and the chemical hydrolysis of the respective sulfo-conjugates. Targeted GC-MS/MS analysis was carried out operating in electron impact (EI) ionization mode, with acquisition in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Our preliminary results show that, as expected, the treatment with T-gel leads, in all hypogonadal men, to an increase of the urinary concentration of the glucuro-conjugate metabolites of testosterone and its main metabolites, with special relevance to those with 5α-reduction. Furthermore, samples collected from non-LOH hypogonadal men showed an increase also in the levels of epitestosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulfate and epitestosterone sulfate. Apart from their biochemical and pharmacological relevance, these outcomes could be leveraged to refine the analytical strategy currently followed in the antidoping field for the analysis of the urinary steroidal markers, with potential implications also in other forensic and/or clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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15
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Putz M, Piper T, Dubois M, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Analysis of endogenous steroids in urine by means of multi-immunoaffinity chromatography and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7563-7571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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de la Torre X, Jardines D, Curcio D, Colamonici C, Botrè F. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry in antidoping analysis: The use of endogenous reference compounds. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:579-586. [PMID: 30589473 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is an analytical technique required by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) before releasing of an adverse finding for the abuse of pseudoendogenous steroids (i.e. testosterone). For every single individual, the delta 13 C values (‰) of the selected target compounds (TCs, i.e. testosterone and/or its precursors/metabolites) are compared with those of endogenous reference compounds (ERCs). The aim of this work is to investigate the individual variation in the delta values of four different commonly used ERCs to establish the maximum acceptable variation, in order to detect potential outliers. METHODS Routine urine samples collected for antidoping purposes were submitted to IRMS confirmation. After a specific liquid chromatographic purification of the analytes of interest, the final extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/combustion (GC/C)-IRMS. The selected ERCs monitored were pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, 11-keto-etiocholanolone and 11β-hydroxyandrosterone. The obtained 13 C delta values were statistically analyzed to evaluate their inter- and intra-individual distribution. RESULTS The delta values of the ERCs studied showed a normal distribution and no major differences among genders were observed. As expected, there are differences depending on the geographical origin of the samples, reflecting different dietary habits and food sources. The intra-individual dispersion, expressed as the standard deviation (SD) of the values of the studied ERCs, did not greatly exceed the instrumental error (0.5‰), demonstrating the good preservation of the delta values along the metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS For the selected ERCs of non-sporting volunteers and the urinary specimens from more than 1000 sportsmen, we can propose a maximum SD of 0.54‰ and range of 1.2‰ for delta 13 C values as acceptance criteria to detect potential outliers. These cases can be caused by the external masking effect of the administration of a substance modifying the delta values or outliers due to unforeseen procedural artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Development and validation of a multidimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry-based test method for analyzing urinary steroids in doping controls. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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Piper T, Putz M, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids in Belgian Blue and Holstein cattle: Method development, reference population studies and application to steroid misuse control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1793-1802. [PMID: 28833805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The misuse of growth promoters in livestock and breeding animals is prohibited according to the laws of the European Union. Among these growth promoters, the detection of endogenous steroids like testosterone, estradiol or progesterone remains especially challenging as concentration-based urinary thresholds may not provide conclusive results due to large inter-individual variations. In addition to the detection of intact steroid esters in blood or hair, carbon isotope ratio (CIR) determination of urinary steroids has commonly been the method of choice. METHODS A comprehensive sample clean-up procedure was developed and validated, which enables for the first time simultaneous CIR measurements of testosterone metabolites (17α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one and 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol), the estradiol metabolite 17α-estradiol (ESTR) and the progesterone metabolite 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol (PD) from a single urine specimen. As endogenous reference compounds 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol (5EN) were chosen. The method was validated by means of linear mixing models and a reference population encompassing n = 53 Belgian Blue and Holstein cattle was investigated to enable the calculation of population-based Δ13 C thresholds. RESULTS The combined measurement uncertainty determined for the Δ13 C-values of all steroids under investigation was found to be <0.8 ‰. Within the reference population studies, 5EN was demonstrated to be the most promising endogenous reference compound resulting in comparably low Δ-values and accompanying thresholds. For PD, a surprisingly high number of samples (n = 9) yielded significantly 13 C-depleted values and ESTR was only detectable in n = 13 samples. Proof-of-concept was accomplished by investigating two post-administration samples. CONCLUSIONS This first comprehensive investigation on the CIRs of endogenous urinary steroids demonstrated once more the potential of isotope ratios in aiding discrimination between endogenously produced and exogenously administered steroids. By means of the reference population-derived CIRs, it is possible to apply cattle-specific thresholds to differentiate between treated and non-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany
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20
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Palermo A, Botrè F, de la Torre X, Zamboni N. Non-targeted LC-MS based metabolomics analysis of the urinary steroidal profile. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:112-122. [PMID: 28351627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The urinary steroidal fraction has been extensively explored as non-invasive alternative to monitor pathological conditions as well as to unveil the illicit intake of pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport. However, the majority of previous approaches involved the a priori selection of potentially relevant target analytes. Here we describe the non-targeted analysis of the urinary steroidal profiles. The workflow includes minimal sample pretreatment and normalization according to the specific gravity of urine, a 20 min reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation hyphenated to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As initial validation, we analyzed a set of quality control urines spiked with glucurono- and sulfo-conjugated steroids at physiological ranges. We then applied the method for the analysis of samples collected after single transdermal administration of testosterone in hypogonadal men. The method allowed profiling of approximately three thousand metabolic features, including steroids of clinical and forensic relevance. It successfully identified metabolic pathways mostly responsible for groups clustering even in the context of high inter-individual variability and allowed the detection of currently unknown metabolic features correlating with testosterone administration. These outcomes set the stage for future studies aimed at implementing currently monitored urinary steroidal markers both in clinical and forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Palermo
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Piper T, Thevis M. Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing Accounting for Isotope Fractionation in Analysis of Biological Samples. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:403-432. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Jardines D, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Procida G, de la Torre X. Longitudinal evaluation of the isotope ratio mass spectrometric data: towards the ‘isotopic module’ of the athlete biological passport? Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1212-1221. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena, 291 00161 Roma Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Gemma Procida
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
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23
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In vitro evidence of the promoting effect of testosterone in kidney stone disease: A proteomics approach and functional validation. J Proteomics 2016; 144:11-22. [PMID: 27260493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Incidence of kidney stone disease in males is 2- to 4-fold greater than in females. This study aimed to determine effects of testosterone on kidney stone disease using a proteomics approach. MDCK renal tubular cells were treated with or without 20nM testosterone for 7days. Cellular proteins were extracted, resolved by 2-DE, and stained with Deep Purple fluorescence dye (n=5 gels derived from 5 independent samples/group). Spot matching, quantitative intensity analysis, and statistics revealed significant changes in levels of nine protein spots after testosterone treatment. These proteins were then identified by nanoLC-ESI-Qq-TOF MS/MS. Global protein network analysis using STRING software revealed α-enolase as the central node of protein-protein interactions. The increased level of α-enolase was then confirmed by Western blotting analysis, whereas immunofluorescence study revealed the increased α-enolase on cell surface and intracellularly. Functional analysis confirmed the potential role of the increased α-enolase in enhanced calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal-cell adhesion induced by testosterone. Finally, neutralization of surface α-enolase using anti-α-enolase antibody successfully reduced the enhanced COM crystal-cell adhesion to the basal level. Our data provided in vitro evidence of promoting effect of testosterone on kidney stone disease via enhanced COM crystal-cell adhesion by the increased surface α-enolase. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The incidence of kidney stone disease in male is 2- to 4-fold greater than in female. One of the possible factors of the male preference is the higher testosterone hormone level. However, precise molecular mechanisms that testosterone plays in kidney stone disease remained unclear. Our present study is the first exploratory investigation on such aspect using a proteomics approach. Our data also provide a novel mechanistic aspect of how testosterone can impact the risk of kidney stone formation (i.e. the discovery that testosterone increases alpha-enolase expression on the surface of renal tubular cells that is responsible, at least in part, for crystal-cell adhesion).
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24
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang X, Hu B, Liu Y, Zhang L, Cha R, Sun J, Jiang X. A microfluidic indirect competitive immunoassay for multiple and sensitive detection of testosterone in serum and urine. Analyst 2015; 141:815-9. [PMID: 26804930 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01835h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a microfluidic-based indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (MIC) for multiple, sensitive, reliable and rapid detection of testosterone in human serum and urine samples. As MIC can detect biomarkers in a cost-effective and easy-to-operate manner, it may have great potential for clinical diagnosis and point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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25
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Development and validation of a GC-C-IRMS method for the confirmation analysis of pseudo-endogenous glucocorticoids in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1071-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Levent A, Altun A, Taş S, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z. Voltammetric Behavior of Testosterone on Bismuth Film Electrode: Highly Sensitive Determination in Pharmaceuticals and Human Urine by Square‐Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2015; 27:1219-1228. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, an electrochemical application of bismuth‐film electrode (BiFE) fabricated via ex‐situ electrodeposition onto a glassy carbon electrode for testosterone determination was investigated in aqueous and aqueous/surfactant solutions. In cyclic voltammetry, the compound showed one irreversible and adsorption‐controlled reduction peak. The BiFE revealed good linear response in the examined concentration range of 1 to 45 nmol L−1 testosterone in BrittonRobinson buffer, pH 5.0 containing 3 mmol L−1 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The limit of detection was 0.3 nmol L−1 (0.09 ng mL−1). Finally, the BiFE was satisfactorily applied for quantitation of testosterone in both pharmaceutical (oil‐based ampoule) and biological (human urine) samples.
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Voltammetric Behavior of Testosterone on Bismuth Film Electrode: Highly Sensitive Determination in Pharmaceuticals and Human Urine by Square-Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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de la Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Jardines D, Molaioni F, Parr MK, Botrè F. Detection of formestane abuse by mass spectrometric techniques. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Molaioni
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy; Freie Univeristät Berlin; Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4 14195 Berlin Germany
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma; Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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IRMS detection of testosterone manipulated with 13C labeled standards in human urine by removing the labeled 13C. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Guo F, Shao J, Liu Q, Shi JB, Jiang GB. Automated and sensitive determination of four anabolic androgenic steroids in urine by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for clinical monitoring and doping control. Talanta 2014; 125:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Zhang Q, Jing L, Zhang J, Ren Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei T, Liedberg B. Surface plasmon resonance sensor for femtomolar detection of testosterone with water-compatible macroporous molecularly imprinted film. Anal Biochem 2014; 463:7-14. [PMID: 24991687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel water-compatible macroporous molecularly imprinted film (MIF) has been developed for rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of small molecule testosterone in urine. The MIF was synthesized by photo copolymerization of monomers (methacrylic acid [MAA] and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [HEMA]), cross-linker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA), and polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) in combination with template testosterone molecules. The PS NPs and template molecules were subsequently removed to form an MIF with macroporous structures and the specific recognition sites of testosterone. Incubation of artificial urine and human urine on the MIF and the non-imprinted film (NIF), respectively, indicated undetectable nonspecific adsorption. Accordingly, the MIF was applied on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the detection of testosterone in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and artificial urine with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 10(-15)g/ml. To the best of our knowledge, the LOD is considered as one of the lowest among the SPR sensors for the detection of small molecules. The control experiments performed with analogue molecules such as progesterone and estradiol demonstrated the good selectivity of this MIF for sensing testosterone. Furthermore, this MIF-based SPR sensor shows high stability and reproducibility over 8months of storage at room temperature, which is more robust than protein-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Yamin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore.
| | - Tianxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
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Raro M, Portolés T, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Marcos J, Ventura R, Gómez C, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Mass spectrometric behavior of anabolic androgenic steroids using gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Part I: ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:509-521. [PMID: 24913403 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is one of the most important topics in doping control analysis. Gas chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)) with electron ionization and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry have been traditionally applied for this purpose. However, both approaches still have important limitations, and, therefore, detection of all AAS is currently afforded by the combination of these strategies. Alternative ionization techniques can minimize these drawbacks and help in the implementation of a single method for the detection of AAS. In the present work, a new atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source commercialized for gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer has been tested to evaluate the ionization of 60 model AAS. Underivatized and trimethylsylil (TMS)-derivatized compounds have been investigated. The use of GC-APCI-MS allowed for the ionization of all AAS assayed irrespective of their structure. The presence of water in the source as modifier promoted the formation of protonated molecules ([M+H](+)), becoming the base peak of the spectrum for the majority of studied compounds. Under these conditions, [M+H](+), [M+H-H2O](+) and [M+H-2·H2O](+) for underivatized AAS and [M+H](+), [M+H-TMSOH](+) and [M+H-2·TMSOH](+) for TMS-derivatized AAS were observed as main ions in the spectra. The formed ions preserve the intact steroid skeleton, and, therefore, they might be used as specific precursors in MS/MS-based methods. Additionally, a relationship between the relative abundance of these ions and the AAS structure has been established. This relationship might be useful in the structural elucidation of unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Metabolism of boldione in humans by mass spectrometric techniques: detection of pseudoendogenous metabolites. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:834-42. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Piper T, Emery C, Thomas A, Saugy M, Thevis M. Combination of carbon isotope ratio with hydrogen isotope ratio determinations in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5455-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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