1
|
Opekar F, Tůma P. A new coaxial flow-through probe for electromembrane extraction of methadone from clinical samples on-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1300:342461. [PMID: 38521571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new design of a flow-through coaxial electromembrane extraction (EME) probe that can be on-line coupled with CE instrument is described and tested. The supporting base of the probe is a PDMS microchip with T-shaped channels into which two coaxially arranged capillaries for inlet and outlet solutions are inserted. The extraction part of the probe is a porous polypropylene hollow fiber, sealed at one end and modified with nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) extraction fluid. The internal volume of the extraction probe is 1.1 μL. RESULTS The EME probe was tested on laboratory samples and methadone was extracted into 3.0 M AcOH as acceptor. The concentration dependence was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 μg mL-1 at EME 300 s/150 V and in the range of 0.5-10.0 μg mL-1 at EME 100 s/150 V. The enrichment factor was greater than 30 and the LOD was 0.21 μg mL-1. The EME of methadone in clinical samples showed a linear concentration dependence in human urine and a nonlinear concentration dependence in serum. The distribution of methadone in each phase of the extraction system and the effect of extraction membrane thickness on the enrichment factor were studied. The EME probe can be applied repeatedly. SIGNIFICANCE The supporting base of EME probe and flow gating interface (FGI) are realized by a microfluidic PDMS microchips cast in the laboratory without the use of lithography. A supporting PDMS chip with coaxially arranged capillaries and extraction membrane forms a compact analytical instrument. The entire EME/CE analysis process is performed on a laboratory-made instrument and automated by LabView.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- František Opekar
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, 2, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Tůma
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, 10, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tůma P. Progress in on-line, at-line, and in-line coupling of sample treatment with capillary and microchip electrophoresis over the past 10 years: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1261:341249. [PMID: 37147053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The review presents an evaluation of the development of on-line, at-line and in-line sample treatment coupled with capillary and microchip electrophoresis over the last 10 years. In the first part, it describes different types of flow-gating interfaces (FGI) such as cross-FGI, coaxial-FGI, sheet-flow-FGI, and air-assisted-FGI and their fabrication using molding into polydimethylsiloxane and commercially available fittings. The second part deals with the coupling of capillary and microchip electrophoresis with microdialysis, solid-phase, liquid-phase, and membrane based extraction techniques. It mainly focuses on modern techniques such as extraction across supported liquid membrane, electroextraction, single drop microextraction, head space microextraction, and microdialysis with high spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, the design of sequential electrophoretic analysers and fabrication of SPE microcartridges with monolithic and molecularly imprinted polymeric sorbents are discussed. Applications include the monitoring of metabolites, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins in body fluids and tissues to study processes in living organisms, as well as the monitoring of nutrients, minerals and waste compounds in food, natural and wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tůma
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A new electromembrane extraction probe for on-line connection with capillary electrophoresis for determination of substances in biological matrices. Talanta 2023; 254:124149. [PMID: 36463806 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A miniature probe for electromembrane extraction is developed and constructed. The tubular probe with an internal volume of 1.1 μL is made of polypropylene hollow fiber with a supported liquid membrane of 85% nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) with 15% bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid (DEHP). The probe is connected on-line to the electrophoresis with short separation capillary via an air assisted flow gating interface cast from poly (dimethylsiloxane). The compact instrument is computer controlled via LabView. The probe parameters are tested for extraction of creatinine and basic amino acids from artificial solution and human urine. The sensitivity of the electrophoretic determination after 300 s extraction at 150 V compared to the sensitivity without extraction is 4.9-fold and 2.6-fold higher for creatinine and arginine, respectively. The RSDs for peak area measured from 5 repeated extractions of 50 μM solutions are 7.5%, 7.2%, 8.6% and 9.2% for Crea, Lys, Arg and His, respectively. The probe can be used for all-day measurements. The preparation of the probe is simple and requires no special tool.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahbarian H, Nojavan S, Maghsoudi M, Tabani H. In-tube gel electromembrane extraction: A green strategy for the extraction of narcotic drugs from biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463714. [PMID: 36565655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of green and miniature extraction methods is always a major and controversial challenge in the field of sample preparation. In this work, in-tube gel electromembrane extraction (IT-G-EME) was developed as a miniaturized extraction device for the extraction of six narcotic drugs (codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, tramadol, thebaine, and noscapine) from biological samples. A transparent capillary tube (∼6 cm) was used as a microextraction unit. The middle part of the tube was filled with a narrow plug (∼3 mm) of the agarose gel (3.0% w/v) as a membrane and the other sides were filled with aqueous extractant solution (pH 2.0, 20 µL) and sample solution (pH 5.0, 200 µL). By applying electrical potential (400 V), the target drugs with positive charge were migrated from sample solution toward the extractant solution through gel membrane during short extraction time (5 min). Then, the enriched analytes in extractant solution was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear within the permissible range of 10.0-1500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.991). Limits of detection and extraction recoveries were in the range of 3.0-4.5 ng/mL and 61.9-86.9%, respectively. On the basis of four replications, the repeatability of the method was also evaluated in terms of intra- and inter-day RSDs (%), which did not exceed from 6.6 and 7.9%, respectively in aqueous media. The figures of merit were also assessed in biological samples. Eventually, the developed method was profitably used for simultaneous determination of narcotic drugs in the real urine and plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Rahbarian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Novel developments in capillary electrophoresis miniaturization, sampling, detection and portability: An overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
6
|
Moema D, Makwakwa T, Gebreyohannes B, Dube S, Nindi M. Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones in chicken livers followed by high pressure liquid chromatography: Greenness assessment using National Environmental Methods Index Label (NEMI), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), and Eco Scale. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
An efficient microfluidic device based on electromembrane extraction for the simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1160:338448. [PMID: 33894962 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds is considered a great challenge. In this work, an efficient and fast microfluidic device is described for the simultaneous determination of acidic and basic drugs by two electromembrane extraction, offering extraction efficiencies over 98% for all analytes in human urine samples and solving the difficulties encountered to date. The sample is submitted into the device and the collected acceptor phase is directly analyzed by diode array detector and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The device consisted of three poly(methylmethacrylate) layers and four electrodes to perform EME in two steps in a single device. Two acidic analytes (ketoprofen and naproxen) and two basic analytes (amitriptyline and loperamide) were selected as model analytes. The device proposed works under stable electric field conditions, low current intensities that confers great stability to the supported liquid membrane. After a comprehensive study of the SLM, 1:1 2-nitrophenyl octhyl ether:dodecanol was selected as optimal. This device has also been successfully applied in 1:2 diluted bovine plasma samples with recoveries over 84% and a relative standard deviation below 6%. This microfluidic device needs small sample volumes (lower than 50 μL) and offers short extraction times (10 min) and excellent clean-up. Furthermore, it has proven to be a robust and reproducible device after more than 30 consecutive extractions, and thanks to the low potential required (5 V), it allows its compatibility with a single battery.
Collapse
|
8
|
Aranda-Merino N, Ramos-Payán M, Callejón-Mochón M, Villar-Navarro M, Fernández-Torres R. Comparison of three electromembrane-based extraction systems for NSAIDs analysis in human urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6811-6822. [PMID: 32696068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the extraction efficiency of five non-steroidal anti-inflammatories was carried out using three different electromembrane extraction (EME) devices with different geometries. The employed setups were (a) a hollow fiber configuration (HF-EME), (b) a microfluidic device that allows working in semi-dynamic mode (μF-EME), and (c) a static miniaturized flat membrane device (FM-EME). Each system was applied to the extraction of salicylic acid (SAC), ketoprofen (KTP), naproxen (NAX), diclofenac (DIC), and ibuprofen (IBU) and subsequent determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection (HPLC/UV-DAD-FLD). Voltage, pH composition, and extraction time were optimized for all devices. Additionally, volume ratio was investigated for HF-EME and FM-EME and flow rate for the microfluidic device. HF-EME provides the best result in terms of sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.1 and 1.5 ng mL-1 for SAC and KTP, respectively, while LODs for μF-EME were between 100 ng mL-1 and 400 ng mL-1 for SAC and DIC, respectively; however, a lower amount of sample was required. Finally, the obtained results, in terms of enrichment factors and extraction recoveries, were discussed to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each device. The proposed EME methods were successfully applied to the determination of the target analytes in fortified human urine samples. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Aranda-Merino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Callejón-Mochón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villar-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamankesh M, Mollahosseini A, Mohammadi A, Seidi S. Haas in grilled meat: Determination using an advanced lab-on-a-chip flat electromembrane extraction coupled with on-line HPLC. Food Chem 2020; 311:125876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Abstract
Current methods for liquid-liquid extractions generally require microliter to milliliter volumes of solvents and sample, long equilibration times, and manual procedures. Extraction methods for samples in microfluidic systems have been limited as this tool is difficult to implement on the nanoliter or smaller scale. We have developed slug-flow nanoextraction (SFNE), a method based on droplet microfluidics that allows multiple liquid-liquid extractions to be performed simultaneously in a capillary tube, using only 5 nL of sample and extraction solvent per extraction. Each two-phase slug is segmented from the others by immiscible carrier fluid. We found rapid extractions (<5 s), partition coefficients matching those achieved at larger scale extractions, and potential to preconcentrate samples through volume manipulation. This method was used to accurately and rapidly determine octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), determining identical Kow as the shake-flask method for acetaminophen, Kow = 2.48 ± 0.02. The measurement, along with calibration and 12 replicates, was complete within 5 min, consuming under 150 nL of solvent and sample. The method was also applied to extract analytes from complex biological samples prior to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) at a rate of 6 s per sample, allowing for simultaneous determination of five different drugs spiked into human plasma, synthetic urine (SU), and artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF) using ethyl acetate as the extraction phase. The signal-to-noise (S/N) for analytes improved up to 19-fold compared to direct ESI-MS of single-phase droplets (aqueous plugs segmented by carrier fluid), with limits of detection down to 7 nM (35 amol).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane S Wells
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Integration of three-phase microelectroextraction sample preparation into capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460570. [PMID: 31607447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major strength of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is its ability to inject small sample volumes. However, there is a great mismatch between injection volume (typically <100 nL) and sample volumes (typically 20-1500 µL). Electromigration-based sample preparation methods are based on similar principles as CE. The combination of these methods with capillary electrophoresis could tackle obstacles in the analysis of dilute samples. This study demonstrates coupling of three-phase microelectroextraction (3PEE) to CE for sample preparation and preconcentration of large volume samples while requiring minimal adaptation of CE equipment. In this set-up, electroextraction takes place from an aqueous phase, through an organic filter phase, into an aqueous droplet that is hanging at the capillary inlet. The first visual proof-of-concept for this set-up showed successful extraction using the cationic dye crystal violet (CV). The potential of 3PEE for bioanalysis was demonstrated by successful extraction of the biogenic amines serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp). Under optimized conditions limits of detection (LOD) were 15 nM and 33 nM for 5-HT and Tyr respectively (with Trp as an internal standard). These LODs are comparable to other similar preconcentration methods that have been reported in conjunction with CE. Good linearity (R2 > 0.9967) was observed for both model analytes. RSDs for peak areas in technical replicates, interday and intraday variability were all satisfactory, i.e., below 14%. 5-HT, Tyr and Trp spiked to human urine were successfully extracted and separated. These results underline the great potential of 3PEE as an integrated enrichment technique from biological samples and subsequent sensitive metabolomics analysis.
Collapse
|
12
|
An improvement of electrospun membrane reusability via titanium dioxide nanoparticles and silane compounds for the electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
13
|
Román-Hidalgo C, Dvořák M, Kubáň P, Martín-Valero MJ, Bello-López MÁ. Direct capillary electrophoresis analysis of basic and acidic drugs from microliter volume of human body fluids after liquid-phase microextraction through nano-fibrous membrane. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:181-191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
14
|
Javier Carrasco-Correa E, Kubáň P, Cocovi-Solberg DJ, Miró M. Fully Automated Electric-Field-Driven Liquid Phase Microextraction System with Renewable Organic Membrane As a Front End to High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10808-10815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David J. Cocovi-Solberg
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Electromembrane extraction with solvent modification of the acceptor solution: improved mass transfer of drugs of abuse from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:755-771. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Electromembrane extraction (EME) of 37 drugs of abuse with significant differences in terms of polarity (0.68 < log P < 4.3) and basicity (1.17 < pKa < 10.38) was investigated from human plasma. Materials & methods: EME was performed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid and DMSO (1:1 v/v) in the acceptor solution. Results & conclusion: The analytes were extracted efficiently with pure 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as supported liquid membrane when the acceptor solution was modified with DMSO. Thus, using DMSO mixed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid (1:1, v/v) as acceptor solution, recoveries from 40 to 105% (relative standard deviation <20%) were obtained for 33 of the analytes under optimized conditions. EME followed by ultra-HPLC–MS/MS analysis was evaluated from human plasma, and the results were satisfactory.
Collapse
|
16
|
Drouin N, Kubáň P, Rudaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Schappler J. Electromembrane extraction: Overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
17
|
Abstract
Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation with blood and plays an important role in bioanalysis. However, saliva has not been studied as much as the other biological fluids mainly due to restricted access to its large volumes. In recent years, there is a growing interest for saliva analysis owing to the emergence of miniaturized sample preparation methods. The purpose of this paper is to review all microextraction methods and their principles of operation. In the following, we examine the methods used to analyze saliva up to now and discuss the potential of the other microextraction methods for saliva analysis to encourage research groups for more focus on this important subject area.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin B, Wan L, Sun X, Huang C, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Shen X. Electromembrane extraction of high level substances: A novel approach for selective recovery of templates in molecular imprinting. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Havlikova M, Cabala R, Pacakova V, Bosakova Z. Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques-Part 2: Membrane-supported and homogenous phase based techniques. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:303-318. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department; Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vera Pacakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hansen FA, Sticker D, Kutter JP, Petersen NJ, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Nanoliter-Scale Electromembrane Extraction and Enrichment in a Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9322-9329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P. Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nickolaj J. Petersen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A comprehensive study of a new versatile microchip device based liquid phase microextraction for stopped-flow and double-flow conditions. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1556:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
22
|
Worawit C, Cocovi-Solberg DJ, Varanusupakul P, Miró M. In-line carbon nanofiber reinforced hollow fiber-mediated liquid phase microextraction using a 3D printed extraction platform as a front end to liquid chromatography for automatic sample preparation and analysis: A proof of concept study. Talanta 2018; 185:611-619. [PMID: 29759249 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept for automation of nanostructured hollow-fiber supported microextraction, combining the principles of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and sorbent microextraction synergically, using mesofluidic platforms is proposed herein for the first time, and demonstrated with the determination of acidic drugs (namely, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen) in urine as a proof-of-concept applicability. Dispersed carbon nanofibers (CNF) are immobilized in the pores of a single-stranded polypropylene hollow fiber (CNF@HF) membrane, which is thereafter accommodated in a stereolithographic 3D-printed extraction chamber without glued components for ease of assembly. The analytical method involves continuous-flow extraction of the acidic drugs from a flowing stream donor (pH 1.7) into an alkaline stagnant acceptor (20 mmol L-1 NaOH) containing 10% MeOH (v/v) across a dihexyl ether impregnated CNF@HF membrane. The flow setup features entire automation of the microextraction process including regeneration of the organic film and on-line injection of the analyte-laden acceptor phase after downstream neutralization into a liquid chromatograph (LC) for reversed-phase core-shell column-based separation. Using a 12-cm long CNF@HF and a sample volume of 6.4 mL, linear dynamic ranges of ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen, taken as models of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, spanned from ca. 5-15 µg L-1 to 500 µg L-1 with enhancement factors of 43-97 (against a direct injection of 10 µL standards into LC), and limits of detection from 1.6 to 4.3 µg L-1. Relative recoveries in real urine samples ranged from 97% to 105%, thus demonstrating the reliability of the automatic CNF@HF-LPME method for in-line matrix clean-up and determination of drugs in urine at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanatda Worawit
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - David J Cocovi-Solberg
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuchs D, Hidalgo CR, Ramos Payán M, Petersen NJ, Jensen H, Kutter JP, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Continuous electromembrane extraction coupled with mass spectrometry – Perspectives and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-Gonzalez JA, Fernández-Torres RM, Llobera A, Bello-López MÁ. Recent trends in capillary electrophoresis for complex samples analysis: A review. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:111-125. [PMID: 28791719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CE has been a continuously evolving analytical methodology since its first introduction in the 1980s of the last century. The development of new CE separation procedures, the coupling of these systems to more sensitive and versatile detection systems, and the advances in miniaturization technology have allowed the application of CE to the resolution of new and complex analytical problems, overcoming the traditional disadvantages associated with this method. In the present work, different recent trends in CE and their application to the determination of high complexity samples (as biological fluids, individual cells, etc.) will be reviewed: capillary modification by different types of coatings, microfluidic CE, and online microextraction CE. The main advantages and disadvantages of the different proposed approaches will be discussed with examples of most recent applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Ocaña-Gonzalez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Llobera
- Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Aalen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Kubáň P, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Micro-electromembrane extraction using multiple free liquid membranes and acceptor solutions – Towards selective extractions of analytes based on their acid-base strength. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
27
|
Ramos-Payan M, Maspoch S, Llobera A. An effective microfluidic based liquid-phase microextraction device (μLPME) for extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from biological and environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 946:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
28
|
Gonçalves LM, Valente IM, Rodrigues JA. Recent Advances in Membrane-Aided Extraction and Separation for Analytical Purposes. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1235050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Maria Valente
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
30
|
Fuchs D, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Jensen H, Rand KD, Honoré Hansen S, Petersen NJ. Fully Automated Electro Membrane Extraction Autosampler for LC–MS Systems Allowing Soft Extractions for High-Throughput Applications. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6797-804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Fuchs
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nickolaj Jacob Petersen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mohammadi J, Davarani SSH, Moazami HR. Impedometric monitoring of the behavior of the supported liquid membrane in electromembrane extraction systems: An insight into the origin of optimized experimental parameters. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:98-105. [PMID: 27506349 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) was carried out using a novel instrumentation capable of impedometric monitoring of the system during the extraction. This instrumentation involves a classical two-electrode assembly fed by two time-resolved potential functions, the first for the extraction of analyte and the second for obtaining the impedance information. The impedometric analysis of the system was achieved by Laplace transformation of the current recorded during the extraction. It has been shown that the obtained impedance information can be converted to very useful knowledge about time dependence of double layer capacitance, kinetics of analyte depletion, total permeability of the SLM and the effect of experimental parameters on system behavior. It has also been shown that the impedance analysis is a powerful tool for the estimation of optimum experimental parameters without determination of analyte in the acceptor phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Mohammadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., 1983963113, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Moazami
- Physics and Accelerators Research School, NSTRI, P. O. Box 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Oedit A, Ramautar R, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW. Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1170-86. [PMID: 26864699 PMCID: PMC5071742 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroextraction (EE) and electromembrane extraction (EME) are sample preparation techniques that both require an electric field that is applied over a liquid-liquid system, which enables the migration of charged analytes. Furthermore, both techniques are often used to pre-concentrate analytes prior to analysis. In this review an overview is provided of the body of literature spanning April 2012-November 2015 concerning EE and EME, focused on hyphenation to analytical techniques. First, the theoretical aspects of concentration enhancement in EE and EME are discussed to explain extraction recovery and enrichment factor. Next, overviews are provided of the techniques based on their hyphenation to LC, GC, CE, and direct detection. These overviews cover the compounds and matrices, experimental aspects (i.e. donor volume, acceptor volume, extraction time, extraction voltage, and separation time) and the analytical aspects (i.e. limit of detection, enrichment factor, and extraction recovery). Techniques that were either hyphenated online to analytical techniques or show high potential with respect to online hyphenation are highlighted. Finally, the potential future directions of EE and EME are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Oedit
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Petrus W Lindenburg
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M. New developments in microextraction techniques in bioanalysis. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 905:8-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
36
|
Asl YA, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Amanzadeh H. Dynamic electromembrane extraction: Automated movement of donor and acceptor phases to improve extraction efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Abdossalami Asl Y, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Ebrahimpour B. A new effective on chip electromembrane extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for enhancement of extraction efficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 898:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
38
|
Bazregar M, Rajabi M, Yamini Y, Asghari A, Abdossalami asl Y. In-tube electro-membrane extraction with a sub-microliter organic solvent consumption as an efficient technique for synthetic food dyes determination in foodstuff samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
Modern requirements in the field of bioanalysis often involve miniaturized, high-throughput sample preparation techniques that consume low amounts of both sample and potentially hazardous organic solvents. Electromembrane extraction is one technique that meets several of these requirements. In this principle analytes are selectively extracted from a biological matrix, through a supported liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The whole extraction process is facilitated by an electric field across the supported liquid membrane, which greatly reduces the extraction time. This review will give a thorough overview of recent advances in bioanalytical applications involving electromembrane extraction, and discuss both possibilities and challenges of the technique in a bioanalytical setting.
Collapse
|
40
|
Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1961-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is the first part of every analytical method, but is often considered only after the optimization of the method. It is traditionally performed using a range of techniques requiring extensive manual handling, with solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, protein precipitation and ultracentrfiguation, among others, being used depending on the targets and the application. In this article, we will focus on alternatives based on electrokinetics for applications including sample clean-up, concentration and derivatization of large biological molecules (DNA, peptides and proteins) of diagnostic importance, as well as small molecules as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. This article describes these approaches in terms of mechanisms, applicability and potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for directly processing biological samples. Examples dealing with treated or clean samples have been excluded except where they show exceptionally high value.
Collapse
|
42
|
Li B, Petersen NJ, Payán MDR, Hansen SH, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Design and implementation of an automated liquid-phase microextraction-chip system coupled on-line with high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2014; 120:224-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
43
|
Spietelun A, Marcinkowski Ł, de la Guardia M, Namieśnik J. Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques. Talanta 2014; 119:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|