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Handle KF, Bakry R, Bonn GK. Phosphonium based anion exchange resin for enrichment of phenolic acids. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464049. [PMID: 37178554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency of a phosphonium-based strong anion exchange sorbent for the extraction of some selected phenolic acids. The material was synthesized through chloromethylation of a porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) substrate with high degree of crosslinking, followed by quaternarization with tributyl phosphine. The parameters affecting the solid phase extraction of five phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and rosmarinic acid were optimized. The sample pH and the type, volume and concentration of the eluting solutions were investigated. The analysis of the phenolic acids after extraction was performed using HPLC with diode array detection. Limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linear range, correlation coefficient and reproducibility for the determination of the phenolic acids were estimated. The retention of the phenolic acids on the developed phase was studied using breakthrough analysis. The experimental breakthrough curves were fitted by Boltzmann's function, and the regression parameters were utilized for the determination of the breakthrough parameters. The results obtained using the developed phase were compared with those obtained by the commercially available Oasis MAX sorbent. The proposed approach was successfully applied for the extraction and pre-concentration of rosmarinic acid from rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium) alcoholic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Handle
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Rania Bakry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria.
| | - Günther K Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria; ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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2
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The Crosslinker Matters: Vinylimidazole-Based Anion Exchange Polymer for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Phenolic Acids. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinkers are indispensable constituents for the preparation of SPE materials with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) among the most prominent representatives. A crosslinker that has not yet been used for the preparation of SPE sorbents is 3,3’-(hexane-1,6-diyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide [C6-bis-VIM] [Br]. In this study, we synthesized differently crosslinked vinylimidazole polymers with EGDMA, DVB and [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] and evaluated their extraction efficiencies towards phenolic acids. Dispersive SPE experiments performed with the [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] crosslinked polymers exhibited significantly higher extraction recoveries for the majority of analytes. Due to these promising results, the [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] crosslinked polymer was optimized in terms of the monomer to crosslinker ratio and an efficient dispersive SPE protocol was developed, with maximum recoveries ranging from 84.1–92.5% and RSD values ˂ 1%. The developed extraction procedure was also applied to cartridges resulting in recoveries between 97.2 and 98.5%, which were on average 5% higher than with the commercial anion exchange sorbent Oasis® MAX. Furthermore, the sorbent was regenerated showing a good reusability for the majority of analytes. In conclusion, this study clearly highlights the yet untapped potential of the crosslinker, [C6-bis-VIM] [Br], with respect to the synthesis of efficient anion exchange polymers for SPE.
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Amino-terminated supramolecular cucurbit [6] uril pseudorotaxane complexes immobilized on magnetite@silica nanoparticles: A highly efficient sorbent for salvianolic acids. Talanta 2019; 195:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Özdemir İ, Tekin N, Kara A. Magnetic porous polymer microspheres: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption performance for the removal of phenol. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1586445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İnci Özdemir
- Property Protection and Security Department, Kocaeli University, Izmit Vocational School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nalan Tekin
- Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Kara
- Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Chang H, Chen X, Hu Q, Shi Y, Zheng R, Fan J, Gu Q, Zhang Y. Synthesis, characterization and properties of poly(N-allyl-tetrasubstituted imidazole). Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Synthesis and Application of Histidine-Modified Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate/Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate) Sorbent for Isolation of Caffeine from Black and Green Tea Samples. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Meischl F, Kirchler CG, Stuppner SE, Rainer M. Comparative study of substituted poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) sorbents for enrichment of selected pharmaceuticals and estrogens from aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:180-186. [PMID: 29800912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the syntheses of four polymeric sorbents based on nucleophilic substitution of Poly(4-vinylbenzylchloride/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate). Polymerization was executed by a simple thermal initiated bulk polymerization procedure. Ground polymer particles were functionalized through reaction with the nucleophiles triethylamine, imidazole, piperidine and pyrrolidine. Mixed-mode phases were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption porosimetry and potentiometric titration for determination of chloride content. Furthermore, materials were tested and evaluated for enrichment of seven pharmaceutical and endocrine-disrupting compounds at low ng mL-1 levels. Results demonstrate that the imidazole modified sorbent led to high and constant recovery rates for nearly all tested compounds. Therefore, this polymer was further tested for applicability with two environmental samples. Spiked tap and river water showed similar results as in evaluation experiments. Moreover, the developed method was validated regarding linearity, repeatability, instrumental limits and stability of analytes according to international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meischl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian G Kirchler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan E Stuppner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kuo YC, Heish WQ, Huang HY, Liu WL. Application of mesoporous carbon-polymer monolith for the extraction of phenolic acid in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meischl F, Kirchler CG, Jäger MA, Huck CW, Rainer M. Determination of the clean-up efficiency of the solid-phase extraction of rosemary extracts: Application of full-factorial design in hyphenation with Gaussian peak fit function. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:704-712. [PMID: 29134782 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method for the quantitative determination of the clean-up efficiency to provide a calculated parameter for peak purity through iterative fitting in conjunction with design of experiments. Rosemary extracts were used and analyzed before and after solid-phase extraction using a self-fabricated mixed-mode sorbent based on poly(N-vinylimidazole/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate). Optimization was performed by variation of washing steps using a full three-level factorial design and response surface methodology. Separation efficiency of rosmarinic acid from interfering compounds was calculated using an iterative fit of Gaussian-like signals and quantifications were performed by the separate integration of the two interfering peak areas. Results and recoveries were analyzed using Design-Expert® software and revealed significant differences between the washing steps. Optimized parameters were considered and used for all further experiments. Furthermore, the solid-phase extraction procedure was tested and compared with commercial available sorbents. In contrast to generic protocols of the manufacturers, the optimized procedure showed excellent recoveries and clean-up rates for the polymer with ion exchange properties. Finally, rosemary extracts from different manufacturing areas and application types were studied to verify the developed method for its applicability. The cleaned-up extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for detailed compound evaluation to exclude any interference from coeluting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meischl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Günter Kirchler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Andreas Jäger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Wolfgang Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hou X, Wang X, Sun Y, Wang L, Guo Y. Graphene oxide for solid-phase extraction of bioactive phenolic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3541-3549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Zeng H, Liu Z, Zhao S, Shu Y, Song Z, Wang C, Dong Y, Ning Z, He D, Wang M, Lu C, Liu Y, Lu A. Preparation and quantification of the total phenolic products inCitrusfruit using solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and UV detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3806-3817. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institution of Basic Theory; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yisong Shu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institution of Basic Theory; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institution of Basic Theory; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yunzhuo Dong
- Institution of Basic Theory; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhangchi Ning
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
- Institution of Basic Theory; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dan He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Menglei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; Hong Kong China
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12
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Schemeth D, Kappacher C, Rainer M, Thalinger R, Bonn GK. Comprehensive evaluation of imidazole-based polymers for the enrichment of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Talanta 2016; 153:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Huck CW. Recent Developments in Solid-Phase Extraction for Near and Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis. Molecules 2016; 21:E633. [PMID: 27187347 PMCID: PMC6274543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A review with more than 100 references on the principles and recent developments in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior and for in situ near and attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopic analysis is presented. New materials, chromatographic modalities, experimental setups and configurations are described. Their advantages for fast sample preparation for distinct classes of compounds containing different functional groups in order to enhance selectivity and sensitivity are discussed and compared. This is the first review highlighting both the fundamentals of SPE, near and ATR spectroscopy with a view to real sample applicability and routine analysis. Most of real sample analyses examples are found in environmental research, followed by food- and bioanalysis. In this contribution a comprehensive overview of the most potent SPE-NIR and SPE-ATR approaches is summarized and provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Gómez-Caravaca AM, López-Cobo A, Verardo V, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. HPLC-DAD-q-TOF-MS as a powerful platform for the determination of phenolic and other polar compounds in the edible part of mango and its by-products (peel, seed, and seed husk). Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1072-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Ana López-Cobo
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area) and Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); PTS Granada; Granada Spain
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