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Lu Z, Yuan Y, Han Q, Wang Y, Liang Q. Lab-on-a-chip: an advanced technology for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2024; 19:80. [PMID: 38853247 PMCID: PMC11163804 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from the complex system composed of various constituents, medicament portions, species, and places of origin, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses numerous customizable and adaptable efficacies in clinical practice guided by its theories. However, these unique features are also present challenges in areas such as quality control, screening active ingredients, studying cell and organ pharmacology, and characterizing the compatibility between different Chinese medicines. Drawing inspiration from the holistic concept, an integrated strategy and pattern more aligned with TCM research emerges, necessitating the integration of novel technology into TCM modernization. The microfluidic chip serves as a powerful platform for integrating technologies in chemistry, biology, and biophysics. Microfluidics has given rise to innovative patterns like lab-on-a-chip and organoids-on-a-chip, effectively challenging the conventional research paradigms of TCM. This review provides a systematic summary of the nature and advanced utilization of microfluidic chips in TCM, focusing on quality control, active ingredient screening/separation, pharmaceutical analysis, and pharmacological/toxicological assays. Drawing on these remarkable references, the challenges, opportunities, and future trends of microfluidic chips in TCM are also comprehensively discussed, providing valuable insights into the development of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Lu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine-X, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Third-Level Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmacology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiang Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine-X, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Third-Level Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine-X, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Third-Level Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine-X, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Third-Level Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Ebrahimi A, Didarian R, Ghorbanpoor H, Dogan Guzel F, Hashempour H, Avci H. High-throughput microfluidic chip with silica gel-C18 channels for cyclotide separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6873-6883. [PMID: 37792070 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, microfluidic-based separations have been used for the purification, isolation, and separation of biomolecules to overcome difficulties encountered by conventional chromatography-based methods including high cost, long processing times, sample volumes, and low separation efficiency. Cyclotides, or cyclic peptides used by some plant families as defense agents, have attracted the interest of scientists because of their biological activities varying from antimicrobial to anticancer properties. The separation process has a critical impact in terms of obtaining pure cyclotides for drug development strategies. Here, for the first time, a mimic of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on microfluidic chip strategy was used to separate the cyclotides. In this regard, silica gel-C18 was synthesized and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and then filled inside the microchannel to prepare an HPLC C18 column-like structure inside the microchannel. Cyclotide extract was obtained from Viola ignobilis by a low voltage electric field extraction method and characterized by HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). The extract that contained vigno 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and varv A cyclotides was added to the microchannel where distilled water was used as a mobile phase with 1 µL/min flow rate and then samples were collected in 2-min intervals until 10 min. Results show that cyclotides can be successfully separated from each other and collected from the microchannel at different periods of time. These findings demonstrate that the use of microfluidic channels has a high impact on the separation of cyclotides as a rapid, cost-effective, and simple method and the device can find widespread applications in drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Ebrahimi
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reza Didarian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hamed Ghorbanpoor
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dogan Guzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hossein Hashempour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Huseyin Avci
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center (TATUM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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3
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Lee MS, Chang YC, Huang HY, Hsu W. Single-type Reporter Multiplexing with A Single Droplet Through Bead-based Digital Microfluidics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Bead Number Effect in a Magnetic-Beads-Based Digital Microfluidic Immunoassay. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050340. [PMID: 35624641 PMCID: PMC9138409 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a biomedical diagnosis with a limited sample volume and low concentration, droplet-based microfluidics, also called digital microfluidics, becomes a very attractive approach. Previously, our group developed a magnetic-beads-based digital microfluidic immunoassay with a bead number of around 100, requiring less than 1 μL of sample volume to achieve a pg/mL level limit of detection (LOD). However, the bead number in each measurement was not the same, causing an unstable coefficient of variation (CV) in the calibration curve. Here, we investigated whether a fixed number of beads in this bead-based digital microfluidic immunoassay could provide more stable results. First, the bead screening chips were developed to extract exactly 100, 49, and 25 magnetic beads with diameters of less than 6 μm. Then, four calibration curves were established. One calibration curve was constructed by using varying bead numbers (50–160) in the process. The other three calibration curves used a fixed number of beads, (100, 49, and 25). The results indicated that the CVs for a fixed number of beads were evidently smaller than the CVs for varying bead numbers, especially in the range of 1 pg/mL to 100 pg/mL, where the CVs for 100 beads were less than 10%. Furthermore, the calculated LOD, based on the composite calibration curves, could be reduced by three orders, from 3.0 pg/mL (for the unfixed bead number) to 0.0287 pg/mL (for 100 beads). However, when the bead numbers were too high (more than 500) or too low (25 or fewer), the bead manipulation for aggregation became more difficult in the magnetic-beads-based digital microfluidic immunoassay chip.
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Vashist SK. Trends in Multiplex Immunoassays for In Vitro Diagnostics and Point-of-Care Testing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091630. [PMID: 34573972 PMCID: PMC8471512 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vashist
- Sensing Self Pte. Ltd., 160 Robinson Road, #20-03, Singapore Business Federation Ctr., Singapore 068914, Singapore
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6
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Dennyson Savariraj A, Salih A, Alam F, Elsherif M, AlQattan B, Khan AA, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Ophthalmic Sensors and Drug Delivery. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2046-2076. [PMID: 34043907 PMCID: PMC8294612 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in multifunctional materials and technologies have allowed contact lenses to serve as wearable devices for continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and delivering drugs for ocular diseases. Since the tear fluids comprise a library of biomarkers, direct measurement of different parameters such as concentration of glucose, urea, proteins, nitrite, and chloride ions, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal temperature, and pH can be carried out non-invasively using contact lens sensors. Microfluidic contact lens sensor based colorimetric sensing and liquid control mechanisms enable the wearers to perform self-examinations at home using smartphones. Furthermore, drug-laden contact lenses have emerged as delivery platforms using a low dosage of drugs with extended residence time and increased ocular bioavailability. This review provides an overview of contact lenses for ocular diagnostics and drug delivery applications. The designs, working principles, and sensing mechanisms of sensors and drug delivery systems are reviewed. The potential applications of contact lenses in point-of-care diagnostics and personalized medicine, along with the significance of integrating multiplexed sensing units together with drug delivery systems, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Salih
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad Alam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Elsherif
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bader AlQattan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar A. Khan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department
of Physics, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore Cantonment 54792, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haider Butt
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Shen S, Gao M, Zhang F, Niu Y. Numerical Study of Multivortex Regulation in Curved Microchannels with Ultra-Low-Aspect-Ratio. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12010081. [PMID: 33466925 PMCID: PMC7830345 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of inertial microfluidics has been significantly advanced in terms of application to fluid manipulation for biological analysis, materials synthesis, and chemical process control. Because of their superior benefits such as high-throughput, simplicity, and accurate manipulation, inertial microfluidics designs incorporating channel geometries generating Dean vortexes and helical vortexes have been studied extensively. However, existing technologies have not been studied by designing low-aspect-ratio microchannels to produce multi-vortexes. In this study, an inertial microfluidic device was developed, allowing the generation and regulation of the Dean vortex and helical vortex through the introduction of micro-obstacles in a semicircular microchannel with ultra-low aspect ratio. Multi-vortex formations in the vertical and horizontal planes of four dimension-confined curved channels were analyzed at different flow rates. Moreover, the regulation mechanisms of the multi-vortex were studied systematically by altering the micro-obstacle length and channel height. Through numerical simulation, the regulation of dimensional confinement in the microchannel is verified to induce the Dean vortex and helical vortex with different magnitudes and distributions. The results provide insights into the geometry-induced secondary flow mechanism, which can inspire simple and easily built planar 2D microchannel systems with low-aspect-ratio design with application in fluid manipulations for chemical engineering and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Shen
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Y.N.); Tel./Fax: +86-354-6287205 (S.S. & Y.N.)
| | | | | | - Yanbing Niu
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Y.N.); Tel./Fax: +86-354-6287205 (S.S. & Y.N.)
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8
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Xie Y, Rufo J, Zhong R, Rich J, Li P, Leong KW, Huang TJ. Microfluidic Isolation and Enrichment of Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16220-16240. [PMID: 33252215 PMCID: PMC8164652 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, nanoparticles have increased in implementation to a variety of applications ranging from high-efficiency electronics to targeted drug delivery. Recently, microfluidic techniques have become an important tool to isolate and enrich populations of nanoparticles with uniform properties (e.g., size, shape, charge) due to their precision, versatility, and scalability. However, due to the large number of microfluidic techniques available, it can be challenging to identify the most suitable approach for isolating or enriching a nanoparticle of interest. In this review article, we survey microfluidic methods for nanoparticle isolation and enrichment based on their underlying mechanisms, including acoustofluidics, dielectrophoresis, filtration, deterministic lateral displacement, inertial microfluidics, optofluidics, electrophoresis, and affinity-based methods. We discuss the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of each method. We also provide comparisons with bulk methods, perspectives for future developments and commercialization, and next-generation applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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9
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2D Spatially-Resolved Depth-Section Microfluidic Flow Velocimetry Using Dual Beam OCT. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040351. [PMID: 32230993 PMCID: PMC7230295 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A dual beam optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument has been developed for flow measurement that offers advantages over microscope derived imaging techniques. It requires only a single optical access port, allows simultaneous imaging of the microfluidic channel, does not require fluorescent seed particles, and can provide a millimetre-deep depth-section velocity profile (as opposed to horizontal-section). The dual beam instrument performs rapid re-sampling of particle positions, allowing measurement of faster flows. In this paper, we develop the methods and processes necessary to make 2D quantitative measurements of the flow-velocity using dual beam OCT and present exemplar results in a microfluidic chip. A 2D reference measurement of the Poiseuille flow in a microfluidic channel is presented over a spanwise depth range of 700 μm and streamwise length of 1600 μm with a spatial resolution of 10 μm, at velocities up to 50 mm/s. A measurement of a more complex flow field is also demonstrated in a sloped microfluidic section.
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10
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Yu W, Lin H, Wang Y, He X, Chen N, Sun K, Lo D, Cheng B, Yeung C, Tan J, Di Carlo D, Emaminejad S. A ferrobotic system for automated microfluidic logistics. Sci Robot 2020; 5:5/39/eaba4411. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aba4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Automated technologies that can perform massively parallelized and sequential fluidic operations at small length scales can resolve major bottlenecks encountered in various fields, including medical diagnostics, -omics, drug development, and chemical/material synthesis. Inspired by the transformational impact of automated guided vehicle systems on manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution industries, we devised a ferrobotic system that uses a network of individually addressable robots, each performing designated micro-/nanofluid manipulation-based tasks in cooperation with other robots toward a shared objective. The underlying robotic mechanism facilitating fluidic operations was realized by addressable electromagnetic actuation of miniature mobile magnets that exert localized magnetic body forces on aqueous droplets filled with biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles. The contactless and high-strength nature of the actuation mechanism inherently renders it rapid (~10 centimeters/second), repeatable (>10,000 cycles), and robust (>24 hours). The robustness and individual addressability of ferrobots provide a foundation for the deployment of a network of ferrobots to carry out cross-collaborative logistics efficiently. These traits, together with the reconfigurability of the system, were exploited to devise and integrate passive/active advanced functional components (e.g., droplet dispensing, generation, filtering, and merging), enabling versatile system-level functionalities. By applying this ferrobotic system within the framework of a microfluidic architecture, the ferrobots were tasked to work cross-collaboratively toward the quantification of active matrix metallopeptidases (a biomarker for cancer malignancy and inflammation) in human plasma, where various functionalities converged to achieve a fully automated assay.
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11
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Alp G, Alp E, Aydogan N. Magnetic liquid marbles to facilitate rapid manipulation of the oil phase: Synergistic effect of semifluorinated ligand and catanionic surfactant mixtures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Lee MS, Hsu W, Huang HY, Tseng HY, Lee CT, Hsu CY, Shieh YC, Wang SH, Yao DJ, Liu CH. Simultaneous detection of two growth factors from human single-embryo culture medium by a bead-based digital microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111851. [PMID: 31740257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of growth factors released in a culture medium is considered to be an attractive non-invasive approach, apart from the embryo morphology, to identify the condition of an embryo development after fertilization in vitro (IVF), but the available embryo culture medium in the current method is only a few microlitres. This small sample volume, also of small concentration, makes difficult the application of a conventional detection method, such as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A reliable detection of the growth factor from each embryo culture medium of such a small concentration hence remains a challenge. Here for the first time we report the results of measurement of not just one, but two, growth factors, human IL-1β and human TNF-α, from an individual droplet of embryo culture medium with a bead-based digital microfluidic chip. The required sample volume for a single measurement is only 520 nL; the total duration of the on-chip process is less than 40 min. Using the culture media of human embryos with normal morphologic features, we found that the concentrations of TNF-α change little from day 3 to day 5-6, but the concentrations of IL-1β for some embryos might double from day 3 to day 5-6. For other embryos even with similar normal morphologic features, some growth factors, such as IL-1β, might exhibit different expressions during the culture period. Those growth factors could serve to distinguish the development conditions of each embryo, not merely from an observation of embryo morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shiue Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wensyang Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Yang Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chueh Shieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystem, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Liu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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13
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Stastna M. Continuous flow electrophoretic separation - Recent developments and applications to biological sample analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:36-55. [PMID: 31650578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow electrophoretic separation with continuous sample loading provides the advantage of processing volumes of any sizes, as well as the benefit of a real-time monitoring and optimization of the separation process. In addition, the spatial separation of the sample enables collecting multiple separated components simultaneously and in a continuous manner. The separation is usually performed in mild buffers without organic solvents and detergents (sample biological activity is retained) and it is carried out without usage of a solid support in the separation space preventing the interaction of the sample with it (high sample recovery). The method is used for the separation of proteins/peptides in proteomic applications, and its great applicability is to the separation of the cells, cellular organelles, vesicles, membrane fragments, and DNA. This review focuses on the electrophoretic separation performed in a continuous flow and it describes various electrophoretic modes and instrumental setups. Recent developments in methodology and instrumentation, the integration with other techniques, and the application to the biological sample analysis are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Pan MY, Yang DK, Lai CY, Weng JH, Lee KL, Chen LC, Chou CF, Wei PK. Spectral contrast imaging method for mapping transmission surface plasmon images in metallic nanostructures. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 142:111545. [PMID: 31376712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose a spectral contrast method to map the transmission images of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in metallic nanostructures. Comparing the intensities between two neighboring wavelength bands near the SPR wavelength, the signal-to-noise ratio for biosensing applications obtained using the proposed method is found to be ten times higher than that obtained by conventional intensity analysis and 1.6 times better than that obtained by peak-wavelength fitting. The dynamic range and linearity of the refractive index are comparable to the peak-wavelength shift measurement. Based on the detection method, a spectral modulation system for the optical microscope is developed, combined with a gold-capped nanowire array, to measure the biointeractions in microfluidic devices. The experimental results show that the proposed method obtained multiple detections with a detection limit of 1.04 × 10-5 refractive index units. Two types of analysis methods for SPR images are used to study the protein-antibody interactions. The region-of-interest analysis supports multiplexing detections in a compact microfluidic sensor. The effective pixel analysis eliminates low-response pixels and enhances the signal-to-noise ratios for sensitive label-free detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Pan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Kai Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lai
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hong Weng
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Li Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kuen Wei
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Optoelectronics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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15
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Rigas E, Hallam JM, Charrett TOH, Ford HD, Tatam RP. Metre-per-second microfluidic flow velocimetry with dual beam optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23849-23863. [PMID: 31510284 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual beam Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) instrument has been developed for high velocity flow measurement, principally in microfluidics applications. The scanned dual beam approach creates a pair of image-frames separated by a small spatiotemporal offset. Metre-per-second flow measurement is achieved by rapid re-imaging by the second beam allowing for particle tracking between each image-frame of the pair. Flow at 1.06 m/s using a single optical access port has been measured, more than two orders of magnitude larger than previously reported OCT systems, at centimetre depth and with millimetre scale depth of field within a microfluidic chip, whilst simultaneously imaging the microfluidic channel structure.
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16
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Gorgannezhad L, Stratton H, Nguyen NT. Microfluidic-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Systems in Microbiology. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E408. [PMID: 31248141 PMCID: PMC6630468 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and selective bacterial detection is a hot topic, because the progress in this research area has had a broad range of applications. Novel and innovative strategies for detection and identification of bacterial nucleic acids are important for practical applications. Microfluidics is an emerging technology that only requires small amounts of liquid samples. Microfluidic devices allow for rapid advances in microbiology, enabling access to methods of amplifying nucleic acid molecules and overcoming difficulties faced by conventional. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in microfluidics-based polymerase chain reaction devices for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers. The paper also discusses the recent development of isothermal nucleic acid amplification and droplet-based microfluidics devices. We discuss recent microfluidic techniques for sample preparation prior to the amplification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gorgannezhad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Helen Stratton
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
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17
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Rudisch BM, Pfeiffer SA, Geissler D, Speckmeier E, Robitzki AA, Zeitler K, Belder D. Nonaqueous Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Continuous Separation of Reaction Mixtures in Organic Media. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6689-6694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rudisch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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18
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Alkayyali T, Cameron T, Haltli B, Kerr R, Ahmadi A. Microfluidic and cross-linking methods for encapsulation of living cells and bacteria - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1053:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Ozcelik HG, Barisik M. Electric charge of nanopatterned silica surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7576-7587. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00706g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface charge density of a nanopatterned silica decreased at the pits but increased at the tips of surface patterns. For a case of self-repeating surface structures, the average of local surface charges becomes lower than the theoretical predictions. Our phenomenological model developed as an extension to the existing flat surface theory predicts the average surface charge on a nanopatterned surface as a function of surface pattern size, ionic concentration and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gokberk Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Izmir Institute of Technology
- IZMIR
- Turkey
| | - Murat Barisik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Izmir Institute of Technology
- IZMIR
- Turkey
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20
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Kwon T, Yao R, Hamel JFP, Han J. Continuous removal of small nonviable suspended mammalian cells and debris from bioreactors using inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2826-2837. [PMID: 30079919 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Removing nonviable cells from a cell suspension is crucial in biotechnology and biomanufacturing. Label-free microfluidic cell separation devices based on dielectrophoresis, acoustophoresis, and deterministic lateral displacement are used to remove nonviable cells. However, their volumetric throughputs and test cell concentrations are generally too low to be useful in typical bioreactors in biomanufacturing. In this study, we demonstrate the efficient removal of small (<10 μm) nonviable cells from bioreactors while maintaining viable cells using inertial microfluidic cell sorting devices and characterize their performance. Despite the size overlap between viable and nonviable cell populations, the devices demonstrated 3.5-28.0% dead cell removal efficiency with 88.3-83.6% removal purity as well as 97.8-99.8% live cell retention efficiency at 4 million cells per mL with 80% viability. Cascaded and parallel configurations increased the cell concentration capacity (10 million cells per mL) and volumetric throughput (6-8 mL min-1). The system can be used for the removal of small nonviable cells from a cell suspension during continuous perfusion cell culture operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
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21
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Gómez-Pastora J, González-Fernández C, Real E, Iles A, Bringas E, Furlani EP, Ortiz I. Computational modeling and fluorescence microscopy characterization of a two-phase magnetophoretic microsystem for continuous-flow blood detoxification. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1593-1606. [PMID: 29748668 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00396c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic beads can be functionalized to capture and separate target pathogens from blood for extracorporeal detoxification. The beads can be magnetically separated from a blood stream and collected into a coflowing buffer solution using a two-phase liquid-liquid continuous-flow microfluidic device in the presence of an external field. However, device design and process optimization, i.e. high bead recovery with minimum blood loss or dilution remain a substantial technological challenge. We introduce a CFD-based Eulerian-Lagrangian computational model that enables the rational design and optimization of such systems. The model takes into account dominant magnetic and hydrodynamic forces on the beads as well as coupled bead-fluid interactions. Fluid flow (Navier-Stokes equations) and mass transfer (Fick's law) between the coflowing fluids are solved numerically, while the magnetic force on the beads is predicted using analytical methods. The model is demonstrated via application to a prototype device and used to predict key performance metrics; degree of bead separation, flow patterns, and mass transfer, i.e. blood diffusion to the buffer phase. The impact of different process variables and parameters - flow rates, bead and magnet dimensions and fluid viscosities - on both bead recovery and blood loss or dilution is quantified for the first time. The performance of the prototype device is characterized using fluorescence microscopy and the experimental results are found to match theoretical predictions within an absolute error of 15%. While the model is demonstrated here for analysis of a detoxification device, it can be readily adapted to a broad range of magnetically-enabled microfluidic applications, e.g. bioseparation, sorting and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
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22
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Zhang J, Luo X. Mixing Performance of a 3D Micro T-Mixer with Swirl-Inducing Inlets and Rectangular Constriction. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E199. [PMID: 30424132 PMCID: PMC6187579 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, three novel 3D micro T-mixers, namely, a micro T-mixer with swirl-inducing inlets (TMSI), a micro T-mixer with a rectangular constriction (TMRC), and a micro T-mixer with swirl-inducing inlets and a rectangular constriction (TMSC), were proposed on the basis of the original 3D micro T-mixer (OTM). The flow and mixing performance of these micromixers was numerically analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics package at a range of Reynolds numbers from 10 to 70. Results show that the three proposed 3D micro T-mixers have achieved better mixing performance than OTM. Due to the coupling effect of two swirl-inducing inlets and a rectangular constriction, the maximum mixing index and pressure drop appeared in TMSC among the four micromixers especially; the mixing index of TMSC reaches 91.8% at Re = 70, indicating that TMSC can achieve effective mixing in a short channel length, but has a slightly higher pressure drop than TMSI and TMRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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23
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Yamashita H, Kakuta N, Kawashima D, Yamada Y. Measurement of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions by near-infrared simultaneous imaging of temperature and concentration. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aab645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Jiang N, Montelongo Y, Butt H, Yetisen AK. Microfluidic Contact Lenses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704363. [PMID: 29521022 PMCID: PMC6607692 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contact lens is a ubiquitous technology used for vision correction and cosmetics. Sensing in contact lenses has emerged as a potential platform for minimally invasive point-of-care diagnostics. Here, a microlithography method is developed to fabricate microconcavities and microchannels in a hydrogel-based contact lens via a combination of laser patterning and embedded templating. Optical microlithography parameters influencing the formation of microconcavities including ablation power (4.3 W) and beam speed (50 mm s-1 ) are optimized to control the microconcavity depth (100 µm) and diameter (1.5 mm). The fiber templating method allows the production of microchannels having a diameter range of 100-150 µm. Leak-proof microchannel and microconcavity connections in contact lenses are validated through flow testing of artificial tear containing fluorescent microbeads (Ø = 1-2 µm). The microconcavities of contact lenses are functionalized with multiplexed fluorophores (2 µL) to demonstrate optical excitation and emission capability within the visible spectrum. The fabricated microfluidic contact lenses may have applications in ophthalmic monitoring of metabolic disorders at point-of-care settings and controlled drug release for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - Yunuen Montelongo
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Universidad De La Salle BajíoLeón37150Mexico
| | - Haider Butt
- Nanotechnology LaboratorySchool of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor TechnologyTechnische Universität MünchenTheresienstrasse 9080333MunichGermany
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineMindelsohn Way, EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2THUK
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25
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Girault M, Beneyton T, Pekin D, Buisson L, Bichon S, Charbonnier C, del Amo Y, Baret JC. High-Content Screening of Plankton Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4174-4181. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Girault
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Beneyton
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Deniz Pekin
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Lionel Buisson
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sabrina Bichon
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Céline Charbonnier
- Laboratoire d’Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5805, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Yolanda del Amo
- Laboratoire d’Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5805, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Baret
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
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26
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Shen S, Kou L, Zhang X, Wang D, Niu Y, Wang J. Regulating Secondary Flow in Ultra-Low Aspect Ratio Microchannels by Dimensional Confinement. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201700034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Shen
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Lisha Kou
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Defu Wang
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
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27
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Sonker M, Parker EK, Nielsen AV, Sahore V, Woolley AT. Electrokinetically operated microfluidic devices for integrated immunoaffinity monolith extraction and electrophoretic separation of preterm birth biomarkers. Analyst 2017; 143:224-231. [PMID: 29136068 PMCID: PMC5734996 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are often present in complex biological fluids like blood, requiring multiple, slow sample preparation steps that pose limitations in simplifying analysis. Here we report integrated immunoaffinity extraction and separation devices for analysis of preterm birth biomarkers in a human blood serum matrix. A reactive polymer monolith was used for immobilization of antibodies for selective extraction of target preterm birth biomarkers. Microfluidic immunoaffinity extraction protocols were optimized and then integrated with microchip electrophoresis for separation. Using these integrated devices, a ∼30 min analysis was carried out on low nanomolar concentrations of two preterm birth biomarkers spiked in a human serum matrix. This work is a promising step towards the development of an automated, integrated platform for determination of preterm birth risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Sonker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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28
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Wang Z, Tan L, Pan X, Liu G, He Y, Jin W, Li M, Hu Y, Gu H. Self-Powered Viscosity and Pressure Sensing in Microfluidic Systems Based on the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Flowing Droplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28586-28595. [PMID: 28783301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of microscaled piezoelectric energy harvesters has provided a simple and highly efficient way for building self-powered sensor systems through harvesting the mechanical energy from the ambient environment. In this work, a self-powered microfluidic sensor that can harvest the mechanical energy of the fluid and simultaneously monitor their characteristics was fabricated by integrating the flexible piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers with the well-designed microfluidic chips. Those devices could generate open-circuit high output voltage up to 1.8 V when a droplet of water is flowing past the suspended PVDF nanofibers and result in their periodical deformations. The impulsive output voltage signal allowed them to be utilized for droplets or bubbles counting in the microfluidic systems. Furthermore, the devices also exhibited self-powered sensing behavior due to the decreased voltage amplitude with increasing input pressure and liquid viscosity. The drop of output voltage could be attributed to the variation of flow condition and velocity of the droplets, leading to the reduced deformation of the piezoelectric PVDF layer and the decrease of the generated piezoelectric potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Tan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumin Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Jin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoshuang Gu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials - Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
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29
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Gauthier V, Bolopion A, Gauthier M. Analytical Formulation of the Electric Field Induced by Electrode Arrays: Towards Automated Dielectrophoretic Cell Sorting. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E253. [PMID: 30400444 PMCID: PMC6189918 DOI: 10.3390/mi8080253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is defined as the motion of an electrically polarisable particle in a non-uniform electric field. Current dielectrophoretic devices enabling sorting of cells are mostly controlled in open-loop applying a predefined voltage on micro-electrodes. Closed-loop control of these devices would enable to get advanced functionalities and also more robust behavior. Currently, the numerical models of dielectrophoretic force are too complex to be used in real-time closed-loop control. The aim of this paper is to propose a new type of models usable in this framework. We propose an analytical model of the electric field based on Fourier series to compute the dielectrophoretic force produced by parallel electrode arrays. Indeed, this method provides an analytical expression of the electric potential which decouples the geometrical factors (parameter of our system), the voltages applied on electrodes (input of our system), and the position of the cells (output of our system). Considering the Newton laws on each cell, it enables to generate easily a dynamic model of the cell positions (output) function of the voltages on electrodes (input). This dynamic model of our system is required to design the future closed-loop control law. The predicted dielectrophoretic forces are compared to a numerical simulation based on finite element model using COMSOL software. The model presented in this paper enables to compute the dielectrophoretic force applied to a cell by an electrode array in a few tenths of milliseconds. This model could be consequently used in future works for closed-loop control of dielectrophoretic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gauthier
- FEMTO-ST Institute, AS2M Department, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besancon, France.
| | - Aude Bolopion
- FEMTO-ST Institute, AS2M Department, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besancon, France.
| | - Michaël Gauthier
- FEMTO-ST Institute, AS2M Department, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besancon, France.
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30
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Liu R, Waheed W, Wang N, Civelekoglu O, Boya M, Chu CH, Sarioglu AF. Design and modeling of electrode networks for code-division multiplexed resistive pulse sensing in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2650-2666. [PMID: 28695944 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00545h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A typical microfluidic device sorts, captures or fractionates sample constituents by exposing them to discriminating microenvironments. Direct electronic acquisition of such manipulation by a network of integrated sensors can provide a fast, integrated readout, replacing otherwise required microscopy. We have recently introduced a sensor technology, Microfluidic CODES, which allows us to multiplex resistive pulse sensors on a microfluidic device. Microfluidic CODES employs a network of micromachined coplanar electrodes such that particles passing over these electrodes produce distinguishable code sequences. In this paper, we explain the design process to specifically generate an orthogonal digital code set for an efficient and accurate demultiplexing of the sensor signals. We also introduce an equivalent circuit model for a network of code-multiplexed resistive pulse sensors by utilizing the Foster-Schwan model and conformal mapping, to model dynamic cell-electrode interaction in a non-uniform electric field. Our results closely match with both experimental measurements using cell lines and finite element analysis. The coding and modeling framework presented here will enable the design of code-division multiplexed resistive pulse sensors optimized to produce desired waveform patterns to ensure reliable and efficient decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxiu Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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31
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Recent advances in microfluidic sample preparation and separation techniques for molecular biomarker analysis: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 986:1-11. [PMID: 28870312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a vibrant and expanding field that has the potential for solving many analytical challenges. Microfluidics show promise to provide rapid, inexpensive, efficient, and portable diagnostic solutions that can be used in resource-limited settings. Researchers have recently reported various microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis applications. Sample preparation processes like purification, preconcentration and labeling have been characterized on-chip. Additionally, improvements in microfluidic separation techniques have been reported for molecular biomarkers. This review critically evaluates microfluidic sample preparation platforms and separation methods for biomarker analysis reported in the last two years. Key advances in device operation and ability to process different sample matrices in a variety of device materials are highlighted. Finally, current needs and potential future directions for microfluidic device development to realize its full diagnostic potential are discussed.
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32
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Thermal gradient for fluorometric optimization of droplet PCR in virtual reaction chambers. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The interdisciplinary research field of microfluidics has the potential to revolutionize current technologies that require the handling of a small amount of fluid, a fast response, low costs and automation. Microfluidic platforms that handle small amounts of liquid have been categorised as continuous-flow microfluidics and digital microfluidics. The first part of this paper discusses the recent advances of the two main and opposing applications of liquid handling in continuous-flow microfluidics: mixing and separation. Mixing and separation are essential steps in most lab-on-a-chip platforms, as sample preparation and detection are required for a variety of biological and chemical assays. The second part discusses the various digital microfluidic strategies, based on droplets and liquid marbles, for the manipulation of discrete microdroplets. More advanced digital microfluidic devices combining electrowetting with other techniques are also introduced. The applications of the emerging field of liquid-marble-based digital microfluidics are also highlighted. Finally, future perspectives on microfluidic liquid handling are discussed.
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Fernandez RE, Rohani A, Farmehini V, Swami NS. Review: Microbial analysis in dielectrophoretic microfluidic systems. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 966:11-33. [PMID: 28372723 PMCID: PMC5424535 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by various known and emerging pathogenic microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains, are a major threat to global health and well-being. This highlights the urgent need for detection systems for microbial identification, quantification and characterization towards assessing infections, prescribing therapies and understanding the dynamic cellular modifications. Current state-of-the-art microbial detection systems exhibit a trade-off between sensitivity and assay time, which could be alleviated by selective and label-free microbial capture onto the sensor surface from dilute samples. AC electrokinetic methods, such as dielectrophoresis, enable frequency-selective capture of viable microbial cells and spores due to polarization based on their distinguishing size, shape and sub-cellular compositional characteristics, for downstream coupling to various detection modalities. Following elucidation of the polarization mechanisms that distinguish bacterial cells from each other, as well as from mammalian cells, this review compares the microfluidic platforms for dielectrophoretic manipulation of microbials and their coupling to various detection modalities, including immuno-capture, impedance measurement, Raman spectroscopy and nucleic acid amplification methods, as well as for phenotypic assessment of microbial viability and antibiotic susceptibility. Based on the urgent need within point-of-care diagnostics towards reducing assay times and enhancing capture of the target organism, as well as the emerging interest in isolating intact microbials based on their phenotype and subcellular features, we envision widespread adoption of these label-free and selective electrokinetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny E Fernandez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Vahid Farmehini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Wang J, Song Y. Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanohybrids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1604084. [PMID: 28256806 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanohybrids composed of two or more components exhibit many distinct physicochemical properties and hold great promise for applications in optics, electronics, magnetics, new energy, environment protection, and biomedical engineering. Microfluidic systems exhibit many advantages due to their unique characteristics of narrow channels, variable length, controllable number of channels and multiple integrations. Particularly their spatial-temporarily splitting of the formation stages during nanomaterials formation along the microfluidic channels favors the online control of the reaction kinetic parameters and in situ tuning of the product properties. This Review is focused on the features of the current types of microfluidic devices in the synthesis of different types of nanohybrids based on the classification of the four main kinds of materials: metal, nonmetal inorganic, polymer and composites. Their morphologies, compositions and properties can be adjusted conveniently in these synthesis systems. Synthesis advantages of varieties of microfluidic devices for specific nanohybrids of defined surfaces and interfaces are presented according to their process and microstructure features of devices as compared with conventional methods. A summary is presented, and challenges are put forward for the future development of the microfluidic synthesis of nanohybrids for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Wang
- Center for Modern Physics Technology, Applied Physics Department, School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectronical Composite and Interface Science University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yujun Song
- Center for Modern Physics Technology, Applied Physics Department, School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectronical Composite and Interface Science University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Saldanha O, Graceffa R, Hémonnot CYJ, Ranke C, Brehm G, Liebi M, Marmiroli B, Weinhausen B, Burghammer M, Köster S. Rapid Acquisition of X-Ray Scattering Data from Droplet-Encapsulated Protein Systems. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1220-1223. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Saldanha
- Institute for X-ray Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Rita Graceffa
- Institute for X-ray Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Current address: European XFEL GmbH; 22869 Schenefeld Germany
| | | | - Christiane Ranke
- Institute for X-ray Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Gerrit Brehm
- Institute for X-ray Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Current address: MAX IV Laboratory; Lund University; 221-00 Lund Sweden
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Britta Weinhausen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; 38000 Grenoble France
- Current address: European XFEL GmbH; 22869 Schenefeld Germany
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; 38000 Grenoble France
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-ray Physics; Georg-August-University Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
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Dutta D. Broadening of analyte streams due to a transverse pressure gradient in free-flow isoelectric focusing. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1484:85-92. [PMID: 28081900 PMCID: PMC5316482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-driven cross-flows can arise in free-flow isoelectric focusing systems (FFIEF) due to a non-uniform electroosmotic flow velocity along the channel width induced by the pH gradient in this direction. In addition, variations in the channel cross-section as well as unwanted differences in hydrostatic heads at the buffer/sample inlet ports can also lead to such pressure-gradients which besides altering the equilibrium position of the sample zones have a tendency to substantially broaden their widths deteriorating the separations. In this situation, a thorough assessment of stream broadening due to transverse pressure-gradients in FFIEF devices is necessary in order to establish accurate design rules for the assay. The present article describes a mathematical framework to estimate the noted zone dispersion in FFIEF separations based on the method-of-moments approach under laminar flow conditions. A closed-form expression has been derived for the spatial variance of the analyte streams at their equilibrium positions as a function of the various operating parameters governing the assay performance. This expression predicts the normalized stream variance under the chosen conditions to be determined by two dimensionless Péclet numbers evaluated based on the transverse pressure-driven and electrophoretic solute velocities in the separation chamber, respectively. Moreover, the analysis shows that while the stream width can be expected to increase with an increase in the value of the first Péclet number, the opposite trend will be followed with respect to the latter. The noted results have been validated using Monte Carlo simulations that also establish a time/length scale over which the predicted equilibrium stream width is attained in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, United States.
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Haase AS, Wood JA, Sprakel LMJ, Lammertink RGH. Inelastic non-Newtonian flow over heterogeneously slippery surfaces. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:023105. [PMID: 28297838 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.023105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated inelastic non-Newtonian fluid flow over heterogeneously slippery surfaces. First, we simulated the flow of aqueous xanthan gum solutions over a bubble mattress, which is a superhydrophobic surface consisting of transversely positioned no-slip walls and no-shear gas bubbles. The results reveal that for shear-thinning fluids wall slip can be increased significantly, provided that the system is operated in the shear-thinning regime. For a 0.2 wt% xanthan gum solution with a power-law index of n=0.4, the numerical results indicate that wall slip can be enhanced 3.2 times when compared to a Newtonian liquid. This enhancement factor was also predicted from a theoretical analysis, which gave an expression for the maximum slip length that can be attained over flat, heterogeneously slippery surfaces. Although this equation was derived for a no-slip/no-shear unit length that is much larger than the typical size of the system, we found that it can also be used to predict the enhancement in the regime where the slip length is proportional to the size of the no-shear region or the bubble width. The results could be coupled to the hydrodynamic development or entrance length of the system, as maximum wall slip is only reached when the fluid flow can fully adapt to the no-slip and no-shear conditions at the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sander Haase
- Soft matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffery A Wood
- Soft matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette M J Sprakel
- Soft matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G H Lammertink
- Soft matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sathish S, Ricoult SG, Toda-Peters K, Shen AQ. Microcontact printing with aminosilanes: creating biomolecule micro- and nanoarrays for multiplexed microfluidic bioassays. Analyst 2017; 142:1772-1781. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous based microcontact printing (μCP) to create micro- and nanoarrays of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) on glass substrates of microfluidic devices for covalent immobilization of DNA aptamers and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sathish
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Okinawa
- Japan
| | - Sébastien G. Ricoult
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Okinawa
- Japan
| | - Kazumi Toda-Peters
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Okinawa
- Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Okinawa
- Japan
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