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Jia W, Jin X, Wu Y, Xie D, Yin W, Zhao B, Huang Z, Liu L, Yang Y, Cao T, Feng X, Chang S. Amplification of fluorescence polarization signal based on specific recognition of aptamers combined with quantum quenching effect for ultrasensitive and simple detection of PCB-77. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121341. [PMID: 35550993 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel aptasensor based on decahedral silver nanoparticles (Ag10NPs) enhanced fluorescence polarization (FP) for detecting PCB-77. Using aptamer modified Ag10NPs hybridized with DNA sequence labeled fluorescent group as an analytical probe, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-77) could be detected with high sensitivity and selectivity. The linear range of determination was 0.02 ng/L to 390 ng/L and the limit of detection was 5 pg/L. In addition, through the optimization of the experiment condition and signal probe DNA (pDNA), we found that the maximum FP signal could be generated when the distance between fluorescein and the surface of Ag10NPs was 3 nm. When the aptamer was immobilized on the surface of Ag10NPs could be strengthened the anti-interference performance of aptamer nanoprobe and further improved the detection ability. At the same time, we also compared the detection performance of the traditional FP signal enhancer streptavidin (SA) analysis system. The fluorescence polarization aptasensor could detect PCB-77 samples efficiently in complex environmental water, which shows a good application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Jia
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Xiangying Jin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Wenhua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tonghui Cao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xidan Feng
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Analysis of Grape Volatiles Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2396:117-136. [PMID: 34786680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1822-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile compounds in fruits and plants can be a challenging task as they present in a large amount with structural diversity and high aroma threshold, the information on molecular ion can be very useful for compound identification. Electron ionization gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) which is widely used for the analysis of plant volatiles has a certain limitation providing the limited capability to characterize novel metabolites in a complex biological matrix due to hard fragmentation level. Atmospheric pressure ionization using APGC source in combination with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) provides an excellent combination of GC with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The APGC-MS approach provides several advantages over the conventional EI and CI based GC-MS techniques in metabolomics studies due to highly reduced fragmentation, which preserves molecular ion, and accurate mass measurement by HRMS allows to deduce the elemental composition of the volatile compounds. Moreover, the use of MSE mode provides spectral similarity to EI in high-energy mode which can be used for the further confirmation of metabolite identity. We describe an APGC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach with a case study of grape volatile compounds and the development of a spectral library for metabolite identification.
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Zhang B, Tian P, Zhu H, Xie L, Dai P, He B. Ultrasensitive detection of PCB77 based on Exonuclease III-powered DNA walking machine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125831. [PMID: 33878649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In view of the urgent need to determine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment, we report a simple and sensitive electrochemical aptasensor to detect 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) based on Exonuclease III-powered Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) walking machine using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), which was functionalized hollow porous graphitic carbon nitride/ Ni-Co hollow nanoboxes/ Au-Pd-Pt nanoflowers composite material. Upon the addition of PCB77, the specific binding between PCB77 and the aptamer (Apt) could trigger the Exo III-assisted cyclic amplification process and release unlocking probes to deblock the Swing arm/Blocker duplex. Finally, the hybridized hairpin 3 (HP3), a short oligonucleotide, was left on the electrode via Exo III digestion of hybridized HP2, and thus a strong methylene blue (MB) signal was obtained. As expected, the proposed aptasensor exhibits exceptional PCB77 detection performances with a very low detection limit of 5.13 pg/L and a wide linear range of 0.01-100 ng/L based on the calibration curve. Moreover, the aptasensor presents a high level of selectivity and stability, with an acceptable degree of reproducibility. The results of this study have indicated that the proposed aptasensor has great potential application prospects, as demonstrated by its successful use in real environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Panpan Tian
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Xie
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Dai
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang C, Chen P, Zhou L, Peng J. Photoelectrochemical detection for 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in fish based on synergistic effects by Schottky junction and sensitization. Food Chem 2021; 366:130490. [PMID: 34274703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel signal amplification strategy on photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was designed for high-sensitivity and -selectivity detection of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) on the basis of Schottky junction and sensitization. First, the Schottky barrier not only provided an electron-transfer irreversible passage from CuO to Au Nanoparticles (NPs) but also generated excellent local surface plasmon resonance between CuO and Au NPs, thus improving the efficiency of charge separation and light absorption. Second, to further improve the response of the PEC aptasensor under the action of the sensitization, the complementary-DNA-functionalized CdS quantum dots were introduced onto the surface of CuO/Au NPs via hybridization of the target aptamer. The PEC aptasensor exhibited a low detection limit of 17.3 pg L-1, and a wide linear response was shown at a range of 0.2-220 ng L-1 depending on the variation of photocurrent before and after incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhong Zhang
- School of Chemisty and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Peican Chen
- School of Chemisty and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- School of Chemisty and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jinyun Peng
- Photochemical Sensing and Regional Environmental Analysis Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo 532200, China.
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7
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Wang Y, Hu C, Fang T, Jin Y, Wu R. Perspective on prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and the development of the progeny nervous system (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:150. [PMID: 34132363 PMCID: PMC8219518 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease concept illustrates that exposure in early life to various factors may affect the offspring's long-term susceptibility to disease. During development, the nervous system is sensitive and vulnerable to the environmental insults. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are divided into dioxin-like (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs), are synthetic persistent environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The toxicological mechanisms of DL-PCBs have been associated with the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and NDL-PCBs have been associated with ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium ion channels, which affect neuronal migration, promote dendritic growth and alter neuronal connectivity. In addition, PCB accumulation in the placenta destroys the fetal placental unit and affects endocrine function, particularly thyroid hormones and the dopaminergic system, leading to neuroendocrine disorders. However, epidemiological investigations have not achieved a consistent result in different study cohorts. The present review summarizes the epidemiological differences and possible mechanisms of the effects of intrauterine PCB exposure on neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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8
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Li X, Zhen Y, Wang R, Li T, Dong S, Zhang W, Cheng J, Wang P, Su X. Application of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) in determination of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129055. [PMID: 33272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may bioaccumulate through food chain and play detrimental effects to organisms even at trace levels. Quantification of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in biotic samples is a great challenge. In the present study, gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) was studied for the isotope-dilution analysis of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for comparison. Light PCBs are compared between the two instruments for the first time. After optimization of instrument parameters, the RSDs of relative response factors of calibration curves were between 3.4% and 15.5% for PCBs and 1.7%-7.9% for PCDD/Fs. The limits of detection were between 0.021 and 0.150 pg/mL for PCBs and 0.051-0.237 pg/mL for PCDD/Fs. PCB concentrations in crab food web samples detected by GC-(APCI)MS/MS were well correlated with those detected by HRGC/HRMS. A DiCB, 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11), was the dominant PCB congener in aquatic food webs. Other MoCB and DiCB congeners were also widely identified; hence, low-weight PCB congeners should arouse more concern in the future. GC-(APCI)MS/MS may become an alternative instrument satisfying the PCB and PCDD/F detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhen
- Waters Corporation, Fourth Jinghai Road, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lipok C, Moyano E, Schmitz OJ, Santos FJ. Atmospheric pressure ionization for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127963. [PMID: 33297024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) was assessed to develop a new selective and sensitive gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for the determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediment samples. The capability of both APCI and APPI sources for the ionization of PCNs was investigated, showing the formation of the molecular ion and the [M‒Cl+O]‒ ion in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Positive ion APCI provided high responses using high corona ion current, while the use of high vapour pressure dopant-solvents, such as toluene in positive mode and diethyl ether in the negative mode, was required to achieve high ionization efficiencies in APPI. The performance of the two API sources in the PCN determination by GC-HRMS were compared and the best results were achieved using the GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) system. The GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) method was applied to the characterization of Halowax mixtures and the analysis of marine sediments collected near to the coastal area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), demonstrating a great detection capability with low method limits of detection (0.2-1.6 pg g-1 dry weight), good precision (RSD <15%) and trueness (relative error <13%). Total PCN concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.0 ng g-1 dry weight and the presence of related compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was also detected by combining positive and negative ion modes, providing complementary information to better monitor of all PCN congener groups. The results presented here show the feasibility of the GC-APPI-HRMS method for the suitable determination of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Lipok
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - E Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - F J Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Niu Y, Liu J, Yang R, Zhang J, Shao B. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source as an advantageous technique for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Tian P, Zhang B, Lv L, Xie L, Chen H, He B. An electrochemical aptasensor-based Co xP-decorated porous carbon microspheres and AuNRs labelled methylene blue as signal labels for the sensitive detection of PCB77. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4579-4587. [PMID: 33001070 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple, specific and ultra-sensitive electrochemical aptasensor was successfully developed based on a novel signal reduction strategy for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB77). This aptasensor was prepared by the electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on an Au electrode (AuE) modified with cobalt phosphide (CoxP, a mixture of CoP and Co2P) decorated porous carbon microspheres. In this study, the thiolated single-complementary DNA (cDNA) was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode via the Au-S bond. Subsequently, the gold nanorod@methylene blue connection aptamer (AuNRs@MB-Apt) signal labels were immobilized onto the modified electrode through the principle of complementary base pairing. Further, the aptamer preferentially binds to PCB77, decreasing the amount of AuNR@MB-Apt. The DPV current response was related to the PCB77 concentration. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a low detection limit of 5.9 × 10-2 ng L-1 and a wide linear range of 1 × 10-11 mg mL-1 to 1 × 10-4 mg mL-1 (S/N = 3) for PCB77 were achieved. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor offered high selectivity, stability and reproducibility, indicating the broad potential application in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Cao G, Li K, Guo J, Lu M, Hong Y, Cai Z. Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Changes during Food Storage and Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6956-6966. [PMID: 32516537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many physicochemical changes occur during food storage and processing, such as rancidity, hydrolysis, oxidation, and aging, which may alter the taste, flavor, and texture of food products and pose risks to public health. Analysis of these changes has become of great interest to many researchers. Mass spectrometry is a promising technique for the study of food and nutrition domains as a result of its excellent ability in molecular profiling, food authentication, and marker detection. In this review, we summarized recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques and their applications in food storage and processing. Furthermore, current technical challenges associated with these methodologies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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Mohammadi A, Heydari-Bafrooei E, Foroughi MM, Mohammadi M. Electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of PCB77 using thionine-functionalized MoS2-rGO nanohybrid. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Feasibility of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3703-3716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Guo W, Pan B, Sakkiah S, Yavas G, Ge W, Zou W, Tong W, Hong H. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Food: Contamination Sources, Health Effects and Detection Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4361. [PMID: 31717330 PMCID: PMC6888492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in foods have been a major concern for food safety due to their persistence and toxic effects. To ensure food safety and protect human health from POPs, it is critical to achieve a better understanding of POP pathways into food and develop strategies to reduce human exposure. POPs could present in food in the raw stages, transferred from the environment or artificially introduced during food preparation steps. Exposure to these pollutants may cause various health problems such as endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, birth defects, and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems. This review describes potential sources of POP food contamination, analytical approaches to measure POP levels in food and efforts to control food contamination with POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huixiao Hong
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (W.G.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (G.Y.); (W.G.); (W.Z.); (W.T.)
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16
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QUICK: Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit for Mass Spectrometric Data from Detection of Persistent Organic Pollutants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214203. [PMID: 31671576 PMCID: PMC6862152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause a significant public and environmental health concern due to their toxicity, long-range transportability, persistence, and bioaccumulation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a program to monitor POPs in human and animal foods at ultra-trace levels, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stringent quality control procedures are practiced within this program, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of these POP results. Due to the complexity of this program's quality control (QC), the decision-making process for data usability was very time-consuming, upward of three analyst hours for a batch of six extracts. We significantly reduced this time by developing a software kit, written in Python, to evaluate instrument and sample QC, along with data usability. A diverse set of 45 samples were tested using our software, QUICK (Quality and Usability Investigation and Control Kit), that resulted in equivalent results provided by a human reviewer. The software improved the efficiency of the analytical process by reducing the need for user intervention, while simultaneously recognizing a 95% decrease in data reduction time, from 3 hours to 10 minutes.
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17
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Fan L, Wang G, Liang W, Yan W, Guo Y, Shuang S, Dong C, Bi Y. Label-free and highly selective electrochemical aptasensor for detection of PCBs based on nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxides hybrids. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111728. [PMID: 31561095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In consideration of the urgent need to determine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment, a label-free and highly selective electrochemical aptasensor was constructed for determining PCBs based on nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles (NiHCF NPs)/reduced graphene oxides (rGO) hybrids. NiHCF NPs/rGO hybrids with small size of about 5 nm NiHCF NPs were synthesized for the first time by in situ co-deposition of NiHCF NPs on rGO surface. In the hybrids, rGO with large area and good conductivity can supply more space for loading NiHCF NPs and improve the conductivity of the hybrids. NiHCF NPs that can be used to be act as a signal probe exhibit a couple of well-defined peaks with highly reversible redox ability and good stability. Here, PCB77 as a model molecule, the anti-PCB77 aptamer was anchored on the NiHCF NPs/rGO hybrids by covalent bonding reaction. The design aptasensor for detecting PCB77 exhibits a favorable linear response from 1.0 to 100.0 ng/L with a low detection limit of 0.22 ng/L. Meanwhile, it displays good selectivity for PCB77 detection due to the specificity and high affinity of aptamer to PCB77. Additionally, the application of the aptasensor was evaluated in real environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Guizhen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yingpu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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18
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Nardelli V, D'Amico V, Casamassima F, Gesualdo G, Li D, Marchesiello WMV, Nardiello D, Quinto M. Development of a screening analytical method for the determination of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken eggs by gaschromatography and electron capture detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1393-1403. [PMID: 31204889 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible screening analytical method is here proposed for the determination of six non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs, congener 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in chicken eggs based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure for the fat extraction and determination, a solid phase extraction (SPE) sample clean-up process, and a gas chromatography - electron capture detection (GC-ECD) analysis. The optimized chromatographic separation, in less than 25 min, returned good responses for the six NDL-PCBs in the range of 2.5-60.0 µg L-1, with correlation coefficients always higher than 0.9995. Instrumental limits of detection were between 0.08-0.35 µg L-1, corresponding to 0.05 and 0.23 ng g-1 fat in the matrix, while method detection limits, calculated on spiked egg samples, ranged from 1.6 to 3.5 ng g-1 fat. The method has been extensively validated in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, recovery, precision, ruggedness and measurement uncertainty, following the European Directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Nardelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Valeria D'Amico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Casamassima
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gesualdo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata , Foggia , Italy
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University , Yanji , China
| | - Wadir M V Marchesiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University , Yanji , China.,Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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19
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Performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4185-4191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Metal-organic framework-coated stainless steel fiber for solid-phase microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1570:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Fan L, Zhang C, Shi H, Zhao G. Design of a simple and novel photoelectrochemical aptasensor for detection of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 124-125:8-14. [PMID: 30339976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In view of the urgent need of determining polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment, we developed a highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for determination of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) by immobilizing aptamer on N-doped TiO2 nanotubes (N-doped TiO2 NTs). To improve analytical performance of the PEC sensor, the complementary DNA functionalized CdS quantum dots (DNA-CdS QDs) were introduced onto N-doped TiO2 NTs by hybridization. In addition of PCB77, owing to high affinity of aptamer to PCB77, PCB77-aptamer complexes were formed by being bound of PCB77 whilst DNA-CdS QDs were released from the sensing surface. The complexes with poor conductivity hindered the interfacial electron transfer, leading to the photocurrent decrease. The more important is the release of DNA-CdS QDs enhanced the photocurrent decrease, playing the role of signal amplification. The photocurrent change was utilized to detect PCB77 quantitatively. The PEC aptasensor exhibited excellent analytical performance for detection of PCB77 with wide linear range of 0.1-100 ng/L and a low detection limit of 0.1 ng/L. It manifested outstanding selectivity for PCB77 in control experiments by employing six interferents which had similar structure or coexisted with PCB77. Besides, the PEC aptasensor was used to detect the content of PBC77 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Huijie Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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22
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Rivera-Austrui J, Martínez K, Ábalos M, Sales C, Portoles T, Beltran J, Sauló J, Aristizábal BH, Abad E. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in stack gas emissions by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:245-249. [PMID: 28735712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(QqQ)MS/MS) including a soft-ionization through an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source based method was compared with the high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) standard reference method EN1948, for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in stack gas emissions. The stack emission samples were collected, both, by manual method sampling (from 6 to 8h) and by long-term sampling systems (sampling time of several weeks). This work presents the first comparison of GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI source with the European Standard EN1948 technique for stack gas emissions. Sample concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 596pg I-TEQ/Nm3. Comparative results in all investigated samples showed relative errors that were within ±15%. These results make GC-(QqQ)MS/MS with APCI suitable for the quantitative analysis of dioxins in the studied samples and create a real alternative tool to the reference sector GC-HRMS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Martínez
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ábalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T Portoles
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Beltran
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Sauló
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Colombia
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Ten Dam G, Pussente IC, Scholl G, Eppe G, Schaechtele A, van Leeuwen S. The performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:76-90. [PMID: 27894695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been added in European Union (EU) legislation as an alternative to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in food and feed. In this study the performance of APGC-MS/MS compared to GC-HRMS is investigated and compared with EU legislation. The study includes the legislative parameters, relative intermediate precision standard deviation (SRw,rel), trueness, sensitivity, linear range and ion ratio tolerance. In addition, over 200 real samples of large variety and spanning several orders of magnitude in concentration were analyzed by both techniques and the selectivity was evaluated by comparing chromatograms. The SRw,rel and trueness were evaluated using (in-house) reference samples and fulfill to EU legislation, though the SRw,rel was better with GC-HRMS. The sensitivity was considerably better than of GC-HRMS while the linear range was similar. Ion ratios were mostly within the tolerable range of ±15%. A (temporary unresolved) systematic deviation in ion ratio was observed for several congeners, yet this did not lead to exceeding of the maximum ion ratio limits. The APGC-MS/MS results for the non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs) were negatively biased, particularly for PCB138 and 153 in contaminated samples. The selectivity of APGC-MS/MS was lower for several matrices. Particularly for contaminated samples, interfering peaks were observed in the APGC chromatograms of the native compounds (dioxins) and labeled internal standards (PCBs). These can lead to biased results and ultimately to false positive samples. It was concluded that the determination of dioxins and PCBs using APGC-MS/MS meets the requirements set by the European Commission. However, due to generally better selectivity and SRw,rel, GC-HRMS is the preferred method for monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ten Dam
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Georges Scholl
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Alexander Schaechtele
- EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, Bissierstrasse 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan van Leeuwen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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