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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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2
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Kochale K, Cunha R, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Development of a column switching for direct online enrichment and separation of polar and nonpolar analytes from aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464554. [PMID: 38065029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Trace substances in surface waters may threaten health and pose a risk for the aquatic environment. Moreover, separation and detection by instrumental analysis is challenging due to the low concentration and the wide range of polarities. Separation of polar and nonpolar analytes can be achieved by using stationary phases with different selectivity. Lower limits of detection of trace substances can be obtained by offline enrichment on solid phase materials. However, these practices require substantial effort and are time consuming and costly. Therefore, in this study, a column switching was developed to enrich and separate both polar and nonpolar analytes by an on-column large volume injection of aqueous samples. The column switching can significantly reduce the effort and time for analyzing trace substances without compromising on separation and detection. A reversed phase (RP) column is used to trap the nonpolar analytes. The polar analytes are enriched on a porous graphitized carbon column (PGC) coupled serially behind the RP column. A novel valve switching system is implemented to enable elution of the nonpolar analytes from the RP column and, subsequently, elution of polar analytes from the PGC column and separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column. To enable separation of polar analytes dissolved in an aqueous matrix by HILIC, the water plug that is flushed from the PGC column is diluted by dosing organic solvent directly upstream of the HILIC column. The developed method was tested by applying target analysis and non-target screening, highlighting the advantage to effectively separate and detect both polar and nonpolar compounds in a single chromatographic run. In the target analysis, the analytes, with a logD at pH 3 ranging from -2.8 to + 4.5, could be enriched and separated. Besides the 965 features in the RP phase, 572 features from real wastewater were observed in the HILIC phase which would otherwise elute in the void time in conventional one-dimensional RP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Kochale
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Cunha
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Pardon M, Reis R, de Witte P, Chapel S, Cabooter D. Detailed comparison of in-house developed and commercially available heart-cutting and selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464565. [PMID: 38096685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has become a popular approach to analyze complex samples. This is partly due to the introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. In the past, 2D-LC was carried out on in-house developed setups, typically consisting of several switching valves and sample loops as the interface between the two dimensions. Commercial systems usually offer different 2D-LC modes in combination with specialized software to operate the instrument and analyze the data. This makes them highly user-friendly, however, at an increased cost compared to in-house developed setups. This study aims to make a comparison between an in-house developed 2D-LC setup and a commercially available 2D-LC instrument. The comparison is made based on experimental differences, in addition to more general differences, including cost price, flexibility, and ease of operation. Special attention is also paid to the different strategies to deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between the highly orthogonal separation mechanisms considered in this work: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC). For the commercial 2D-LC instrument, this is done using active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension column before transfer to the second dimension (2D) column. For the in-house developed setup, a combination of restriction capillaries and a trap column is used. Using a sample of 28 compounds with a large polarity range, peak shapes and recoveries of the 2D-chromatograms are compared for both setups. For early eluting compounds, the selective comprehensive approach, currently only possible on the commercial 2D-LC instrument, results in the best peak shapes and recoveries, however, at the cost of an increased analysis time. In general, depending on the analytical goal (single heart-cut versus full-comprehensive 2D-LC), an in-house developed system can be satisfactory for the analysis of specific target compounds/samples. For more complex problems, it can be interesting to use a more specialized commercial 2D-LC instrument. Overall, this comparison study provides advice for analytical scientists, who are considering to use 2D-LC, on the type of equipment to consider, depending on the needs of their particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pardon
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Reis
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Chapel
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Li S, Zhang H, Huai J, Wang H, Li S, Zhuang L, Zhang J. An online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography system with enrichment and purification modes for the efficient and systematic separation of Panax notoginseng saponins. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464378. [PMID: 37741221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC) system based on the combination of the enrichment and purification modes for the efficient and systematic separation of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) was achieved. Five separation columns were used for the first and second separation of target components, eighteen trap columns were used to capture the effluents from the first separation or loading the trapped sample effluents, and a two-position eight-port valve was used to switch between the first and second separations. The conditions for the first and second separation of PNS were simulated and optimized with the online prep-HPLC system. Then, the PNS were separated using optimized chromatographic conditions. Notably, 14 monomer compounds with >90% purity (11 compounds with purity >97%) were simultaneously isolated from PNS using the above self-developed device, and their chemical structures were identified. Moreover, the separation time was less than 33.0 h. After 6 repeated enrichment and purification, the weight of each compound obtained was more than 5.0 mg, with compound 2 weighing over 900 mg. In brief, the self-developed prep-HPLC system, which integrated enrichment and purification, is suitable for the efficient and systematic separation of PNS and has broad application prospects, especially for the separation of complex chemical components in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Jie Huai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Linwu Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
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5
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Guo R, Zhong Q, Liu J, Bai P, Wang Z, Kou J, Chen P, Zhang J, Zhang B. Polarity-extended liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for simultaneous hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolite analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341655. [PMID: 37604610 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Although various metabolomic methods have been reported in recent years, simultaneous detection of hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites in a single analysis remains a technical challenge. In this study, based on the combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), an online two-dimensional liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method (2D-LC/TQMS) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites of various biological samples. The method can measure 417 biologically important metabolites (e.g., amino acids and peptides, pyrimidines, purines, monosaccharides, fatty acids and conjugates, organic dicarboxylic acids, and others) with logP values ranging from -10.3 to 21.9. The metabolites are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways (e.g., purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, galactose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle). The developed method has good intra- and inter-day reproducibility (RSD of retention time <2%, RSD of peak area <30%), good linearity (R2 > 0.9) and wide linear range (from 0.0025 μg/mL to 5 μg/mL). The applicability of the method was tested using different biological samples (i.e., plasma, serum, urine, fecal, seminal plasma and liver) and it was found that 208 (out of 417) identical metabolites were detected in all biological samples. Furthermore, the metabolomic method was applied to a case/control study of urinary of bladder cancer. Thirty differential metabolites were identified that were involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Center Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510656, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guangzhou Analytical Center Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510656, China
| | - Peiming Bai
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Zongpeng Wang
- Jinjiang Jingchun Technology Ltd., Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Jieling Kou
- ScienceLife (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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6
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Optimizing transfer and dilution processes when using active solvent modulation in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341040. [PMID: 36935135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is becoming increasingly popular for the analysis of complex samples, which is partly due to the recent introduction of commercial 2D-LC systems. To deal with the mobile phase incompatibility between highly orthogonal retention mechanisms, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC (RPLC), several strategies have been introduced over the years. One of these strategies is active solvent modulation (ASM), a valve-based approach allowing the on-line dilution of the effluent eluting from the first dimension before transfer to the second dimension. This strategy has gained a lot of attention and holds great potential, however, no clear guidelines are currently in place for its use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how the ASM process can be optimized when using highly incompatible LC combinations, such as HILIC and RPLC, in a simplified selective comprehensive 2D-LC set-up (sHILIC x RPLC) to suggest guidelines for future users. Using a representative sample, the dilution factor (DF), the duration of the ASM phase, the filling percentage of the sample loops, and their unloading configuration are investigated and optimized. It is observed that a DF of 10 with an optimal ASM phase duration, a sample loop filling of maximum 25%, and an unloading configuration in backflush mode, result in the best peak shapes, intensities, and recoveries for early eluting compounds, while keeping the total analysis time minimal. Based on these results, some general recommendations are made that could also be applied in other 2D-LC modes, such as comprehensive 2D-LC (LC x LC), heart-cutting 2D-LC (LC-LC), and other chromatographic combinations with mobile phase incompatibility issues.
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7
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den Uijl MJ, Roeland T, Bos TS, Schoenmakers PJ, van Bommel MR, Pirok BW. Assessing the feasibility of stationary-phase-assisted modulation for two-dimensional liquid-chromatography separations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Nnachi RC, Sui N, Ke B, Luo Z, Bhalla N, He D, Yang Z. Biosensors for rapid detection of bacterial pathogens in water, food and environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107357. [PMID: 35777116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques (e.g., culture-based method) for bacterial detection typically require a central laboratory and well-trained technicians, which may take several hours or days. However, recent developments within various disciplines of science and engineering have led to a major paradigm shift in how microorganisms can be detected. The analytical sensors which are widely used for medical applications in the literature are being extended for rapid and on-site monitoring of the bacterial pathogens in food, water and the environment. Especially, within the low-resource settings such as low and middle-income countries, due to the advantages of low cost, rapidness and potential for field-testing, their use is indispensable for sustainable development of the regions. Within this context, this paper discusses analytical methods and biosensors which can be used to ensure food safety, water quality and environmental monitoring. In brief, most of our discussion is focused on various rapid sensors including biosensors and microfluidic chips. The analytical performances such as the sensitivity, specificity and usability of these sensors, as well as a brief comparison with the conventional techniques for bacteria detection, form the core part of the discussion. Furthermore, we provide a holistic viewpoint on how future research should focus on exploring the synergy of different sensing technologies by developing an integrated multiplexed, sensitive and accurate sensors that will enable rapid detection for food safety, water and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Chukwuka Nnachi
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43, 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Sui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43, 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Bhalla
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Shore Road, BT37 0QB Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Healthcare Technology Hub, Ulster University, Jordanstown Shore Road, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daping He
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43, 0AL, United Kingdom.
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Feng J, Zhong Q, Kuang J, Liu J, Huang T, Zhou T. Simultaneous Analysis of the Metabolome and Lipidome Using Polarity Partition Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15192-15199. [PMID: 34739231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive metabolic profiling is a considerable challenge for systems biology since the metabolites in biological samples have significant polarity differences. A heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method-based polarity partition was established to analyze both the metabolome and lipidome in a single run. Based on the polarity partition strategy, metabolites with high polarity were retained and separated by one-dimensional hydrophilic chromatography, while low- and medium-polarity lipids were collected into a sample loop and injected into two-dimensional reversed-phase chromatography for separation. A simple online dilution strategy realized the online coupling of the 2D-LC-MS, which effectively solved band broadening and peak distortion caused by solvent incompatibility. Moreover, a dual gradient elution procedure was introduced to further broaden the coverage of low-polarity lipids. The metabolites' log P values, which this 2D-LC-MS method could analyze, ranged from -8.79 to 26.86. The feasibility of the 2D-LC-MS system was demonstrated by simultaneous analysis of the metabolome and lipidome in rat plasma related to depression. A total of 319 metabolites were determined within 40 min, including organic acids, nucleosides, carbohydrate derivatives, amino acids, lipids, and other organic compounds. Finally, 44 depression-related differential metabolites were screened. Compared with conventional LC-MS-based methods, the 2D-LC method covered over 99% of features obtained by two conventional methods. In addition, the selectivity and resolution of the hydrophilic metabolites were improved, and the matrix effects of the hydrophobic metabolites were reduced in the developed method. The results indicated that the established 2D-LC system is a powerful tool for comprehensive metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Jiangmeng Kuang
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guangzhou Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Taohong Huang
- Shanghai Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Cacciola F, Arena K, Mandolfino F, Donnarumma D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Reversed phase versus hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as first dimension of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems for the elucidation of the polyphenolic content of food and natural products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462129. [PMID: 33864987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a well-established method for the unraveling of very complex real-world samples. With regard to food and natural products such a technique turned out to be a very promising approach due to its high resolving power and improved identification capability, especially in combination with mass spectrometry. In this context, polyphenols comprise a particular complex class of bioactive compounds, due to their nature and content in commonly consumed foodstuffs, making their analysis challenging. The present contribution shows an overview of the two commonly employed approaches used for polyphenol analysis, viz. RP-LC × RP-LC and HILIC × RP-LC. Furthermore, the latest implementations as well as limitations and future perspectives are critically reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Donnarumma
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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12
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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Parallel gradients in comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography enhance utilization of the separation space and the degree of orthogonality when the separation mechanisms are correlated. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461452. [PMID: 32822990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal, which necessitates the use of gradient elution for each second-dimension fraction. Recently, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity, but full or shifted gradients are still used for each second dimension fraction. Herein, we argue that when the separation mechanisms are correlated in the two dimensions, the best results can be obtained with the use of parallel gradients in the second dimension, which makes the technique nearly as user-friendly as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. This has been illustrated through the separation of a mixture of 39 pharmaceutical compounds using reversed phase in both dimensions. Different selectivity in the second dimension was obtained through the use of different stationary phase chemistries and/or mobile phase organic modifiers. The best coverage of the separation space was obtained when parallel gradients were applied in both dimensions, and the same was true for practical peak capacity.
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Cacciola F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for the analysis of food and food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Lv W, Shi X, Wang S, Xu G. Multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Miggiels P, Wouters B, van Westen GJ, Dubbelman AC, Hankemeier T. Novel technologies for metabolomics: More for less. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Chen Y, Montero L, Schmitz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Fornells E, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Breadmore MC. On-line solvent exchange system: Automation from extraction to analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1047:231-237. [PMID: 30567655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Removal of organic solvent from sample extracts is required before analysis by reversed phase HPLC to preserve chromatographic performance and allow for bigger injection volumes, boosting sensitivity. Herein, an automated on-line extraction evaporation procedure is integrated with HPLC analysis. The evaporation occurs inside a 200 μm microfluidic channel confined by a vapor permeable membrane. A feedback control algorithm regulates evaporation rate keeping the output flow rate constant. The evaporation process across this membrane was firstly characterized with water/solvent mixtures showing organic solvent removal capabilities. This system allowed continuous methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile removal from samples containing up to 80% organic solvent. An evaporative injection procedure was developed demonstrating the use of the device for fully integrated extract reconstitution coupled to HPLC analysis, applied to analysis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in milk samples. Sample reconstitution and collection was performed in less than 10 min and can be executed simultaneously to HPLC analysis of the previous sample in a routine workflow, thus having minimal impact on the total sample analysis time when run in a sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Fornells
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; ACROSS (Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emily F Hilder
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; ACROSS (Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Wang Y, Wang R, Wang L, Wang L, Guo Y, Liang X, Wang S. Nanogold hybrid silica gel and its 1-octadecanethiol self-assembled modified composite as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3072-3079. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticle-hybridized silica (Au@sil) spheres were synthesized in one step as a liquid chromatographic stationary phase for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Ruyan Wang
- Engineering Technology Institute of Xinjiang Oilfield Company
- China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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21
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Muller M, Tredoux AGJ, de Villiers A. Application of Kinetically Optimised Online HILIC × RP-LC Methods Hyphenated to High Resolution MS for the Analysis of Natural Phenolics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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