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Hochegger A, Pantò S, Jones N, Leitner E. One-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches for the characterization of post-consumer recycled plastic materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2447-2457. [PMID: 36820911 PMCID: PMC10149440 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the European Commission published its new regulation on recycled plastic materials for food contact. It allows newly developed, non-authorized technologies and approaches, or so-called novel technologies, to be deployed in the field to generate the data needed for establishing regulatory and/or fit for purpose processes. The data shall be generated by using suitable methods, but the regulation does not give a more detailed description on those. In this study, commercially purchased buckets made of post-consumer recycled polypropylene were screened, using a number of different analytical approaches. Sample preparation methods, analysis techniques, and the data and information generated were compared. The results clearly demonstrate the need for a detailed characterization of such materials and the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis using conventional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometery as well as two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sebastiano Pantò
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Jones
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Leitner
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Rocha SM, Costa CP, Martins C. Aroma Clouds of Foods: A Step Forward to Unveil Food Aroma Complexity Using GC × GC. Front Chem 2022; 10:820749. [PMID: 35300387 PMCID: PMC8921485 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.820749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human senses shape the life in several aspects, namely well-being, socialization, health status, and diet, among others. However, only recently, the understanding of this highly sophisticated sensory neuronal pathway has gained new advances. Also, it is known that each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Odorant substances are typically volatile or semi-volatile in nature, exhibit low relative molecular weight, and represent a wide variety of chemical families. These molecules may be released from foods, constituting clouds surrounding them, and are responsible for their aroma properties. A single natural aroma may contain a huge number of volatile components, and some of them are present in trace amounts, which make their study especially difficult. Understanding the components of food aromas has become more important than ever with the transformation of food systems and the increased innovation in the food industry. Two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ToFMS) seems to be a powerful technique for the analytical coverage of the food aromas. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to critically discuss the potential of the GC × GC–based methodologies, combined with a headspace solvent-free microextraction technique, in tandem with data processing and data analysis, as a useful tool to the analysis of the chemical aroma clouds of foods. Due to the broad and complex nature of the aroma chemistry subject, some concepts and challenges related to the characterization of volatile molecules and the perception of aromas will be presented in advance. All topics covered in this review will be elucidated, as much as possible, with examples reported in recent publications, to make the interpretation of the fascinating world of food aroma chemistry more attractive and perceptive.
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An Z, Zhang JM, Lv MY, Li XQ, Wu L, Shang HB, Li D. Light-Driven Polarity Switching of the Chromatographic Stationary Phase with Photoreversibility. Anal Chem 2021; 93:17051-17059. [PMID: 34894658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regrettably, conventional chromatographic columns have immutable polarity, resulting in requirements of at least two columns with polarity difference and sophisticated mechanical switching valves, which hinders the development of "micro-smart" multidimensional tandem chromatography. In this work, light-driven polarity switching was realized in a single capillary column based on the reversible trans-cis isomerization of 4-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propoxy]azobenzene as the stationary phase under light irradiation, with the change in dipole moment. As a result, the stationary phase offers precise and dynamic control of polarity based on the cis-trans azobenzene ratio, which depends on irradiation wavelength and time. Thus, the continuous adjustment of polarity enables diversified chromatographic separation modes, for example, step-polarity gradient and polarity-conversion separation modes, taking advantage of the superior freedom of polarity switching in time and spatial dimensions. The photosensitive column also shows good reproducibility of polarity photoreversibility and high separation efficiency. The present study might offer brand new insight into developing miniaturization and intellectualization of multidimensional chromatography via designing smart responsive switching valves or stationary phases, besides mechanical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiu An
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie-Min Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Yu Lv
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin-Qi Li
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hai-Bo Shang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
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Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213769. [PMID: 34771326 PMCID: PMC8588110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.
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Kühne F, Biedermann M, Eicher A, Felder F, Sander S, Schmidt R, Lehmann S, McCombie G, Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Luch A. Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials-Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements. Molecules 2021; 26:509. [PMID: 33478042 PMCID: PMC7835956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC-FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kühne
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Eicher
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Florian Felder
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Sander
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Roman Schmidt
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Saskia Lehmann
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Merkel
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Luch
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
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Abstract
Several microalgae species have been exploited due to their great biotechnological potential for the production of a range of biomolecules that can be applied in a large variety of industrial sectors. However, the major challenge of biotechnological processes is to make them economically viable, through the production of commercially valuable compounds. Most of these compounds are accumulated inside the cells, requiring efficient technologies for their extraction, recovery and purification. Recent improvements approaching physicochemical treatments (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, among others) and processes without solvents are seeking to establish sustainable and scalable technologies to obtain target products from microalgae with high efficiency and purity. This article reviews the currently available approaches reported in literature, highlighting some examples covering recent granted patents for the microalgae’s components extraction, recovery and purification, at small and large scales, in accordance with the worldwide trend of transition to bio-based products.
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Conchione C, Lucci P, Moret S. Migration of Polypropylene Oligomers into Ready-to-Eat Vegetable Soups. Foods 2020; 9:E1365. [PMID: 32992980 PMCID: PMC7601618 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH) are non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) which mainly reside in the polymer (PE, PP) as a consequence of the polymerization process, and that under favorable conditions (high fat content, high temperature, and long contact time) may migrate at high amount from the packaging into the food. The food industry offers a wide range of ready-to-eat products, among these, vegetable soups designed to be stored at refrigeration temperature (for times around 6 weeks), and in most cases to be heated for a few minutes in a microwave oven (into the original container, mostly of PP) before consumption. The present work aimed to study for the first-time migration of POH during the shelf life of these products, including storage at refrigeration temperature and after microwave heating. On-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC), followed by flame ionization detection (FID), was applied for POH analysis in a number of ready-to-eat products purchased from the Italian market. Microwave heating determined a variable POH increase ranging from 0.1 to 6.2 mg/kg. Parameters possibly affecting migration such as fat content and heating time were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (P.L.); (S.M.)
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Amaral MSS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update. Anal Chem 2019; 92:85-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Toward the characterisation of non-intentionally added substances migrating from polyester-polyurethane lacquers by comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:327-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Luong J, Hua Y, Gras R, Shellie RA. Uniformity and Sensitivity Improvements in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Using Flame Ionization Detection with Post-Column Reaction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11223-11230. [PMID: 31393704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-printed microreactor for post-column reactions was successfully integrated with comprehensive two -dimensional gas chromatography. A two-stage post-column reaction provided a carbon-independent response, enhanced the flame ionization detection uniformity, and improved the detector sensitivity. These enhancements are critical to overcome challenges in analyses using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and flame ionization detection, which aim to separate and quantify multiple components. Post-column reaction flame ionization detection eliminated the requirement of multilevel and multicompound calibration, it enabled the determination of target analytes with a single-carbon-containing calibration compound with an accuracy of ±10%, and it improved the sensitivity for compounds that were not efficiently ionized by flame ionization detection. Extra column band-broadening caused by the incorporation of the 3D-printed microreactor was minimized using optimized reactor operating parameters and intercolumn connectivity. Chromatographic fidelity was in the practical domain of comprehensive 2D gas chromatography. Typical peak widths at half-height using the described approach ranged from 165 to 235 ms for probe compounds with retention factors spanning 5 < k < 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada
| | - Ronda Gras
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Burwood Highway , Burwood , Victoria 3125 , Australia
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