1
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Jiang X, Liu R, Xie Y. Hydrogen bonding dominated self-assembly mechanism of amphiphilic molecules in Chinese Baijiu. Food Chem 2024; 452:139420. [PMID: 38705118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the aging of Chinese Baijiu remained elusive. This study proposed the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules dominated by hydrogen bonds in Chinese Baijiu for the first time. The self-assembly degree of amphiphilic clusters gradually intensifies with the prolonged storage time of Baijiu, comprehensively characterized at both micro and macro levels. The results indicated that the blue-shift of the Raman hydrogen bond vibrational peak (about 11 cm-1 and 7 cm-1, respectively), the increase in viscosity (5.71% and 2.22%, respectively), and the rise in dielectric constant (95.63% and 94.99%, respectively) during the 17-year cellaring process of Strong-flavor Baijiu and Jiang-flavor Baijiu were consistent with the evolutionary trends observed in molecular dynamics simulations. The essential driving factors of cluster structure alteration of amphiphilic aroma substances in Chinese Baijiu during cellaring were demonstrated from molecular level. This study provided a research approach to comprehending the aging mechanism of Chinese Baijiu from the micro level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, 28, Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuhan 430068, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ruicong Liu
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, 28, Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Yuqun Xie
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, 28, Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuhan 430068, China.
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2
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Li M, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Yang L, Mou W, Zhang X, Gao H. Chemometrics combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the identification of Baijiu vintage. Food Chem 2024; 444:138690. [PMID: 38354654 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The identification of baijiu vintage is crucial for quality assessment and economic value determination. However, its complex composition and multifaceted influences pose significant technical challenges, necessitating research into its aging mechanisms and the development of related identification methods. This study utilized Chemometrics in conjunction with GC × GC-TOFMS for Baijiu Vintage identification. Data compression achieved a reduction of over 1000-fold without compromising key information, enabling analysis on many samples and get their changing regular in a big matrix by MCR. Subsequently, MCR-ALS facilitated the extraction of physical and chemical meaningful information related to baijiu vintage. Key MCR principal components suitable for qualitative and quantitative assessments were selected using CARS-PLS. The regression model demonstrated errors of less than one year. Furthermore, a PLS-DA model provided 30 MCR principal components as potential markers. The research results provide technical support for baijiu vintage identification and lay the groundwork for studying the changing patterns of flavor compounds in baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinguang Guo
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jian Wang
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Yangqingxue Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Wenlong Mou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Hongbo Gao
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing 100016, China.
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3
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Zhu Y, Xiang F, Su Y, Jiang X, Cang Y, Long W, Lan W, Deng G, Chen H, She Y, Fu H. Authenticity identification of high - Temperature Daqu Baijiu through multi-channel visual array sensor of organic dyes combined with smart phone App. Food Chem 2024; 438:137980. [PMID: 37979267 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
High - temperature Daqu Baijiu faces a challenge from illegal adulteration of high-grade Baijiu bottles with low-grade Baijiu, affecting its quality and value. This study developed a rapid identification method for high temperature Daqu Baijiu with the same aroma type using a four-channel visual array sensor and detection of color changes caused by competition coordination with Zn2+ and color-changing organic dyes. The array sensor demonstrated high stability and repeatability in targeting flavor components and achieved 97.78 % or more accuracy combined with DD-SIMCA model in detecting adulteration across the Baijiu with same aroma type. The results of GC-MS and Quantum Chemical Calculation showed that esters, acids, and pyrazines played a crucial role. The smart phone App could quickly identify the authenticity of Baijiu with accuracy achieved 93 %. This research provides a foundation for rapid and reliable assessment of Baijiu quality and authenticity, enabling the industry to combat fraudulent practices effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fushuang Xiang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Suqian Product Quality Supervision and Testing Institute of Jiangsu Province, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Suqian Product Quality Supervision and Testing Institute of Jiangsu Province, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Yipeng Cang
- Suqian Product Quality Supervision and Testing Institute of Jiangsu Province, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Wanjun Long
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Lan
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gaoqiong Deng
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
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4
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Yu L, Zhang J, Li J, Sun L, Zhang Q, Yang B, Huang M, Xu B. Rapid, simple, and simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in Baijiu using a novel covalent organic framework based nanocomposite. Front Chem 2024; 12:1374898. [PMID: 38516611 PMCID: PMC10955072 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1374898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop a simple and rapid electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions (HMIs) in Baijiu by using new nanomaterials. Here, graphene (GR) was utilized to combine with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that was synthesized via the aldehyde-amine condensation between 2, 5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DMTP) and 1, 3, 5-tris(4-aminophenyl) benzene (TAPB) to prepare a new GR/COFDPTB/GCE sensor for electrochemical sensing multiple HMIs. Compared with the glass carbon electrode (GCE), GR/GCE and COFDPTB/GCE, the developed sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical analysis ability for the simultaneous detection of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ owing to the synergistically increased the specific surface area, the periodic porous network and plenty of effective binding sites, as well as the enhanced conductivity. Under the optimized experimental parameters, the proposed sensor showed good linearity range of 0.1-25 μM for Cd2+, and both 0.1-11 μM for Pb2+ and Cu2+ with the detection limits of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ being 0.011 μM, 8.747 nM, and 6.373 nM, respectively. Besides, the designed sensor was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection of the three HMIs in Baijiu samples, suggesting its good practical application performance and a new method for the rapid detection of HMIs being expended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyun Yu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangju Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Bairen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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5
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Wei L, Hu J, Pan C, Cheng P, Zhang J, Xi D, Chen M, Lu L, Lu H, Hu F. Effects of different storage containers on the flavor characteristics of Jiangxiangxing baijiu. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113196. [PMID: 37689951 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Storage is a key factor controlling the quality of Jiangxiangxing baijiu, and storage time and the type of storage container play crucial roles in shaping the baijiu's distinct flavor. To investigate the influence of storage containers on the flavor characteristics of Jiangxiangxing baijiu, the sensory qualities, flavor components, and metal ions of Jiangxiangxing baijiu were measured during 24 months of storage in a pottery jar or a stainless steel tank. The results showed that Jiangxiangxing baijiu preserved in a pottery jar was superior to that stored in a stainless steel tank. A total of 96 flavor substances were detected, and 17 key flavor characteristic substances were screened by combining the results of odor activity values (OAV) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). A correlation heat map and redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that aluminum, cadmium, iron, cobalt, magnesium, potassium, and copper ions promoted the formation of key characteristic substances including diethoxymethane, lactic acid, 2,3-dimethyl-5-ethylpyrazine, 1-hexanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. Overall, the results show that 24-month pottery jar storage can promote the flavor quality of Jiangxiangxing baijiu. This study established a theoretical foundation to select the appropriate storage conditions and control the flavor quality of Jiangxiangxing baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wei
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Hu
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkang Pan
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyan Cheng
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhou Xi
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Chen
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunwei Lu
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Lu
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Hu
- GuiZhou XiJiu Co., Ltd, Xishui, Guizhou 564622, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Synergy of physicochemical reactions occurred during aging for harmonizing and improving flavor. Food Chem X 2022; 17:100554. [PMID: 36845494 PMCID: PMC9944979 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous counterfeit vintage Baijiu are widely distributed in the market driven by economic interest which disturb the market economic rules and damage the reputation of particular Baijiu brand. Found on the situation, the Baijiu system variation during aging period, aging mechanisms and discrimination strategies for vintage Baijiu are systematically illuminated. The aging mechanisms of Baijiu cover volatilization, oxidation, association, esterification, hydrolysis, formation of colloid molecules and catalysis by metal elements or other raw materials dissolved from storage vessels. The discrimination of aged Baijiu has been performed by electrochemical method, colorimetric sensor array or component characterization coupled with multivariate analysis. Nevertheless, the characterization of non-volatile compounds in aged Baijiu is deficient. Further research on the aging principles, more easy-operation and low-cost discrimination strategies for aged Baijiu are imperative. The above information is favorable to better understand the aging process and mechanisms of Baijiu, and promote the development of artificial aging techniques.
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7
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Colorimetric sensor arrays for the differentiation of baijiu based on amino-acid-modified gold nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18596. [PMID: 36329105 PMCID: PMC9633599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance for quality control to realize the discrimination for baijiu from different brands and origins. Strong-aroma-type baijiu (SAB), one of the most important Chinese aroma-type baijiu, exhibits the largest variety and market share. In this study, we proposed colorimetric sensor arrays based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with different amino acids (AAs) to recognize the organic acids, and further distinguish different SABs. Three representative AAs, namely methionine (Met), tryptophan (Trp), and histidine (His), were selected to modify the AuNPs surface. The investigation of the effect of the main ingredients of SAB on AA@AuNPs aggregation confirmed that this aggregation mainly resulted from organic acids. Moreover, this aggregation was successfully used for differentiating 11 organic acids. Different pH conditions can not only cause changes of the content of organic acids in baijiu, but also disrupt the balance among flavor substances of baijiu to some extent. Consequently, the AA@AuNPs arrays under two pH conditions have been successfully applied to distinguish 14 kinds of SABs from different brands and origins. The proposed colorimetric sensor method is simple, rapid, and visualized and provides a potential application prospect for the quality control of baijiu and other alcoholic beverages.
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8
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Huang Y, Luo M, Wang W, Cen HY, Xie YQ. Study on grading of Xiaoqu Baijiu based on in-situ untargeted detection of electrochemical measurements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2066123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- School of Civil Engineering Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- School of Civil Engineering Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yu Cen
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Qun Xie
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Jia W, Fan Z, Du A, Shi L. Molecular mechanism of high pressure shear grinding on Feng-flavour Chinese Baijiu ageing. Food Res Int 2022; 153:110957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Chen S, Lu J, Qian M, He H, Li A, Zhang J, Shen X, Gao J, Xu Y. Untargeted Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry in Combination with Chemometrics for Detecting the Age of Chinese Liquor (Baijiu). Foods 2021; 10:foods10112888. [PMID: 34829169 PMCID: PMC8621296 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes the combination of headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and chemometrics as a method to detect the age of Chinese liquor (Baijiu). Headspace conditions were optimized through single-factor optimization experiments. The optimal sample preparation involved diluting Baijiu with saturated brine to 15% alcohol by volume. The sample was equilibrated at 70 °C for 30 min, and then analyzed with 200 μL of headspace gas. A total of 39 Baijiu samples from different vintages (1998–2019) were collected directly from pottery jars and analyzed using HS-GC-IMS. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis was used to establish two discriminant models based on the 212 signal peaks and the 93 identified compounds. Although both models were valid, the model based on the 93 identified compounds discriminated the ages of the samples more accurately according to the goodness of fit value (R2) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), which were 0.9986 and 0.244, respectively. Nineteen compounds with variable importance for prediction (VIP) scores > 1, including 11 esters, 4 alcohols, and 4 aldehydes, played vital roles in the model established by the 93 identified compounds. Overall, we determined that HS-GC-IMS combined with PLSR could serve as a rapid and accurate method for detecting the age of Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.C.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jialing Lu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.C.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Michael Qian
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Hongkui He
- The Center for Solid-State Fermentation Engineering of Anhui Province, Bozhou 236820, China; (H.H.); (A.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Anjun Li
- The Center for Solid-State Fermentation Engineering of Anhui Province, Bozhou 236820, China; (H.H.); (A.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.C.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiaomei Shen
- The Center for Solid-State Fermentation Engineering of Anhui Province, Bozhou 236820, China; (H.H.); (A.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Jiangjing Gao
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.C.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- The Center for Solid-State Fermentation Engineering of Anhui Province, Bozhou 236820, China; (H.H.); (A.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.C.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-8591-8201
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11
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Li Y, Fan S, Li A, Liu G, Lu W, Yang B, Wang F, Zhang X, Gao X, Lǚ Z, Su N, Wang G, Liu Y, Ji X, Xin P, Li G, Wang D, Lu F, Zhong Q. Vintage analysis of Chinese Baijiu by GC and 1H NMR combined with multivariable analysis. Food Chem 2021; 360:129937. [PMID: 33989881 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Economical-driven counterfeit and inferior aged Chinese Baijiu has caused serious concern of publicity in China. In this study, a total of 167 authentic Chinese Baijiu samples with different vintages including 3 flavor types were carefully collected. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine main volatile components and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to obtain non-targeted fingerprints of Chinese Baijiu samples. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, which were confirmed by internal and external validation, were established for effectively identifying actual storage vintage of Chinese Baijiu with various brands, flavor types. Centering (Ctr), pareto scaling (Par), unit variance scaling (UV) data pretreatment methods, principal components (PCs), and three modified variable selection methods were proposed to successfully optimize the vintage model and effectively extract important vintage characteristic factors. This study demonstrated that NMR and GC combined with multivariate statistical analysis are effective tools for validating vintage authenticity of Chinese Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Li
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China; Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjing 300000, China; Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory Co. Ltd, Fengyang 032200, China
| | - Anjun Li
- Anhui Gujing Gongjiu Co. Ltd, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Guoying Liu
- Anhui Gujing Gongjiu Co. Ltd, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Anhui Gujing Gongjiu Co. Ltd, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory Co. Ltd, Fengyang 032200, China
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory Co. Ltd, Fengyang 032200, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory Co. Ltd, Fengyang 032200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Gao
- Shanxi Xinghuacun Fen Wine Factory Co. Ltd, Fengyang 032200, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lǚ
- Jinan Baotuquan Liquor-making Co. Ltd., Shandong 250000, China
| | - Ning Su
- Jinan Baotuquan Liquor-making Co. Ltd., Shandong 250000, China
| | - Guanghao Wang
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yinuo Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xin Ji
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Peng Xin
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Guohui Li
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Daobing Wang
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjing 300000, China
| | - Qiding Zhong
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, China.
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12
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Zheng Q, Wang Z, Xiong A, Hu Y, Su Y, Zhao K, Yu Y. Elucidating oxidation-based flavour formation mechanism in the aging process of Chinese distilled spirits by electrochemistry and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 355:129596. [PMID: 33770619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen-based oxidation process is leading toward the understanding of the flavour formation mechanism of aged Baijiu. However, the oxygen-based oxidation process in Baijiu aging is difficult to explore because of (1) the composition of Baijiu produced in different batches varies a lot and (2) the spontaneous oxidation needs several years or even decades to occur. Hence, the flavour formation mechanism of Baijiu aging was investigated using electrochemistry and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS, which enabled us to solve the two difficulties above. The oxidation reaction on gold surface could accelerate Baijiu aging by catalyzing the transformation from alcohols to acids. Although natural aging contributed more diverse compound changes to Baijiu, the oxygen-based oxidation process during natural aging was similar to that in the electrochemical oxidation as a whole. This study provides new insights to flavour formation mechanism of aged liquors and provides a new way for liquor-related enterprises to optimise the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zheng
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of New Technology and Application of Ecological Baijiu Production, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China.
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Ayuan Xiong
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Yaru Hu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Yougui Yu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of New Technology and Application of Ecological Baijiu Production, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China.
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13
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Jia W, Du A, Fan Z, Zhang R, Li Y, Shi Q, Shi L, Chu X. Molecular mechanism of the role of Mare Nectaris in the Feng-Flavor Baijiu aging. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Jiang X, Xie Y, Wan D, Zheng F, Wang J. Simultaneously detecting ethyl carbamate and its precursors in rice wine based on a pH-responsive electrochemical impedance sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1126:124-132. [PMID: 32736716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intensive efforts have been made to diminish ethyl carbamate in fermentation products. The presented research demonstrated an approach to simultaneously detecting ethyl carbamate and its precursors including urea, citrulline and arginine with nano Mn(Ⅱ)O modified composite working electrode via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Adjusting sample solutions at certain pH value leads the differentiated priority of protonation from nitrogen group in the ethyl carbamate (EC) and its precursors. Molecular recognition was achieved through attractive electrostatic interaction due to the negatively charged Mn(Ⅱ)O nanocrystal on the working electrode surface in aqueous sample solutions. Deconvolution and principle component analysis were applied to differentiate the specific scanning frequency for each analyte. The detection limits of EC, citrulline, urea and arginine are 0.8 ng L-1, 1.57 ng L-1, 0.54 ng L-1 and 1.56 ng L-1, respectively. The developed electrochemical sensor provides a sensitive and selective approach superior to the current reported label-free methodologies and offering a solution for ethyl carbamates in real time process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yuqun Xie
- School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Duanji Wan
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Fuping Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430068, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
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15
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Xiong A, Zhao K, Hu Y, Yang G, Kuang B, Xiong X, Yang Z, Yu Y, Zheng Q. Influence of Electrochemical Oxidation on the Maturation Process of the Distilled Spirit. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18349-18355. [PMID: 32743210 PMCID: PMC7391936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the aging process is urgently required in the distilled spirit industry because of the time-consuming and expensive procedure of natural aging. Herein, the componential changes of the liquor sample are confirmed by the component analysis (e.g., gas chromatograph), and the effect of electrochemical oxidization treatment on the overall properties of typical Chinese liquor (Baijiu) is investigated. The key finding is that high oxidative potential can be used to catalyze the oxidation of alcohols, and the reaction rate is dramatically faster than that in the process of natural aging. The present study reveals the influence of electrochemical oxidation on the contents of compounds (particularly, the alcohols) in Baijiu and offers a perspective into the utilization of electrochemical oxidization treatment as an alternative strategy for artificial maturation of Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuan Xiong
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Yaru Hu
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Guoping Yang
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Bisheng Kuang
- Xiangjiao
Institute for Liquor Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Xiang Xiong
- Xiangjiao
Institute for Liquor Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Xiangjiao
Institute for Liquor Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Yougui Yu
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
- Xiangjiao
Institute for Liquor Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
- Xiangjiao
Institute for Liquor Engineering, Shaoyang
University, Shaoyang 422000, China
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16
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Huang Z, Zeng Y, Liu W, Wang S, Shen C, Shi B. Effects of metals released in strong-flavor baijiu on the evolution of aroma compounds during storage. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1904-1913. [PMID: 32328256 PMCID: PMC7174237 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage is essential in improving the quality of strong-flavor baijiu (SFB). Here, we investigated the release behaviors of metals from containers into SFB and their effects on the evolution of aroma compounds during storage. Twenty-six metals were identified in SFB samples. The concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe obviously increased after storing in pottery jar, whereas those of Fe and Cu greatly increased after storing in stainless-steel vessel. The volatility of most esters, alcohols, ketone, furan, and aldehyde decreased, whereas that of most acids increased after adding the metal ions into fresh SFB. The fluorescence intensity of SFB decreased with increased aging time in pottery jar, whereas the fluorescence intensity of acids was quenched with adding Fe3+ and Cu2+. All these results suggested that some metals released from containers had binding affinities with acids, thereby reducing SFB organoleptic stimulation by forming metal-aroma compound complexes during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunhang Zeng
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid‐State BrewingLuzhouChina
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. LtdLuzhouChina
| | - Songtao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid‐State BrewingLuzhouChina
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. LtdLuzhouChina
| | - Caihong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid‐State BrewingLuzhouChina
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. LtdLuzhouChina
| | - Bi Shi
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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17
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Zhang X, Wang C, Wang L, Chen S, Xu Y. Optimization and validation of a head space solid-phase microextraction-arrow gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method using central composite design for determination of aroma compounds in Chinese liquor (Baijiu). J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Wang YZ, Zhong H, Li XR, Zhang XQ, Cheng ZP, Zhang ZC, Zhang YJ, Chen P, Zhang LL, Ding LS, Wang JK. Electrochemical temperature-controlled switch for nonenzymatic biosensor based on Fe3O4-PNIPAM microgels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Zhang C, Miao P, Sun M, Yan M, Liu H. Progress in miRNA Detection Using Graphene Material-Based Biosensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901867. [PMID: 31379135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in physiologic and pathologic processes and are vital biomarkers for several disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Therefore, rapid, low-cost, sensitive, and selective detection of miRNAs is of paramount importance and has aroused increasing attention in the field of medical research. Among the various reported miRNA sensors, devices based on graphene and its derivatives, which form functional supramolecular nanoassemblies of π-conjugated molecules, have been revealed to have great potential due to their extraordinary electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and structural properties. This Review critically and comprehensively summarizes the recent progress in miRNA detection based on graphene and its derivative materials, with an emphasis on i) the underlying working principles of these types of sensors, and the unique roles and advantages of graphene materials; ii) state-of-the-art protocols recently developed for high-performance miRNA sensing, including representative examples; and iii) perspectives and current challenges for graphene sensors. This Review intends to provide readers with a deep understanding of the design and future of miRNA detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Pei Miao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Mingyuan Sun
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250011, China
- Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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