A comparison between LP(GMA) and CLP(GMA) polymer composites as an immobilization matrix for biosensing applications: A model immunosensor for IL 1α

Hierarchical Emulsion-Templated Monoliths (polyHIPEs) as Scaffolds for Covalent Immobilization of P. acidilactici

The immobilized cell fermentation technique (IMCF) has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its capacity to enhance metabolic efficiency, cell stability, and product separation during fermentation. Porous carriers used as cell immobilization facilitate mass transfer and isolate the cells from an adverse external environment, thus accelerating cell growth and metabolism. However, creating a cell-immobilized porous carrier that guarantees both mechanical strength and cell stability remains challenging. Herein, templated by water-in-oil (w/o) high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), we established a tunable open-cell polymeric P(St-co-GMA) monolith as a scaffold for the efficient immobilization of Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici). The porous framework's mechanical property was substantially improved by incorporating the styrene monomer and cross-linker divinylbenzene (DVB) in the HIPE's external phase, while the epoxy groups on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) supply anchoring sites for P. acidilactici, securing the immobilization to the inner wall surface of the void. For the fermentation of immobilized P. acidilactici, the polyHIPEs permit efficient mass transfer, which increases along with increased interconnectivity of the monolith, resulting in higher _L-lactic acid yield compared to that of suspended cells with an increase of 17%. The relative _L-lactic acid production is constantly maintained above 92.9% of their initial relative production after 10 cycles, exhibiting both its great cycling stability and the durability of the material structure. Furthermore, the procedure during recycle batch also simplifies downstream separation operations.

Biosensors for saliva biomarkers

The analysis of salivary biomarkers has gained interest and is advantageous for simple, safe, and non-invasive testing in diagnosis as well as treatment. This chapter explores the importance of saliva biomarkers and summarizes recent advances in biosensor fabrication. The identification of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers in this matrix enables more rapid and frequent testing when combined with the use of biosensor technology. Challenges and future goals are highlighted and examined.

Using nanostructured carbon black-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses: A comprehensive review

The outstanding electronic properties of carbon black (CB) and its economic advantages have fueled its application as nanostructured electrode material for the development of new electrochemical sensors and biosensors. CB-based electrochemical sensing devices have been found to exhibit high surface area, fast charge transfer kinetics, and excellent functionalization. In the present work, we set forth a comprehensive review of the recent advances made in the development and application of CB-based electrochemical devices for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses - from quantitative monitoring of drug formulations to clinical diagnoses - and the underlying challenges and constraints that need to be overcome. We also present a thorough discussion about the strategies and techniques employed in the development of new electrochemical sensing platforms and in the enhancement of their analytical properties and biocompatibility for anchoring active biomolecules, as well as the combination of these sensing devices with other materials aiming at boosting the performance and efficiency of the sensors.

Sensing Inflammation Biomarkers with Electrolyte-Gated Organic Electronic Transistors

An overview of cytokine biosensing is provided, with a focus on the opportunities provided by organic electronic platforms for monitoring these inflammation biomarkers which manifest at ultralow concentration levels in physiopathological conditions. Specifically, two of the field's state-of-the-art technologies-organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte gated organic field effect transistors (EGOFETs)-and their use in sensing cytokines and other proteins associated with inflammation are a particular focus. The overview will include an introduction to current clinical and "gold standard" quantification techniques and their limitations in terms of cost, time, and required infrastructure. A critical review of recent progress with OECT- and EGOFET-based protein biosensors is presented, alongside a discussion onthe future of these technologies in the years and decades ahead. This is especially timely as the world grapples with limited healthcare diagnostics during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)pandemic where one of the worst-case scenarios for patients is the "cytokine storm." Clearly, low-cost point-of-care technologies provided by OECTs and EGOFETs can ease the global burden on healthcare systems and support professionals by providing unprecedented wealth of data that can help to monitor disease progression in real time.

Development of a biosensor platform based on ITO sheets modified with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane for early detection of TRAP1

The aim of this research was to design an electrochemical immunosensor for determination of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein-1(TRAP1) antigen, a heat shock protein linked to tumour necrosis factor. The indium-tin oxide covered polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) electrode surface was cleaned and was prepared for the introduction of hydroxyl groups on its surface by using NH4 OH/H2 O2 /H2 O. As a silanization agent for covalent attachment of anti-TRAP1 on the surface of the ITO working electrode, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GOPS) was used. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the immobilization steps. A variety of parameters, 3-GOPS and anti-TRAP1 concentrations, and anti-TRAP1 and TRAP1 incubation durations were optimized. After determining the optimum conditions, characterization studies such as repeatability, reproducibility, regeneration, square wave voltammetry, and single frequency impedance were performed. The electrochemical immunosensor has presented an extremely wide determination range for TRAP1 from 0.1 pg/mL to 100 pg/mL.