1
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Rafique S, Yang S, Sajid MS, Faheem M. A review of intact glycopeptide enrichment and glycan separation through hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase materials. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1735:465318. [PMID: 39244913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, one of the most important biologically relevant post-translational modifications for biomarker discovery, faces analytical challenges due to heterogeneous glycosite, diverse glycans, and mass spectrometry limitations. Glycopeptide enrichment by removing abundant hydrophobic peptides helps overcome some of these obstacles. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), known for its selectivity, glycan separations, intact glycopeptide enrichment, and compatibility with mass spectrometry, has seen recent advancements in stationary phases like Amide-80, glycoHILIC, amino acids or peptides for improved HILIC-based glycopeptide analysis. Utilization of these materials can improve glycopeptide enrichment through solid-phase extraction and separation via high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, using glycopeptides themselves to modify HILIC stationary phases holds promise for improving selectivity and sensitivity in glycosylation analysis. Additionally, HILIC has capability to assess the information about glycosites and structural information of glycans. This review summarizes recent breakthroughs in HILIC stationary materials, highlighting their impact on glycopeptide analysis. Ongoing research on advanced materials continues to refine HILIC's performance, solidifying its value as a tool for exploring protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rafique
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Muhammad Salman Sajid
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Riphah International University Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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2
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Zhai Z, Schoenmakers PJ, Gargano AFG. Identification of heavily glycated proteoforms by hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography and native size-exclusion chromatography - High-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342543. [PMID: 38637052 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and their advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with protein transformations such as in the development of diseases and biopharmaceutical storage. The characterization of heavily glycated proteins at the intact level is of high interest as it allows to describe co-occurring protein modifications. However, the high heterogeneity of glycated protein makes this process challenging, and novel methods are required to accomplish this. RESULTS In this study, we investigated two novel LC-HRMS methods to study glycated reference proteins at the intact protein level: low-flow hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and native size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Model proteins were exposed to conditions that favored extensive glycation and the formation of AGEs. After glycation, complicated MS spectra were observed, along with a sharply reduced signal response, possibly due to protein denaturation and the formation of aggregates. When using HILIC-MS, the glycated forms of the proteins could be resolved based on the number of reducing monosaccharides. Moreover, some positional glycated isomers were separated. The SEC-MS method under non-denaturing conditions provided insights into glycated aggregates but offered only a limited separation of glycated species based on molar mass. Overall, more than 25 different types of species were observed in both methods, differing in molar mass by 14-162 Da. 19 of these species have not been previously reported. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed strategies show great potential to characterize highly glycated intact proteins from native and denaturing perspectives and provide new opportunities for fast clinical diagnoses and investigating glycation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Zhai
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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van Schaick G, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Dopant-enriched nitrogen gas to boost ionization of glycoproteins analyzed with native liquid chromatography coupled to nano-electrospray ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341271. [PMID: 37230565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteins carry a plethora of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation or phosphorylation, which may affect stability and activity. Analytical strategies are needed to investigate these PTMs in their native state to determine the link between structure and function. The coupling of native separation techniques with mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for in-depth protein characterization. Yet obtaining high ionization efficiency still can be challenging. Here, we explored the potential of dopant-enriched nitrogen (DEN) gas to improve nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI)-MS of native proteins after anion exchange chromatography. The dopant gas was enriched with different dopants (acetonitrile, methanol, and isopropanol) and the effects were compared with the use of solely nitrogen gas for six proteins covering a wide range of physicochemical properties. The use of DEN gas resulted generally in lower charge states, independent of the selected dopant. Moreover, less adduct formation was observed, particularly for the acetonitrile-enriched nitrogen gas. Importantly, striking differences in MS signal intensity and spectral quality were observed for extensively glycosylated proteins, where isopropanol- and methanol-enriched nitrogen appeared to be most beneficial. Altogether, the use of DEN gas improved nano-ESI of native glycoproteins and increased spectral quality for highly glycosylated proteins that normally suffer from low ionization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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4
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Cao W, Bruening ML. Analysis of Protein Glycosylation after Rapid Digestion Using Protease-Containing Membranes in Spin Columns. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37127550 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in the bioactivity of therapeutic proteins and in the infectivity of viral proteins. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry readily identifies protein glycans with site specificity. However, the overnight incubation used in conventional in-solution proteolysis leads to high turnaround times for glycosylation analysis, particularly when sequential in-solution digestions are needed for site-specific glycan identification. Using bovine fetuin as a model glycoprotein, this work first shows that in-membrane digestion in ∼3 min yields similar glycan identification and quantitation when compared to overnight in-solution digestion. Protease-containing membranes in a spin column enable digestion of therapeutic proteins (trastuzumab and erythropoietin) and a viral protein (SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain) in ∼30 s. Glycan identification is similar after in-solution and in-membrane digestion, and limited in-membrane digestion enhances the identification of high-mannose glycans in trastuzumab. Finally, stacked membranes containing trypsin and chymotrypsin allow fast sequential proteolytic digestion to site-specifically identify the glycans of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. One can easily assemble the protease-containing membranes in commercial spin columns, and spinning multiple columns simultaneously will facilitate parallel analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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5
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van Schaick G, Pot S, Schouten O, den Hartog J, Akeroyd M, van der Hoeven R, Bijleveld W, Abello N, Wuhrer M, Olsthoorn M, Dominguez-Vega E. Evaluating the effect of glycation on lipase activity using boronate affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 421:136147. [PMID: 37087987 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycation may occur naturally when reducing sugars and proteins coexist, which is often the case for industrial enzymes. The impact of post-translational modifications on enzyme performance (e.g., stability or function) is often not predictable, highlighting the importance of having appropriate analytical methodologies to monitor the influence of glycation on performance. Here, a boronate affinity chromatography method was developed to enrich glycated species followed by mass spectrometry for structural characterization and activity assays for functional assessment. This approach was applied to a (temperature-stressed) lipase used for food applications revealing that storage at -20 °C and 4 °C resulted in minor glycation (below 9%), whereas storage at 25 °C led to a higher glycation level with up to four sugars per lipase molecule. Remarkably, activity measurements revealed that glycation did not reduce lipase activity or stability. Altogether, this novel strategy is a helpful extension to the current analytical toolbox supporting development of enzyme products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Pot
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Schouten
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Joost den Hartog
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Akeroyd
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Hoeven
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Bijleveld
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Abello
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maurien Olsthoorn
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translation, Center for Analytical Innovation, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Dominguez-Vega
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, the Netherlands
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6
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Influence of ion-pairing reagents on the separation of intact glycoproteins using hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463721. [PMID: 36565654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins offers high-resolution separations of glycoforms of glycoproteins differing in the number of (neutral) glycans. However, to obtain efficient separations it is essential that the positively charged sites of the proteins are shielded by acidic (negative) ion-pair reagents (IPRs), so as to enhance the contribution of the hydroxyl groups of the (neutral) sugars in the glycoprotein. Here, we studied the influence of various IPRs that differ in physico-chemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and acidity, on the capillary-scale HILIC separation of intact (glyco)proteins. We evaluated the use of fluoroacetic acid (MFA), difluoroacetic acid (DFA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) as diluents for sample preparation, as solvents for sample loading on a reversed-phase trap prior to the HILIC separation, and as mobile-phase components for HILIC and HILIC-MS. To reduce the contribution of ion-exchange interaction with the (silica-based) stationary phase, we used an acrylamide-based monolithic column. We studied the influence of the different IPRs on each step of the separation of a mixture of proteins of different size and hydrophilicity and on the separation of the five glycoforms of ribonuclease B. The content of IPR in the sample was shown not to affect the separation and the MS detection. However, a low content of TFA and DFA in the mobile phase is favourable, as it reduces adduct formation and leads to higher signal intensity. The optimized HILIC conditions successfully resolved nine major glycoforms groups of a ∼40 kDa glycoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), as an example of a complex glycoprotein.
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7
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Wilson J, Bilbao A, Wang J, Liao YC, Velickovic D, Wojcik R, Passamonti M, Zhao R, Gargano AFG, Gerbasi VR, Pas̆a-Tolić L, Baker SE, Zhou M. Online Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) Enhanced Top-Down Mass Spectrometry Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5909-5917. [PMID: 35380435 PMCID: PMC9003935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection is mediated by the heavily glycosylated spike protein. Recombinant versions of the spike protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) are necessary for seropositivity assays and can potentially serve as vaccines against viral infection. RBD plays key roles in the spike protein's structure and function, and thus, comprehensive characterization of recombinant RBD is critically important for biopharmaceutical applications. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has been widely used to characterize post-translational modifications in proteins, including glycosylation. Most studies of RBDs were performed at the proteolytic peptide (bottom-up proteomics) or released glycan level because of the technical challenges in resolving highly heterogeneous glycans at the intact protein level. Herein, we evaluated several online separation techniques: (1) C2 reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), (2) capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and (3) acrylamide-based monolithic hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) to separate intact recombinant RBDs with varying combinations of glycosylations (glycoforms) for top-down mass spectrometry (MS). Within the conditions we explored, the HILIC method was superior to RPLC and CZE at separating RBD glycoforms, which differ significantly in neutral glycan groups. In addition, our top-down analysis readily captured unexpected modifications (e.g., cysteinylation and N-terminal sequence variation) and low abundance, heavily glycosylated proteoforms that may be missed by using glycopeptide data alone. The HILIC top-down MS platform holds great potential in resolving heterogeneous glycoproteins for facile comparison of biosimilars in quality control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse
W. Wilson
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Aivett Bilbao
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratories, 902 Battelle
Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yen-Chen Liao
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Dusan Velickovic
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Roza Wojcik
- National
Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratories, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Marta Passamonti
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The
Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Andrea F. G. Gargano
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The
Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent R. Gerbasi
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratories, 902 Battelle
Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ljiljana Pas̆a-Tolić
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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8
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Passamonti M, de Roos C, Schoenmakers PJ, Gargano AFG. Poly(acrylamide- co- N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide) Monoliths for High-Peak-Capacity Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins at Low Trifluoroacetic Acid Content. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16000-16007. [PMID: 34807576 PMCID: PMC8655738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, we
optimized a polymerization mixture to synthesize
poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic stationary phases for
hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins.
Thermal polymerization was performed, and the effects of varying the
amount of cross-linker and the porogen composition on the separation
performance of the resulting columns were studied. The homogeneity
of the structure and the different porosities were examined through
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further characterization of the
monolithic structure revealed a permeable (Kf between 2.5 × 10–15 and 1.40 ×
10–13 m2) and polar stationary phase
suitable for HILIC. The HILIC separation performance of the different
columns was assessed using gradient separation of a sample containing
four intact proteins, with the best performing stationary phase exhibiting
a peak capacity of 51 in a gradient of 25 min. Polyacrylamide-based
materials were compared with a silica-based particulate amide phase
(2.7 μm core–shell particles). The monolith has no residual
silanol sites and, therefore, fewer sites for ion-exchange interactions
with proteins. Thus, it required lower concentrations of ion-pair
reagent in HILIC of intact proteins. When using 0.1% of trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA), the peak capacities of the two columns were similar (30
and 34 for the monolithic and packed column, respectively). However,
when decreasing the concentration of TFA to 0.005%, the monolithic
column maintained similar separation performance and selectivity (peak
capacity 23), whereas the packed column showed greatly reduced performance
(peak capacity 12), lower selectivity, and inability to elute all
four reference proteins. Finally, using a mobile phase containing
0.1% formic acid and 0.005% TFA, the HILIC separation on the monolithic
column was successfully hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Detection sensitivity for protein and glycoproteins was increased
and the amount of adducts formed was decreased in comparison with
separations performed at 0.1% TFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Chiem de Roos
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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9
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Microfluidic ion stripper for removal of trifluoroacetic acid from mobile phases used in HILIC-MS of intact proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4379-4386. [PMID: 34050389 PMCID: PMC8245364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is commonly used as mobile phase additive to improve retention and peak shape characteristics in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins. However, when using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection, TFA may cause ionization suppression and adduct formation, leading to reduced analyte sensitivity. To address this, we describe a membrane-based microfluidic chip with multiple parallel channels for the selective post-column removal of TFA anions from HILIC. An anion-exchange membrane was used to physically separate the column effluent from a stripper flow solution comprising acetonitrile, formic acid, and propionic acid. The exchange of ions allowed the post-column removal of TFA used during HILIC separation of model proteins. The multichannel design of the device allows the use of flow rates of 0.2 mL/min without the need for a flow splitter, using mobile phases containing 0.1% TFA (13 mM). Separation selectivity and efficiency were maintained (with minor band broadening effects) while increasing the signal intensity and peak areas by improving ionization and reducing TFA adduct formation.
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10
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Mise K, Imamura M, Yamaguchi S, Watanabe M, Higuchi C, Katayama A, Miyamoto S, Uchida HA, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Hida K, Nakato T, Tone A, Teshigawara S, Matsuoka T, Kamei S, Murakami K, Shimizu I, Miyashita K, Ando S, Nunoue T, Yoshida M, Yamada M, Shikata K, Wada J. Novel Urinary Glycan Biomarkers Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter Prospective Study With 5-Year Follow Up (U-CARE Study 2). Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:668059. [PMID: 34109226 PMCID: PMC8180567 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.668059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although various biomarkers predict cardiovascular event (CVE) in patients with diabetes, the relationship of urinary glycan profile with CVE in patients with diabetes remains unclear. Methods: Among 680 patients with type 2 diabetes, we examined the baseline urinary glycan signals binding to 45 lectins with different specificities. Primary outcome was defined as CVE including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Results: During approximately a 5-year follow-up period, 62 patients reached the endpoint. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that urinary glycan signals binding to two lectins were significantly associated with the outcome after adjustment for known indicators of CVE and for false discovery rate, as well as increased model fitness. Hazard ratios for these lectins (+1 SD for the glycan index) were UDA (recognizing glycan: mixture of Man5 to Man9): 1.78 (95% CI: 1.24–2.55, P = 0.002) and Calsepa [High-Man (Man2–6)]: 1.56 (1.19–2.04, P = 0.001). Common glycan binding to these lectins was high-mannose type of N-glycans. Moreover, adding glycan index for UDA to a model including known confounders improved the outcome prediction [Difference of Harrel's C-index: 0.028 (95% CI: 0.001–0.055, P = 0.044), net reclassification improvement at 5-year risk increased by 0.368 (0.045–0.692, P = 0.026), and the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion decreased from 725.7 to 716.5, and 761.8 to 757.2, respectively]. Conclusion: The urinary excretion of high-mannose glycan may be a valuable biomarker for improving prediction of CVE in patients with type 2 diabetes, and provides the rationale to explore the mechanism underlying abnormal N-glycosylation occurring in patients with diabetes at higher risk of CVE. Trial Registration: This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network on June 26, 2012 (Clinical trial number: UMIN000011525, URL: https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000013482).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Mise
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mariko Imamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayu Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chigusa Higuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hida
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ikki Shimizu
- The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Michihiro Yoshida
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Shikata
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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11
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Zhang J, Ten Dijke P, Wuhrer M, Zhang T. Role of glycosylation in TGF-β signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Protein Cell 2021; 12:89-106. [PMID: 32583064 PMCID: PMC7862465 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification on membrane-associated and secreted proteins that is of pivotal importance for regulating cell functions. Aberrant glycosylation can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell-matrix interactions, migration and differentiation, and has been shown to be involved in cancer and other diseases. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a key step in the metastatic process by which cancer cells gain the ability to invade tissues and extravasate into the bloodstream. This cellular transformation process, which is associated by morphological change, loss of epithelial traits and gain of mesenchymal markers, is triggered by the secreted cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). TGF-β bioactivity is carefully regulated, and its effects on cells are mediated by its receptors on the cell surface. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of major types of glycans, namely, N-glycans, O-glycans, glycosphingolipids and glycosaminoglycans that are involved in cancer progression. Thereafter, we summarize studies on how the glycosylation of TGF-β signaling components regulates TGF-β secretion, bioavailability and TGF-β receptor function. Then, we review glycosylation changes associated with TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanisms by which glycosylation affects TGF-β signaling and downstream biological responses will facilitate the identification of glycans as biomarkers and enable novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Oncode Institute and Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Deyanova EG, Huang RYC, Madia PA, Nandi P, Gudmundsson O, Chen G. Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:460-464. [PMID: 32885501 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins. Achieving uniform and consistent protein glycosylation is an important requirement for product quality control at all stages of therapeutic protein drug discovery and development. The development of a new microfluidic CE device compatible with MS offers a fast and sensitive orthogonal mode of high-resolution separation with MS characterization. Here, we describe a fast and robust chip-based CE-MS method for intact glycosylation fingerprinting of a therapeutic fusion protein with complex sialylated N and O-linked glycoforms. The method effectively separates multiple sialylated glycoforms and offers a rapid detection of changes in glycosylation profile in 6 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina G Deyanova
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Richard Y-C Huang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Priyanka A Madia
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pradyot Nandi
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Olafur Gudmundsson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
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13
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Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Camperi J, Combès A, Fournier T, Pichon V, Delaunay N. Analysis of the human chorionic gonadotropin protein at the intact level by HILIC-MS and comparison with RPLC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4423-4432. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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