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Zarei A, Rezaei A, Shahlaei M, Asani Z, Ramazani A, Wang C. Selective and sensitive CQD-based sensing platform for Cu 2+ detection in Wilson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13183. [PMID: 38851799 PMCID: PMC11162432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive Cu2+ intake can cause neurological disorders (e.g. Wilson's disease) and adversely affect the gastrointestinal, liver, and kidney organs. The presence of Cu2+ is strongly linked to the emergence and progression of Wilson's disease (WD), and accurately measuring the amount of copper is a crucial step in diagnosing WD at an early stage in a clinical setting. In this work, CQDs were fabricated through a facile technique as a novel fluorescence-based sensing platform for detecting Cu(II) in aqueous solutions, and in the serum samples of healthy and affected individuals by WD. The CQDs interact with Cu(II) ions to produce Turn-on and Turn-off states at nano-molar and micro-molar levels, respectively, with LODs of 0.001 µM and 1 µM. In fact, the Cu2+ ions can act like a bridge between two CQDs by which the charge and electron transfer between the CQDs may increase, possibly can have significant effects on the spectroscopic features of the CQDs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported research that can detect Cu(II) at low levels using two different complexation states, with promising results in testing serum. The potential of the sensor to detect Cu(II) was tested on serum samples from healthy and affected individuals by WD, and compared to results obtained by ICP-OES. Astonishingly, the results showed an excellent correlation between the measured Cu(II) levels using the proposed technique and ICP-OES, indicating the high potential of the fluorimetric CQD-based probe for Cu(II) detection. The accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, high precision, accuracy, and applicability of the probe toward Cu(II) ions make it a potential diagnostic tool for Wilson's disease in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zarei
- The Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory (OCRL), Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Aram Rezaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Asani
- Students Research Committee,, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Radiology Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- The Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory (OCRL), Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran.
- The Convergent Sciences & Technologies Laboratory (CSTL), Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran.
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
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Si Y, Li Y, Guo J, Wang H, Wang X, Fu J. Combined fabrication of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and lanthanide towards coordination polymers: A dual-signal fluorescent probe for sensing Cu 2+ based on synergistic effect of aggregation-induced emission and antenna effect. Talanta 2024; 273:125941. [PMID: 38518715 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Copper ion (Cu2+) detection remains an important task for monitoring water quality because of its specific toxicity. Herein, a new dual-signal fluorescent probe was developed by combining zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and lanthanide for the detection of Cu2+ for the first time. The lanthanide coordination polymer (guanosine monophosphate and Eu3+, GMP/Eu) was initially incorporated into ZIF-8 to yield ZIF-8/GMP/Eu nanomaterials with extremely weak single emission fluorescence at 618 nm. It was found that the resulted nanomaterials could display a dual emission fluorescence at 515 nm and 618 nm after the introduction of tetracycline (TC) due to the synergistic effect of aggregation-induced emission effect (AIE, TC induced by ZIF-8) and antenna effect (AE, between TC and GMP/Eu). Interestingly, in the presence of Cu2+, the AIE of TC was destroyed because of the interaction of Cu2+ with ZIF-8 and TC. The AE between TC and GMP/Eu disappeared due to the formation of complex between TC and Cu2+. A dual-signal fluorescent probe of ZIF-8/GMP/Eu/TC was thereby established for sensing Cu2+ in the range of 0.5-100 μM. Such a dual-signal response strategy that intelligently utilized the "ON"/"OFF" of AIE and AE can not only eliminate the background interference, but also ensure the improved selectivity of Cu2+ sensing. Subsequently, the dual-signal fluorimetric strategy was applied for the detection of Cu2+ in environmental water samples, indicating the potential feasibility of applications for water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Si
- College of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China
| | - Yanli Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Jianli Guo
- College of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, PR China.
| | - Xinfang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, PR China
| | - Jia Fu
- College of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, PR China.
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Yan J, Zhang H, Zhang M, Tian M, Nie G, Xie D, Zhu X, Li X. The association between trace metals in both cancerous and non-cancerous tissues with the risk of liver and gastric cancer progression in northwest China. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116011. [PMID: 38359492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer and gastric cancer have extremely high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. It is well known that an increase or decrease in trace metals may be associated with the formation and development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in cancerous liver and gastric tissues, compared to adjacent healthy tissues, and to investigate the relationship between trace metals and cancer progression. During surgery, multiple samples were taken from the cancerous and adjacent healthy tissues of patients with liver and gastric cancer, and trace metal levels within these samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in tissues from patients with liver cancer were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Similarly, patients with gastric cancer also showed lower levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn-but higher levels of Cu and Se-compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In addition, patients with liver and gastric cancers who had poorly differentiated tumours and positive lymph node metastases showed lower levels of trace metals (P < 0.05), although no significant changes in their concentrations were observed to correlate with sex, age, or body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression, principal component analysis (PCA), Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile-based g computing (qgcomp) models were used to analyse the relationships between trace metal concentrations in liver and gastric cancer tissues and the progression of these cancers. We found that single or mixed trace metal levels were negatively associated with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer, and the posterior inclusion probability (PIP) of each metal showed that Cd contributed the most to poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer (all PIP = 1.000). These data help to clarify the relationship between changes in trace metal levels in cancerous liver and gastric tissues and the progression of these cancers. Further research is warranted, however, to fully elucidate the mechanisms and causations underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingtong Zhang
- GanSu Provincial Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tian
- Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guole Nie
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Danna Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Chen W, Zhang Z, Liu K, Jiang D, Sun X, Mao Y, Li S, Ye D. Circulating Copper and Liver Cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4649-4656. [PMID: 36633787 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The association between circulating copper and the risk of liver cancer has been investigated by previous studies, while the findings were inconsistent. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between circulating copper and liver cancer by using meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR). For meta-analysis, PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible studies published before April 4, 2022. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) in circulating copper level between liver cancer patients and controls were pooled. Furthermore, we selected genetic instruments for circulating copper from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to conduct MR analysis. The summary statistics related to liver cancer were obtained from two large independent cohorts, UKBB and FinnGen, respectively. MR analysis was performed mainly by inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach, followed by maximum-likelihood method as sensitivity analysis. In meta-analysis of eight studies, circulating copper was found to be higher in liver cancer patients (SMD: 1.65; 95% CI: 0.65 to 2.65) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 96.40%, P = 0.001). However, inconsistent findings were observed among subgroups with high evidence. In MR analysis, genetically predicted circulating copper was not significantly associated with the risk of liver cancer by IVW in UKBB (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.72 to 2.65) and FinnGen (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.73) separately, and the pooled results produced similar results (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.72). Moreover, non-significant finding was confirmed by using maximum-likelihood method. There is no sufficient evidence to demonstrate that high levels of circulating copper increase the risks of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Die Jiang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songtao Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ding Ye
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Pérez-Rodríguez M, Cañizares-Macías MDP. A prototype microfluidic paper-based chromatic device for simultaneous determination of copper(II) and zinc(II) in urine. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Xia YD, Sun YQ, Cheng Y, Xia Y, Yin XB. Rational design of dual-ligand Eu-MOF for ratiometric fluorescence sensing Cu2+ ions in human serum to diagnose Wilson's disease. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lin Y, He F, Lian S, Xie B, Liu T, He J, Liu C. Selenium Status in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050952. [PMID: 35267927 PMCID: PMC8912406 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The potential role of selenium in preventing chronic liver diseases remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available evidence from observational studies and intervention trials that had evaluated the associations between body selenium status and chronic liver diseases. Methods: We comprehensively searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2021. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020210144). Relative risks (RR) for the highest versus the lowest level of selenium and standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated using the I2 statistic and Egger’s regression test, respectively. Results: There were 50 studies with 9875 cases and 12975 population controls in the final analysis. Patients with hepatitis (SMD = −1.78, 95% CI: −2.22 to −1.34), liver cirrhosis (SMD = −2.06, 95% CI: −2.48 to −1.63), and liver cancer (SMD = −2.71, 95% CI: −3.31 to −2.11) had significantly lower selenium levels than controls, whereas there was no significant difference in patients with fatty liver diseases (SMD = 1.06, 95% CI: −1.78 to 3.89). Moreover, the meta-analysis showed that a higher selenium level was significantly associated with a 41% decrease in the incidence of significant advanced chronic liver diseases (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.72). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggested that both body selenium status and selenium intake were negatively associated with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. However, the associations for fatty liver diseases were conflicting and need to be established in prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaduan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (B.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Fanchen He
- Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Shaoyan Lian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (B.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Binbin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (B.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (B.X.); (T.L.)
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (B.X.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (C.L.)
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Liu J, Cui J, Wei X, Li W, Liu C, Li X, Chen M, Fan Y, Wang J. Investigation on selenium and mercury interactions and the distribution patterns in mice organs with LA-ICP-MS imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338941. [PMID: 34602200 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It is the first time to investigate local distribution patterns of mercury (Hg) in mice organs after Hg and Se exposure with detection of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Two batch of adult mice were employed to be exposed to inorganic mercury (iHg) and methylmercury (MeHg) with or without Se at the dose of 55 μmol kg-1. Tissue sections of brain, kidney, liver, and spleen from one batch mice were prepared to get local imaging of Hg by LA-ICP-MS. Tissues from another batch mice were used to quantify Hg and Se in tissues with ICP-MS after acid digestion. The results indicated that, for mice exposed to iHg, Hg mainly distributed in kidney, a little in liver, and hardly in brain and spleen; for mice exposed to MeHg, lower amount of Hg was found in kidney, liver and spleen, and almost no Hg was found in brain. It was interesting that for Hg and Se co-administration groups, higher level of Hg was observed in kidney, liver, spleen and even in brain than single Hg administration groups. In addition, Se level in organ tissues increased obviously not only in Se exposure group but also in MeHg exposure group, while the phenomenon was not observed in iHg exposure group. HepG2 cells were employed to investigate Se and Hg interactions in single cell level, similar bioaccumulation behavior of Hg was found between cells and mice organs. Higher level of Hg was observed in cells cultured with Se and Hg medium than cells cultured with single Hg medium. The results are expected to provide new insight to investigate Hg and Se interactions in animal bodies and in-vitro cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Liu
- , Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jiasen Cui
- , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases. Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xing Wei
- , Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Weitao Li
- , Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chunran Liu
- , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases. Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases. Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Mingli Chen
- , Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yu Fan
- , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases. Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- , Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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Fu L, Xie H, Huang J, Chen X, Chen L. Determination of ultra-trace levels of titanium in human serum using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry based on O 2/H 2 reaction gas. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1165:338564. [PMID: 33975704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a new strategy to determine ultra-trace Ti in human serum using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). The human serum samples were diluted with 1% (v/v) HNO3, followed by the determination of ultra-trace Ti using ICP-MS/MS. In the MS/MS mode, a small amount of H2 was mixed with O2 (the reaction gas) in a collision reaction cell (CRC) to form an O2/H2 reaction mixture, and then, the conversion of Ti+ to TiO+ was determined by the O2 mass shift method. High concentrations of Ca, S, and P in human serum were ionized in plasma, and the formed Ca+, SO+, and PO + reacted with O2 in CRC to form CaO+, SO2+, and PO2+ to interfere with the determination of TiO+. We employed the mass shift reaction of H2 and oxide ions to eliminate this interference. This method was evaluated using the human serum sample spike recovery experiment and comparative analysis by sector field (SF)-ICP-MS. The results showed that using reaction gas mixture O2/H2 reduced the background equivalent concentration (BEC) of Ti and improved sensitivity. The values determined by this method were consistent with the SF-ICP-MS values, which confirmed its accuracy and reliability. The limit of detection (LOD) of Ti was 0.78-7.20 ng L-1, the recovery was 96.0%-104%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.0%-4.2%. This method has solved the problem that the determination of ultra-trace Ti in human serum cannot be accurately determined using O2 reaction mode. It realizes the interference-free and highly sensitive determination of the ultra-trace Ti in samples with high levels of Ca, S, and P and provides a new technique for high-throughput and accurate determination of ultra-trace Ti in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chognqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Hualin Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, 408100, PR China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Xianhua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chognqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410013, PR China
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