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An J, Zhang M, Fu Y, Zhang Q, Si Y, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Zhang D. Emerging electrochemical biosensors for lung cancer-associated protein biomarker and miRNA detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135972. [PMID: 39322139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a major driver of global morbidity and mortality, and diagnosing lung tumors early in their development is vital to maximizing treatment efficacy and patient survival. Several biomarkers, including CYFRA 21-1, NSE, ProGRP, CEA, and miRNA, have been identified as reliable indicators for early lung cancer detection and monitoring treatment progress. However, the minute changes in the levels of these biomarkers during the early stages of disease necessitate advanced detection platforms. In this space, electrochemical biosensors have currently emerged as robust tools for early lung cancer screening and diagnosis owing to their low costs, rapid responses, and superior sensitivity and selectivity. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the application of electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, and other electrochemical analytical strategies for detecting lung cancer-associated protein biomarkers, and miRNA. This review compares these techniques to provide a concise overview of the principles underlying these electrochemical analytical methods, the preparation of their components, and the performance of the resulting biosensors. Lastly, a discussion of the challenges and opportunities associated with electrochemical biosensors detection of lung cancer-associated biomarkers are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying An
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yu Fu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qingxiang Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuxin Si
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Youlin Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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2
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Zheng R, Wu A, Li J, Tang Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wei Z. Progress and Outlook on Electrochemical Sensing of Lung Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2024; 29:3156. [PMID: 38999110 PMCID: PMC11243195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This review comprehensively discusses the progress and potential of nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors for early lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. By integrating nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles, and conducting polymers, these sensors have achieved clinically relevant detection limits in the fg/mL to pg/mL range. We highlight the key role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and antifouling properties. This review also examines challenges related to reproducibility and clinical translation, emphasizing the need for standardization of fabrication protocols and robust validation studies. With the rapid growth in understanding lung cancer biomarkers and innovations in sensor design, nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors hold immense potential for point-of-care lung cancer screening and personalized therapy guidance. Realizing this goal will require strategic collaboration among material scientists, engineers, and clinicians to address technical and practical hurdles. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for developing next-generation smart diagnostic devices to combat the high mortality of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Aochun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiyue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhengfang Tang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Junping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mingli Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheng Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
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3
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Mladenović M, Jarić S, Mundžić M, Pavlović A, Bobrinetskiy I, Knežević NŽ. Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:326. [PMID: 39056602 PMCID: PMC11274377 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit highly beneficial characteristics for devising efficient biosensors for different analytes. Their unique properties, such as capabilities for stable covalent binding to recognition groups (e.g., antibodies or aptamers) and sensing surfaces, open a plethora of opportunities for biosensor construction. In addition, their structured porosity offers capabilities for entrapping signaling molecules (dyes or electroactive species), which could be released efficiently in response to a desired analyte for effective optical or electrochemical detection. This work offers an overview of recent research studies (in the last five years) that contain MSNs in their optical and electrochemical sensing platforms for the detection of cancer biomarkers, classified by cancer type. In addition, this study provides an overview of cancer biomarkers, as well as electrochemical and optical detection methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikola Ž. Knežević
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.M.); (S.J.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
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4
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Ranjan P, Abubakar Sadique M, Yadav S, Khan R, Kumar Srivastava A. Electrochemical Nanobiosensor of Ionic Liquid Functionalized MoO 3-rGO for Sensitive Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300625. [PMID: 38321835 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cancer can be achieved by detecting associated biomarkers before the appearance of symptoms. Herein, we have developed an electrochemical immunosensor of ionic liquid tailored to molybdenum trioxide-reduced graphene oxide (MoO3-rGO-IL) nanocomposite to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cancer biomarker. The MoO3-rGO-IL nanocomposite has been synthesized in situ via the hydrothermal method. The functionalization of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate IL with MoO3-rGO synergistically improves the electrochemical and surface properties of the nanocomposite. The characterization studies revealed that the MoO3-rGO-IL nanocomposite is a highly appropriate material for the construction of immunosensors. The material exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity, surface properties, stability, and a large electrochemical effective surface area (13.77×10-2 cm2) making it ideal for fabricating immunosensors. The quantitative outcome showed that the developed immunosensor (BSA/anti-CEA/MoO3-rGO-IL/GCE) possesses excellent sensitivity, broad linearity from 25 fg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, and a low detection limit of 1.19 fg mL-1. Moreover, the remarkable selectivity, repeatability, and efficiency of detecting CEA in serum specimens demonstrated the feasibility of the immunosensor. Thus, the projected electrochemical immunosensor can potentially be utilized for the quantification of CEA in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpesh Ranjan
- CSIR -, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, 462026, Bhopal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- CSIR -, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, 462026, Bhopal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- CSIR -, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, 462026, Bhopal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raju Khan
- CSIR -, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, 462026, Bhopal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Avanish Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR -, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, 462026, Bhopal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
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Olorundare FOG, Sipuka DS, Sebokolodi TI, Kodama T, Arotiba OA, Nkosi D. An electrochemical immunosensor for an alpha-fetoprotein cancer biomarker on a carbon black/palladium hybrid nanoparticles platform. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3577-3585. [PMID: 37458385 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of cancer is a key step in cancer survival. Thus, there is a need to develop low-cost technologies, such as electrochemical immunosensor technologies, for timely screening and diagnostics. The discovery of alpha-feto protein (AFP) as a tumour-associated antigen lends AFP as a biomarker for cancer detection and monitoring. Thus, immunosensors can be developed to target AFP in cancer diagnostics. Hence, we report the application of a hybrid nanocomposite of carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) as a platform for the electrochemical immunosensing of cancer biomarkers. The hybrid carbon-metal nanomaterials were immobilised by using the drop-drying and electrodeposition technique on a glassy carbon electrode, followed by the immobilisation of the anti-AFP to fabricate an immunosensor. The nanoparticles were characterised with electron microscopy, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) and EIS were used to study the immunosensor signal toward the bio-recognition of the AFP cancer biomarker. The hybrid nanoparticles enhanced the immunosensor performance. A linear detection range from 0.005 to 1000 ng mL-1 with low detection limits of 0.0039 ng mL-1 and 0.0131 ng mL-1 were calculated for SWV and EIS, respectively. The immunosensor demonstrated good stability, reproducibility, and selectivity. Its real-life application potential was tested with detection in human serum matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluke O G Olorundare
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Dimpo S Sipuka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tsholofelo I Sebokolodi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Omotayo A Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Duduzile Nkosi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Ouyang R, Zhang W, Liu J, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Wang H, Dai C, Tamayo AIB, Liu B, Miao Y. Pt Nanodot Inlaid Mesoporous NaBiOF Nanoblackberry for Remarkable Signal Amplification Toward Biomarker Detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:214. [PMID: 37171612 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor has been successfully constructed to quantitatively detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using blackberry-like mesoporous bismuth-based nanospheres NaBiOF (NBOF NSs) inlaid with Pt nanodots (NDs) (BiPt NSs) as the antibody capture and signal-amplifying probe. The growth of Pt NDs inside the holes of NBOF NSs formed the nanozyme inlay outside NBOF NSs, greatly increasing the specific surface area and exposure of the catalytic active sites by minimizing the particle size of the Pt to nanodot scale. Such a blackberry-shaped heterojunction structure of BiPt NSs was well-suited to antibody capture and improved the catalytic performance of BiPt NSs in reducing H2O2, amplifying the signal, and yielding highly sensitive detection of CEA. The use of Au nanoparticle-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Au@MWCNTs) as the electrode substrates significantly enhanced the electron transfer behavior over the electrode surface, further increasing the conductivity and sensitivity of the immunosensor. Remarkably, good compatibility with human body fluid was achieved using the newly developed BiPt-based immunosensor resulting from the favorable biocompatibility and stability of both BiPt NSs and Au@MWCNTs. Benefiting from the double signal amplification strategy and the high biocompatibility, the immunosensor responded linearly to CEA in a wide range from 50 fg/mL to 100 ng/ml with an extremely low detection limit of 3.52 fg/mL (S/N = 3). The excellent detection properties of this new immunosensor were evidenced by the satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility, and stability obtained, as well as the reliable and precise determination of CEA in actual human blood samples. This work provides a new strategy for the early clinical diagnosis of cancer. Novel blackberry-like mesoporous NaBiOF nanospheres with Pt nanodot inlay were successfully usedto construct a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for the ultra-sensitive detection ofcarcinoembryonic antigen in human blood plasma based on a remarkable signal amplification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Ouyang
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Weilun Zhang
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhao
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chenyu Dai
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Abel Ibrahim Balbín Tamayo
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | - Baolin Liu
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
- USST-UH International Joint Laboatory for Tumor Diagnosis and Energy Treatment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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Direksilp C, Parinyanitikul N, Ariyasajjamongkol N, Sirivat A. A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid grafted chitosan and poly(N-methylaniline) for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108446. [PMID: 37084572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cancer marker used for monitoring cancer treatment. Herein, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for determining CEA concentration composed of the thiolated chitosan (tCHI) and the doped poly(N-methylaniline) (dPNMA) is proposed. The tCHI served as a support matrix for the immobilization of CEA antibodies (anti-CEA) and was prepared by using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) as a grafting agent on chitosan (CHI). The excellent electrical conductivity of the dPNMA was utilized as an electron transfer layer for the proposed immunosensor. The successful preparation of the tCHI was confirmed by the attenuated-total reflection Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to illustrate the performance of the proposed immunosensor. The determination of CEA concentration was relied on the decrease in the DPV current response with increasing CEA concentration from the creation of the antigen-antibody immunocomplex. The proposed immunosensor demonstrated a broad concentration range of 0.01 to 30 ng mL-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 ng mL-1. In addition, the present sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability, suggesting its potential use to determine CEA in clinical immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Napa Parinyanitikul
- Medical Oncology Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Ariyasajjamongkol
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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8
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Hou Y, Wang J, Liu S, Sun Y, Dai Y, Luo C, Wang X. A novel flower-shaped Ag@ZIF-67 chemiluminescence sensor for sensitive detection of CEA. Talanta 2023; 253:123938. [PMID: 36150338 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a chemiluminescence (CL) aptasensor for sensitive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was constructed based on the CL system of luminol-H2O2-NaOH. Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs), as the base material, was modified with CEA-aptamer and DNA1, and was combined with the novel flower-shaped Ag@ZIF-67 of modified with DNA2 through the principle of base complementary pairing. CEA combined with aptamer when it existed in the solution. At the same time, MCNTs was adsorbed at the bottom of the container under the influence of external magnetic field, and Ag@ZIF-67 enhanced the CL signal. The CL aptasensor demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for CEA in human serum sample with (1-4): a detection limit of 4.53 × 10-3 ng/mL in case the detection range was 0.05-500 ng/mL. Furthermore, the proposed method had been shown great potential in cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Jingdao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Shantian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yuanling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yuxue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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9
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Police Patil AV, Chuang YS, Li C, Wu CC. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Immunosensors with Nanomaterial Assistance for Signal Amplification. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010125. [PMID: 36671960 PMCID: PMC9855954 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors have attracted immense attention due to the ease of mass electrode production and the high compatibility of the miniature electric reader, which is beneficial for developing point-of-care diagnostic devices. Electrochemical immunosensors can be divided into label-free and label-based sensing strategies equipped with potentiometric, amperometric, voltammetric, or impedimetric detectors. Emerging nanomaterials are frequently used on electrochemical immunosensors as a highly rough and conductive interface of the electrodes or on nanocarriers of immobilizing capture antibodies, electroactive mediators, or catalyzers. Adopting nanomaterials can increase immunosensor characteristics with lower detection limits and better sensitivity. Recent research has shown innovative immobilization procedures of nanomaterials which meet the requirements of different electrochemical immunosensors. This review discusses the past five years of advances in nanomaterials (metal nanoparticles, metal nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) integrated into the electrochemical immunosensor. Furthermore, the new tendency and endeavors of nanomaterial-based electrochemical immunosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash V. Police Patil
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 1324 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ching-Chou Wu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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10
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Kimura H, Asano R. Strategies to simplify operation procedures for applying labeled antibody-based immunosensors to point-of-care testing. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114806. [PMID: 35835209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) is an ideal testing format for the rapid and on-site detection of analytes in patients, and facilitates disease diagnosis and monitoring. Molecular recognition elements are required for the specific detection of analytes, and biosensors that use antibodies as the molecular recognition elements are called immunosensors. Traditional immunosensors such as sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) require complicated procedures to form immunocomplexes consisting of detection antibodies, analytes, and capture antibodies. They also require long incubation times, washing procedures, and large and expensive specialized equipment that must be operated by laboratory technicians. Immunosensors for POCT should be systems that use relatively small pieces of equipment and do not require special training. In this review, to help in the construction of immunosensors for POCT, we have summarized the recently reported strategies for simplifying the operation, incubation, and washing procedures. We focused on the optical and electrochemical detection principles of immunosensors, compared the strategies for operation, sensitivity, and detection devices and discussed the ideal system. Combining detection devices that can be fabricated inexpensively and strategies that enable simplification of operation procedures and enhance sensitivities will contribute to the development of immunosensors for POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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New Ultrasensitive Sandwich-Type Immunoassay of Dendritic Tri-Fan Blade-like PdAuCu Nanoparticles/Amine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Label-Free Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101256. [PMID: 34683307 PMCID: PMC8537010 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of tumor markers has an effective role in the treatment of cancer. Here, a new sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for early label-free detection of the cancer biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was developed. Dendritic tri-fan blade-like PdAuCu nanoparticles (PdAuCu NPs)/amine functionalized graphene oxide (NH2-GO) were the label of secondary antibodies (Ab2), and Au nanoparticle-decorated polydopamines (Au/PDA) were immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as the substrate materials. Dendritic tri-fan blade-like PdAuCu NPs/NH2-GO was synthesized according to a simple hydrothermal procedure and used to immobilize antibodies (Ab2) with large surfaces areas, increased catalytic properties and good adsorption to amplify the current signals. Subsequently, Ab2/PdAuCu NPs/NH2-GO catalyzed the reduction of H2O2 in the sandwich-type immunoreactions. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor exhibited a satisfactory response to CEA with a limit detection of 0.07 pg mL−1 and a linear detection range from 0.1 pg mL−1 to 200 ng mL−1. The proposed immunosensor could be suitable enough for a real sample analysis of CEA, and has clinical value in the early diagnosis of cancer.
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12
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Bajpai VK, Haldorai Y, Khan I, Sonwal S, Singh MP, Yadav S, Paray BA, Jan BL, Kang SM, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Au@Zr-based metal-organic framework composite as an immunosensing platform for determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:365. [PMID: 34613481 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor has been prepared using an immunofunctionalized zirconium (Zr)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with gold (Au) decoration Au@UiO-66(NH2) composite-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the determination of infectious hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We fabricated GCE with specific composite via immune-functionalization using anti-HBsAg with Au nanoparticles embedded in UiO-66(NH2). The electrochemical sensing performance of the immunofunctionalized Au@UiO-66(NH2)/GCE with HBsAg was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, there was a linear dynamic relationship in the buffer system between the electrical signal and HBsAg levels over the range 1.13 fg mL-1-100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a detection limit of 1.13 fg mL-1. The total analysis time was 15 min per sample. Further validations were performed with HBsAg-spiked human serum samples, and similar detection limits as in the buffer system were observed with reduced signal intensities at lower concentrations of HBsAg (1, 10, and 100 fg mL-1) and minimal interference. The HBsAg electrochemical immunosensing assay had good selectivity and excellent reproducibility, thereby indicating its significant potential in the super-fast diagnosis of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuvraj Haldorai
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Imran Khan
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seema Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana, 122003, India.
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Zhang M, Mei L, Zhang L, Wang X, Liao X, Qiao X, Hong C. Ti 3C 2 MXene anchors CuAu-LDH multifunctional two-dimensional nanomaterials for dual-mode detection of CEA in electrochemical immunosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107943. [PMID: 34508921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunoassays are commonly used to detect biomarkers and Ti3C2 MXene anchored CuAu-LDH two-dimensional hydroxide heterojunctions for dual-mode electrochemical immunosensors were fabricated in this work. Layered double hydroxides have a large surface area, high chemical stability, tunable metal composition and interchangeable anions, however, the insulating nature of LDH further limits its catalytic performance. For this reason, Ti3C2 Mxenes were introduced to improve this problem. 2D layers of Ti3C2 Mxenes with large specific surface area and excellent conductivity have been well proven and widely used. And the surface of Ti3C2 Mxenes (due to the presence of abundant surface functional groups), will facilitate the anchoring of metal ions and the nucleation of LDH. In addition, its excellent electrical conductivity will facilitate the electron transfer between Cu2+ and Cu+. The immunosensor not only showed a heavy square wave voltammetry (SWV) signal. It also exhibited high electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 redox reactions and improves the sensitivity of the Ampere Current (i-t) detection. The CEA immunosensor developed in this study showed a wide linear response (0.0001-80 ng/mL) and the lowest detection limits (SWV: 33.6 fg/mL and i-t: 45.4 fg/mL S/N = 3). The results confirmed the excellent analytical capability of the immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Lisha Mei
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Liao
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Chenglin Hong
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
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Liao X, Wang X, Zhang M, Mei L, Chen S, Qi Y, Hong C. An immunosensor based on an electrochemical-chemical-chemical advanced redox cycle amplification strategy for the ultrasensitive determination of CEA. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Xu Z, Wang Q, Li R, Zhangsun H, Dong M, Wang L. Surface Selenylation Engineering for Construction of a Hierarchical NiSe 2/Carbon Nanorod: A High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22866-22873. [PMID: 33970598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As glucose (Glu) is an essential substance for metabolism as well as a symbol to diagnose diabetes, the demand of Glu sensors has increased significantly in recent decades. In this work, a hierarchical Ni-based electrochemical enzyme-free Glu sensor, namely, NiSe2/CNR (carbon nanorod), was engineered through a facile thermal treatment using dimethylglyoxime dinickel salt with selenium (Se) powder. The prepared NiSe2/CNR not only subtly introduces a hierarchical structure with rod-like carbon nanorods and rock-like NiSe2 nanoparticles, which are extremely helpful in offering a greater catalytic activity area and more catalytic active sites, but also incorporates the Se element to increase the inherent activity. The fabricated NiSe2/CNR exhibits distinguished performance for Glu detection in alkaline electrolytes with linear ranges of 0.5-411 μM and 411 μM to 6.311 mM, high sensitivities of 3636 μA mM-1 cm-2 at low concentrations, and 2121 μA mM-1 cm-2 at high concentrations, as well as a low detection limit of 380 nM (S/N = 3). It also possesses favorable reproducibility, stability, and long-term storage capacity. The practical feasibility of NiSe2/CNR was also validated by detecting Glu in human serum. Moreover, the prepared hierarchical NiSe2/CNR is of general interest for the construction of hierarchical Ni-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinzhi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhangsun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengna Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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Wang K, Ding Y, Yang W, Wen X, Zhao H, Liu Y, Hong X. Fluorescence-infrared absorption dual-mode nanoprobes based on carbon dots@SiO 2 nanorods for ultrasensitive and reliable detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Talanta 2021; 230:122342. [PMID: 33934792 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum has the significant reference value for early diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, the CEA detection still suffers from the issue of limited sensitivity and reliability. Herein, a fluorescence (FL)-infrared absorption (IRA) dual-mode nanoprobe was fabricated based on carbon dots (CDs)@SiO2 nanorod for CEA detection. The FL and IRA signals display no mutual interference and can verify each other, ensuring the reliability of assay results. The highly sensitive FL signal originating from the CDs is enhanced by the surface passivation of SiO2 and improves the overall sensitivity of the detection. The detection range spans 9 orders of magnitude and the limit of detection reaches 794.6 ag mL-1, which are great superior to the commercial kits and most of the previous reports. Satisfactory recovery over the commercial kits was achieved in real serum samples. The ultrasensitive and reliable FL-IRA detection strategy sheds light on a new avenue toward promoting the practicability of the nanoprobes in clinical cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Yadan Ding
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Xiaokun Wen
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xia Hong
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, PR China.
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