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Nemeškalová A, Konvalinková J, Vágnerová M, Kuchař M, Buček J, Vrkoslav V, Sýkora D, Cvačka J, Volny M. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry provides screening of selective androgen receptor modulators. Talanta 2024; 277:126358. [PMID: 38879944 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows for analysis of samples in their natural state, i.e., with no sample pre-treatment. It can be viewed as a fast, simple, and economical analysis, but its main disadvantages include a lower analytical performance due to the presence of complex sample matrix and the lack of chromatographic separation prior to the introduction of the sample into the mass spectrometer. Here we present an application of two ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques, i.e., Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization, for the analysis of known Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, which represent common compounds of abuse in professional and semiprofessional sport. Eight real samples of illegal food supplements, seized by the local law enforcement, were used to test the performance of the ambient mass spectrometry and the results were validated against a newly developed targeted LC-UV-MS/MS method performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with an external calibration for each analyte. In order to decide whether or not the compound can be declared as present, we proposed a system of rules for the interpretation of the obtained spectra. The criteria are based on mass spectrum matching (5-10 ppm accuracy from the theoretical exact mass and a correct isotopic pattern), duration of the mass signal (three or five consecutive scans, depending on the instrumentation used), and intensity above the background noise (threefold increase in intensity and absolute intensity above 5E4 or 1E5, depending on the instrumentation). When applying these criteria, good agreement was found between the tested methods. Ambient ionization techniques were effective at detecting SARMs at pharmacologically relevant doses, i.e., approximately above 1 mg per capsule, although they may fail to detect lower levels or isomeric species. It is demonstrated that when adhering to a set of clear and consistent rules, ambient mass spectrometry can be employed as a qualitative technique for the screening of illegal SARMs with sufficient confidence and without the necessity to perform a regular LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Nemeškalová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Konvalinková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Vágnerová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Buček
- Plasmion GmbH, Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Volny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Geng C, Zhang T, Dong Z, Lu Y, Ma B, Xu Y, Yang Z, Liang S, Ding X. Development of an atmospheric pressure plasma-based OES device for in-situ mapping of Cd and related elements in plants. Talanta 2024; 275:126196. [PMID: 38705018 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
We have developed an innovative optical emission spectrometry imaging device integrating a diode laser for sample introduction and an atmospheric pressure plasma based on dielectric barrier discharge for atomization and excitation. By optimizing the device parameters and ensuring appropriate leaf moisture, we achieved effective imaging with a lateral resolution as low as 50 μm. This device allows for tracking the accumulation of Cd and related species such as K, Zn, and O2+∙, in plant leaves exposed to different Cd levels and culture times. The results obtained are comparable to established in-lab imaging and quantitative methods. With its features of compact construction, minimal sample preparation, ease of operation, and low limit of detection (0.04 μg/g for Cd), this novel methodology shows promise as an in-situ elemental imaging tool for interdisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao, 266002, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Element Focus (Shanghai) Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200122, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Element Focus (Shanghai) Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200122, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao University - Aliben Science & Technology Collaborative Instrument R&D Center, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xuelu Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao University - Aliben Science & Technology Collaborative Instrument R&D Center, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Tian Q, Wang M, Li H, Huan Z, Wang M, Lin J, Li B, Han B. Hyphenated liquid electrode glow discharge-dielectric barrier discharge molecular emission spectrometry for determination of dithiocarbamates. Food Chem 2023; 429:136884. [PMID: 37478600 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated liquid electrode glow discharge (LEGD)-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) molecular emission spectrometer was constructed and used as a novel liquid chromatography (LC) detector for dithiocarbamates (DTC) determination. The LEGD was used as an acidolysis reactor for the in-situ transformation of DTCs into CS2 with high efficiencies of 74.11-97.98%. The DBD was used to excite CS2 gas to generate a specific molecular emission at 257.94 nm. The linear correlation coefficient of the method was > 0.99 from 1 to 200 μg mL-1. The detection limits ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg mL-1 with 76-119% recovery and relative standard deviations of 0.2-8.5%. Moreover, the hyphenated microplasma spectrometer achieved low power consumption, low temperature, immediate acidolysis, and high transformational efficiency, and can detect each DTC when combined with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Tian
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China; Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Meiran Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Haoyue Li
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China; Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhibo Huan
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - MingYue Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Jingling Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Bei Li
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
| | - Bingjun Han
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
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Chan GCY, Engelhard C, Wiley JS, Shoulds AU, Cooks RG, Hieftje GM, Shelley JT. Characterization of a Low-Temperature Plasma (LTP) Ambient Ionization Source Using Temporally Resolved Monochromatic Imaging Spectrometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:940-956. [PMID: 37604115 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231184501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe is a common plasma-based source used for ambient desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MS). While the LTP probe has been characterized in detail with MS, relatively few studies have used optical spectroscopy. In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) imaging at selected wavelengths is used to visualize important species in the LTP plasma jet. First, 2D steady-state images of the LTP plume for N2+ (391.2 nm), He I (706.5 nm), and N2 (337.1 nm) emissions were recorded under selected plasma conditions. Second, time-resolved 2D emission maps of radiative species in the LTP plasma jet were recorded through the use of a 200 ns detection gate and varying gate delays with respect to the LTP trigger pulse. Emission from He I, N2+, and N2 in the plasma jet region was found to show a transient behavior (often referred to as plasma bullets) lasting only a few microseconds. The N2+ and He I maps were highly correlated in spatial and temporal structure. Further, emission from N2 showed two maxima in time, one before and one after the maximum emission for N2+ and He I, due to an initial electronic excitation wave and ion-electron recombination, respectively. Third, the interaction of the LTP probe with a sample substrate and an electrically grounded metallic needle was studied. Emission from a fluorophore on the sample substrate showed an initial photon-induced excitation from plasma-generated photons followed by electronic excitation by other plasma species. The presence of a grounded needle near the plasma jet significantly extended the plasma jet lifetime and also generated a long-lived corona discharge on the needle. The effect of LTP operating parameters on emission spectra was correlated with mass-spectral results including reagent-ion signals. Lastly, five movies provide a side-by-side comparison of the temporal behavior of emitting species and insights into the interactions of the emission clouds with a sample surface as well as an external needle. Temporally and spatially resolved imaging provided insights into important processes in the LTP plasma jet, which will help improve analyte ion sampling in LTP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C-Y Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Joshua S Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ayanna U Shoulds
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gary M Hieftje
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Zhu Q, Yao S, Wu Z, Li D, Ding T, Liu D, Xu E. Hierarchical structural modification of starch via non-thermal plasma: A state-of-the-art review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120747. [PMID: 37028874 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical architecture of natural and processed starches with different surface and internal structures determines their final physicochemical properties. However, the oriented control of starch structure presents a significant challenge, and non-thermal plasma (cold plasma, CP) has gradually been used to design and tailor starch macromolecules, though without clear illustration. In this review, the multi-scale structure (i.e., chain-length distribution, crystal structure, lamellar structure, and particle surface) of starch is summarized by CP treatment. The plasma type, mode, medium gas and mechanism are also illustrated, as well as their sustainable food applications, such as in food taste, safety, and packaging. The effects of CP on the chain-length distribution, lamellar structure, amorphous zone, and particle surface/core of starch includes irregularity due to the complex of CP types, action modes, and reactive conditions. CP-induced chain breaks lead to short-chain distributions in starch, but this rule is no longer useful when CP is combined with other physical treatments. The degree but not type of starch crystals is indirectly influenced by CP through attacking the amorphous region. Furthermore, the CP-induced surface corrosion and channel disintegration of starch cause changes in functional properties for starch-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Zhengzong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China
| | - Enbo Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314103, China.
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Yang H, Qi L, Zhou J, Li Q, Yuan X, Zhang M, He Y, Huang K, Chen P. Metal ions-regulated chemical vapor generation of Hg 2+:mechanism and application in miniaturized point discharge atomic emission spectrometry assay of oxalate in clinical urolithiasis samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1262:341223. [PMID: 37179054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the coexisting metal ions could significantly influence the atomic spectroscopy (AS) analysis. In this work, a cation-modulated mercury ions (Hg2+) strategy via chemical vapor generation (CVG) was developed for oxalate assay due to the phenomenon that the Ag + can significantly reduce the Hg2+ signal. The regulation effect was studied in depth via experimental investigations. Since Ag + can be reduced to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by reductant SnCl2, the decrease of the Hg2+ signal is attributed to the formation of a silver-mercury (Ag-Hg) amalgam. Due to the oxalate can react with Ag + to generate Ag2C2O4, which can reduce the generation of Ag-Hg amalgam, a portable and low-power point discharge chemical vapor generation atomic emission spectrometry (PD-CVG-AES) system was constructed to quantify the content of oxalate via monitoring the signal of Hg2+. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 40 nM in the range of 0.1-10 μM for oxalate assay, while exhibiting good specificity. This method was applied to quantitative oxalate in 50 clinical urine samples of urinary stones patients. The levels of oxalate detected in clinical samples were consistent with clinical imaging results, which is promising for point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Liping Qi
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Jinrong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China.
| | - Piaopiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Kim HT, Jung CM, Kim SH, Lee SY. Review of Plasma Processing for Polymers and Bio-Materials Using a Commercial Frequency (50/60 Hz)-Generated Discharge. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2850. [PMID: 37447496 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript introduces the properties and diverse applications of plasma generated using commercial frequencies of 50/60 Hz. Commercial frequency (CF) derived plasma exhibits characteristics similar to DC discharge but with an electrical polarity and a non-continuous discharge. Due to the low-frequency nature, the reactor configurations usually are capacitively coupled plasma type. The advantages of this method include its simple power structure, low-reaction temperature, and low substrate damage. The electrical polarity can prevent charge buildup on the substrates and deposited films, thereby reducing substrate damage. The simple, low-cost, and easy-to-operate power structure makes it suitable for laboratory-scale usage. Additionally, the various applications, including plasma-enhanced vapor deposition, sputtering, dielectric barrier discharge, and surface modification, and their outcomes in the CF-derived plasma processes are summarized. The conclusion drawn is that the CF-derived plasma process is useful for laboratory-scale utilization due to its simplicity, and the results of the plasma process are also outstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tak Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Jung
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Youp Lee
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Xu D, Li C, Yang L, Zhu W, Huang B, Zhang C, Shao T. Detection of sulfur mustard simulants using the microwave atmospheric pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy method. Front Chem 2023; 11:1173870. [PMID: 37332893 PMCID: PMC10272426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1173870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is one kind of highly toxic chemical warfare agent and easy to spread, while existing detection methods cannot fulfill the requirement of rapid response, good portability, and cost competitiveness at the same time. In this work, the microwave atmospheric pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy (MW-APP-OES) method, taking the advantage of non-thermal equilibrium, high reactivity, and high purity of MW plasma, is developed to detect three kinds of SM simulants, i.e., 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, dipropyl disulfide, and ethanethiol. Characteristic OES from both atom lines (C I and Cl I) and radical bands (CS, CH, and C2) is identified, confirming MW-APP-OES can preserve more information about target agents without full atomization. Gas flow rate and MW power are optimized to achieve the best analytical results. Good linearity is obtained from the calibration curve for the CS band (linear coefficients R 2 > 0.995) over a wide range of concentrations, and a limit of detection down to sub-ppm is achieved with response time on the order of second. With SM simulants as examples, the analytical results in this work indicate that MW-APP-OES is a promising method for real-time and in-site detection of chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Bangdou Huang
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yue W, Lei W, Dong Y, Shi C, Lu Q, Cui X, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhang J. Toluene degradation in air/H 2O DBD plasma: A reaction mechanism investigation based on detailed kinetic modeling and emission spectrum analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130894. [PMID: 36739844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is emerging as an attractive method for decomposing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this paper, to study toluene degradation mechanism in air/H2O dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, optical emission spectrometry (OES) was employed to in-situ monitor active species in plasma, with the permanent degradation products being detected by on-line mass spectrometry under various operations. A detailed kinetic model of NTP with incorporation of non-constant electron filed and thermal effects has also been established. A toluene degradation efficiency > 82% could be achieved at P = 115 W, Cin, toluene = 1000 ppm. The relative spectrum intensity of excited OH, O, H and N2 (A3Σ+u) increased with increase of discharge power and was decreased at higher gas flowrates. Toluene degradation was mainly induced by oxidation of OH and O at afterglow stage, while part of toluene was decomposed by attack of electrons and reactive particles N2 (A3Σ+u) in discharge stage. A toluene degradation pathway has been proposed as: toluene→benzyl→benzaldehyde→benzene→phenoxy→cyclopentadiene→polycarbenes/alkynol→CO2/H2O. Benzoquinone, benzaldehyde, cyclopentadiene and cyclopentadienyl are supposed to be important intermediates for the ring-opening of toluene. Clarification of toluene degradation behaviors at discharge and afterglowing stage could provide new insights for plasma-catalytic process in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yue
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Wentao Lei
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Yongheng Dong
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Chengjing Shi
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Qiancheng Lu
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xin Cui
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Yumin Chen
- School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Jiangsu Smart Energy Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, Xuzhou 221116, PR China.
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, PR China
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10
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Liang C, Liu Z, Sun B, Zou H, Chu G. Improvement in Discharge Characteristics and Energy Yield of Ozone Generation via Configuration Optimization of a Coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mechanisms: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Case of Study. Anal Chem 2022; 95:854-861. [PMID: 36538370 PMCID: PMC9850405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is a versatile tool for small-molecule mass spectrometry applications, helping cover from polar to low polar molecules. However, the plasma gas-phase interactions are highly complex and have been scarcely investigated. The ionization mechanisms of plasmas have long been assumed to be somewhat similar to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Here, we evaluated the ionization mechanisms of a two-ring DBDI ion source, using different discharge gases to analyze vaporized liquid samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as model analytes to assess the mechanisms' dominance: protonation, [M + H]+, or radical ion species formation, [M]·+. In the present work, two different ionization trends were observed for APCI and DBDI during the PAH analysis; the compounds with proton affinities (PA) over 856 kJ/mol were detected as [M + H]+ when APCI was used as ionization source. Meanwhile, independently of the PA, DBDI showed the prevalence of charge exchange reactions. The addition of dopants in the gas-phase region shifted the ionization mechanisms toward charge exchange reactions, facilitating the formation of [M]·+ ion species, showing anisole a significant boost of the PAH radical ion species signals, over nine times for Ar-Prop-DBDI analysis. The presence of high-energy metastable atoms (e.g., HeM) with high ionization potentials (IE = 19.80 eV) did not show boosted PAH abundances or extensive molecule fragmentation. Moreover, other species in the plasma jet region with closer and more appropriate IE, such as N2 B3Πg excited molecules, are likely responsible for PAH Penning ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain,. Phone: +34 953 212758
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany,. Phone: +49 0231 1392-174
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12
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He J, Wen X, Wu L, Chen H, Hu J, Hou X. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma for nanomaterials: Fabrication, modification and analytical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Li D, Xu K, Zhang Y. A Review on Research Progress in Plasma-Controlled Superwetting Surface Structure and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183759. [PMID: 36145911 PMCID: PMC9505013 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Superwetting surface can be divided into (super) hydrophilic surface and (super) hydrophobic surface. There are many methods to control superwetting surface, among which plasma technology is a safe and convenient one. This paper first summarizes the plasma technologies that control the surface superwettability, then analyzes the influencing factors from the micro point of view. After that, it focuses on the plasma modification methods that change the superwetting structure on the surface of different materials, and finally, it states the specific applications of the superwetting materials. In a word, the use of plasma technology to obtain a superwetting surface has a wide application prospect.
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14
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Development of a miniaturized hydride generation-dielectric barrier discharge atomic absorption spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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In Situ Detection of Trace Heavy Metal Cu in Water by Atomic Emission Spectrometry of Nebulized Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The in situ detection of trace heavy metal is very important for human health and environmental protection. In this paper, a novel and stable nebulized discharge excited by an alternating current (AC) power supply at atmospheric pressure is employed to detect the trace metal copper by atomic emission spectrometry. Different from the previous experiments in which a conductive object was wrapped around a pneumatic nebulizer directly as a discharge electrode. Plasma is generated near needle electrodes and aerosol is introduced from above the electrode gap by a pneumatic nebulizer, which avoid damage to the fragile device. The effects of applied voltage, gas flow rate, pH value of liquid, and concentration of organic addition agents on the emission intensity of Cu I (3d104p-3d104s, 324.75 nm) are investigated for the purpose of optimizing the experiment conditions. For studying the discharge characteristics and understanding the mechanisms of metal atomic excitation, the waveforms of applied voltage and discharge current are measured, and the vibrational and rotational temperature are calculated by the spectra of N2 (C3∏u-B3∏g, Δυ = −2). In addition, gas temperature evolution of nebulized discharge is acquired and it is found that the emission intensity of Cu I (3d104p-3d104s, 324.75 nm) can be affected by applied voltage, gas flow rate, pH value of liquid, and concentration of organic addition agents. An optimized experimental condition of nebulized discharge for Cu detection is 3.59 of the pH, 5.6 kV of applied voltage, 1.68 L/min of Ar flow rate, and 2% of the ethanol. Under this condition, the limit of detection (LOD) of Cu can reach up to 0.083 mg/L.
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16
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Greda K, Welna M, Pohl P. Determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with vapor generation assisted by solution anode glow discharge - A preliminary study. Talanta 2022; 246:123500. [PMID: 35487012 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new technique of vapor generation assisted by a microplasma was proposed for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). It was found that, by replacing a traditional pneumatic nebulizer with a microplasma (solution anode glow discharge, SAGD), analytical signals of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn were improved 8, 4, 13, 13, 9, 10, and 7 times, respectively. The main factor contributing to boosted analytical signal intensities was the higher analyte flux produced by the novel microplasma system. The measurement precision in SAGD-ICP MS was comparable to that achievable for ICP MS (with pneumatic nebulization), and it did not exceed 2%. The detection limits of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn in SAGD-ICP MS were 5, 2, 6, 5, 4, 10, and 20 ng L-1, respectively. The analytical performance of this method may be further improved if the observed memory effects could be minimized. To validate the trueness of the novel method, certified reference materials of lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2), cormorant tissue (MODAS-4), and wastewater (ERM CA-713) were analyzed to determine traces of Cd, Hg, and Pb. Recoveries of certified values for these analytes were ranged from 91 to 111%, which indicated that the studied microplasma system in combination with ICP MS can be successfully used for very sensitive determinations of selected hazardous elements in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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17
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Liu X, Cheng G, Yang C, Zheng HT, Hu SH, Zhu ZL. Electrothermal Desolvation-Enhanced Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma-Induced Vapor Generation for Sensitive Determination of Antimony by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4455-4462. [PMID: 35229593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel simple electrothermal desolvation-enhanced dielectric barrier discharge plasma-induced vapor generation (ETD-DBD-PIVG) method has been developed for sensitive Sb determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). In our proposed ETD-DBD-PIVG, 20 μL sample solution was dried first; then, the resulting solution residue was directly converted into molecular volatile species efficiently through the interactions with hydrogen-doped DBD plasma; and finally, it was transported to AFS for detection. It was found that the desolvation process could greatly enhance Sb vapor generation, and the Sb fluorescence signal intensity is almost independent of its speciation, where comparable sensitivity is achieved for Sb(III) and Sb(V), enabling efficient total Sb detection without pre-reduction. Influencing parameters were evaluated in detail, including heating time, discharge gap, solution pH, and flow rates of argon and hydrogen, as well as coexisting ion interference. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection was calculated as 0.86 μg L-1 (17.2 pg) for Sb. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated by the analysis of certified reference materials of simulated natural water samples and several river water samples. Compared with conventional hydride generation, the new ETD-DBD-PIVG offers an alternative green vapor generation technique with several advantages: (1) it eliminates the use of a sample flow system (e.g., no use of any syringe or peristaltic pump); instead, 20 μL of a sample is directly pipetted onto the glass plate for analysis; (2) it greatly simplifies the sample pretreatment steps as no pre-reduction process is needed; (3) it is sensitive and suitable for volume-limited sample analysis: efficient Sb vapor generation without chemical reducing reagents in ETD-DBD-PIVG enables Sb detection with an absolute limit at the picogram level. All the results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a simple, green, and sensitive method for Sb determination and it can also be extended to other elements such as Cd and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhen-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Appointment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
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18
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Atomization of As and Se volatile species in a dielectric barrier discharge atomizer after hydride generation: Fate of analyte studied by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339256. [PMID: 34857132 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atomization of hydrides and their methylated analogues in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma atomizer was investigated. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) was chosen as a detector being capable of selective detection of non-atomized original volatile species allowing thus direct quantification of atomization efficiency. Selenium hydride (SeH2) and three volatile arsenic species, namely arsenic hydride (AsH3), monomethylarsane (CH3AsH2) and dimethylarsane ((CH3)2AsH), were selected as model analytes. The mechanistic study performed contributes to understanding of the atomization processes in atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The presented results are compatible with a complete atomization of arsenic hydride as well as its methylated analogues and with atomization efficiency of SeH2 below 80%. Using AsH3 as a model analyte and a combination of AAS and SIFT-MS detectors has revealed that the hydride is not atomized, but decomposed in the DBD atomizer in absence of hydrogen fraction in the carrier gas. Apart from investigation of analyte atomization, the SIFT-MS detector is capable of quantitative determination of water vapor content being either transported to, or produced in the atomizer. This information is crucial especially in the case of the low-power/temperature DBD atomizer since its performance is sensitive to the amount of water vapor introduced into the plasma.
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19
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Abstract
The present paper investigates the breakdown characteristics—breakdown voltage, with breakdown occurring on the rising edge of the applied HV impulses, and time to breakdown—for gases of significance that are present in the atmosphere: air, N2 and CO2. These breakdown characteristics have been obtained in a 100 µm gap between an HV needle and plane ground electrode, when stressed with sub-µs impulses of both polarities, with a rise time up to ~50 ns. The scaling relationships between the reduced breakdown field Etip/N and the product of the gas number density and inter-electrode gap, Nd, were obtained for all tested gases over a wide range of Nd values, from ~1020 m−2 to ~1025 m−2. The breakdown field-time to breakdown characteristics obtained at different gas pressures are presented as scaling relationships of Etip/N, Nd, and Ntbr for each gas, and compared with data from the literature.
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20
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Ding X, Geng C, Zhai S, Cao X, Shi Z, Liu K. Development of laser ablation dielectric barrier discharge optical emission spectrometry (LA-DBD-OES) for direct determination of sulphur and chloride in the condensed phase and its application in pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst 2021; 146:7537-7544. [PMID: 34812800 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An infrared laser (808 nm) has been coupled with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) for optical emission spectrometric determination of S and Cl in organic compounds. The use of a continuous wave IR laser with an output power of 1-2 W allows volatilization of analytes from condensed surfaces. Analytes thermally delivered to the gas phase are excited and atomized by the DBD plasma triggered by an alternating voltage of 10 kV at 25 kHz under atmospheric pressure. Direct analysis of S- and Cl-containing organics in manufactured tablets by measuring the S and Cl emissions resulted in a dynamic range of 0.5%-20% with linearities (R2) above 0.93 and limits of detection (LODs) in the μg g-1 range. The detection precision was examined by measuring inter-day and intra-day reproducibilities, leading to relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 4.6% to 15.0%. The feasibility of LA-DBD-OES was further demonstrated with commercial pharmaceutical tablets of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and chloramphenicol (CAP). There is the potential for probing the tablet uniformity by monitoring the elemental emissions of S and Cl. Quantitative results of the commercial tablets were consistent with the indication amounts and were verified by HPLC measurements. All these results suggest the proposed methodology as a promising tool for online analysis of solids and pharmaceutical tablets with minimal sample treatments and rapid detection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Chaoqun Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Suhan Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhenyan Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 1 Ningde Road, 266071, Qingdao, China.
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21
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Deng Y, Li K, Hou X, Jiang X. Flow injection hydride generation and on-line W-coil trapping for electrothermal vaporization dielectric barrier discharge atomic emission spectrometric determination of trace cadmium. Talanta 2021; 233:122516. [PMID: 34215131 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast, low-cost and sensitive method for the determination of trace cadmium was developed by using a miniaturized dielectric barrier discharge microplasma atomic emission spectrometer coupled with a tungsten coil (W-coil) for on-line hydride generation trapping-electrothermal vaporization. Total sample throughput can be greatly improved through the adoption of a horizontally fixed W-coil and the flow injection mode. In addition, the horizontally fixed W-coil and an inserted quartz capillary for on-line trapping contributed to stable and good signal even at a high gas flow rate when volatile cadmium species were trapped, and less sample-consuming and time-saving can be realized in this work. Compared to direct injection, the sensitivity and the LOD were improved by 29- and 38-fold, respectively. The proposed method provides a promising approach to develop a miniaturized instrumentation for highly sensitive detection of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Deng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Kai Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China; Key Lab of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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22
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Buckley BT, Buckley R, Doherty CL. Moving toward a Handheld "Plasma" Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand. Molecules 2021; 26:4761. [PMID: 34443348 PMCID: PMC8400342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the current innovations in instrument design have been focused on making them smaller, more rugged, and eventually field transportable. The ultimate application is obvious, carrying the instrument to the field for real time sample analysis without the need for a support laboratory. Real time data are priceless when screening either biological or environmental samples, as mitigation strategies can be initiated immediately upon the discovery that contaminant metals are present in a location they were not intended to be. Additionally, smaller "handheld" instruments generally require less sample for analysis, possibly increasing sensitivity, another advantage to instrument miniaturization. While many other instruments can be made smaller just by using available micro-technologies (e.g., eNose), shrinking an ICP-MS or AES to something someone might carry in a backpack or pocket is now closer to reality than in the past, and can be traced to its origins based on a component-by-component evaluation. While the optical and mass spectrometers continue to shrink in size, the ion/excitation source remains a challenge as a tradeoff exists between excitation capabilities and the power requirements for the plasma's generation. Other supporting elements have only recently become small enough for transport. A systematic review of both where the plasma spectrometer started and the evolution of technologies currently available may provide the roadmap necessary to miniaturize the spectrometer. We identify criteria on a component-by-component basis that need to be addressed in designing a miniaturized device and recognize components (e.g., source) that probably require further optimization. For example, the excitation/ionization source must be energetic enough to take a metal from a solid state to its ionic state. Previously, a plasma required a radio frequency generator or high-power DC source, but excitation can now be accomplished with non-thermal (cold) plasma sources. Sample introduction, for solids, liquids, and gasses, presents challenges for all sources in a field instrument. Next, the interface between source and a mass detector usually requires pressure reduction techniques to get an ion from plasma to the spectrometer. Currently, plasma mass spectrometers are field ready but not necessarily handheld. Optical emission spectrometers are already capable of getting photons to the detector but could eventually be connected to your phone. Inert plasma gas generation is close to field ready if nitrogen generators can be miniaturized. Many of these components are already commercially available or at least have been reported in the literature. Comparisons to other "handheld" elemental analysis devices that employ XRF, LIBS, and electrochemical methods (and their limitations) demonstrate that a "cold" plasma-based spectrometer can be more than competitive. Migrating the cold plasma from an emission only source to a mass spectrometer source, would allow both analyte identification and potentially source apportionment through isotopic fingerprinting, and may be the last major hurdle to overcome. Finally, we offer a possible design to aid in making the cold plasma source more applicable to a field deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Rachel Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Cathleen L. Doherty
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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23
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Liu S, Xue XX, Yu YL, Wang JH. "Insert-and-Go" Activated Carbon Electrode Tip for Heavy Metal Capture and In Situ Analysis by Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6262-6269. [PMID: 33825451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The miniaturized optical emission spectrometry (OES) devices based on various microplasma excitation sources provide reliable tools for on-site analysis of heavy metal pollution, while the development of convenient and efficient sample introduction approaches is essential to improve their performances for field analysis. Herein, a small activated carbon electrode tip is employed as solid support to preconcentrate heavy metals in water and subsequently served as an inner electrode of the coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to generate microplasma. In this case, heavy metal analytes in water are first adsorbed on the surface of the activated carbon electrode tip via a simple liquid-solid phase transformation during the sample loading process, and then, fast released to produce OES during the DBD microplasma excitation process. The corresponding OES signals are synchronously recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer for quantitative analysis. This activated carbon electrode tip provides a new tool for sample introduction into the DBD microplasma and facilitates "insert-and-go" in subsequent DBD-OES analysis. With a multiplexed activated carbon electrode tip array, a batch of water samples (50 mL) can be loaded in parallel within 5 min. After drying the activated carbon electrode tips for 5 min, the DBD-OES analysis is maintained at a rate of 6 s per sample. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 0.03 and 0.6 μg L-1 are obtained for Cd and Pb, respectively. The accuracy and practicability of the present DBD-OES system have been verified by measuring several certified reference materials and real water samples. This analytical strategy not only simplifies the sample pretreatment steps but also significantly improves the sensitivity of the DBD-OES system for heavy metal detection. By virtue of the advantages of high sensitivity, fast analysis speed, simple operation, low cost, and favorable portability, the upgraded DBD-OES system provides a more powerful tool for on-site analysis of heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, P.O. Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xue
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, P.O. Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, P.O. Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, P.O. Box 332, Shenyang 110819, China
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24
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Deng Y, Hu J, Li M, He L, Li K, Hou X, Jiang X. Interface-free integration of electrothermal vaporizer and point discharge microplasma for miniaturized optical emission spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1163:338502. [PMID: 34024418 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A tungsten coil (W-coil) as an electrothermal vaporizer (ETV) was interface-free integrated with a point discharge (PD) microplasma as an excitation source for a miniaturized optical emission spectrometer (OES). The PD microplasma and the W-coil ETV were vertically arranged in one quartz tube, and the W-coil was directly placed just under the PD without any physical interface. Working gas flow could sweep them successively to carry analytes released from the W-coil to the PD microplasma, and exhaust out of the quartz tube. The W-coil firstly acted as an ETV for sampling, on which pipetted with a tiny amount of sample solution (typically 10 μL), followed by a heating program for eliminating sample moisture and matrix. Vapor of analytes was subsequently released from the W-coil at a high temperature and immediately swept into the PD microplasma for excitation of atoms to obtain their optical emission spectra. Due to the high temperature of the W-coil, the released analyte species from the W-coil probably had been already atomized/excited partly and partially maintained prior to entering into the PD microplasma, thus saving the energy in the PD for sample evaporation and dissociation. In other words, the W-coil indirectly provided extra energy to the PD microplasma, thus its excitation capability was intensified. Under optimal experimental conditions, simultaneous determination of Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Sb and Zn was achieved, with LODs of 0.6, 45, 40, 0.08, 15, 8, 8, 41 and 5 μg L-1, respectively, and RSDs all less than 4.5% (n = 3, at corresponding concentrations of 5, 250, 250, 0.5, 100, 50, 50, 250 and 25 μg L-1). The accuracy validation of the proposed technique was demonstrated by successfully analyzing Certified Reference Materials (CRMs, including water, soil, stream sediment and biological samples), and preliminarily analyzing one CRM with direct slurry injection, both with satisfactory results, which had no significant difference with the certificated values at a confidence level of 95% by t-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Deng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Mengtian Li
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Lin He
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Kai Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China; Key Lab of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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Li M, Luo Y, Zou Z, Xu F, Jiang X, Hou X. A miniaturized UV-LED array chip-based photochemical vapor generator coupled with a point discharge optical emission spectrometer for the determination of trace selenium. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ja00290b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light emitting diode array chip-based photochemical vapor generation was combined with hollow electrode point discharge to establish a miniaturized optical emission spectrometer for efficient vapor generation and excitation of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Fujian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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