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Keramari V, Papadimou SG, Golia EE, Girousi S. Bismuth Film along with dsDNA-Modified Electrode Surfaces as Promising (bio)Sensors in the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soils. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38920614 PMCID: PMC11201461 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals constitute pollutants that are particularly common in air, water, and soil. They are present in both urban and rural environments, on land, and in marine ecosystems, where they cause serious environmental problems since they do not degrade easily, remain almost unchanged for long periods, and bioaccumulate. The detection and especially the quantification of metals require a systematic process. Regular monitoring is necessary because of seasonal variations in metal levels. Consequently, there is a significant need for rapid and low-cost metal determination methods. In this study, we compare and analytically validate absorption spectrometry with a sensitive voltammetric method, which uses a bismuth film-plated electrode surface and applies stripping voltammetry. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) represents a well-established analytical technique, while the applicability of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in complicated sample matrices such as soil samples is currently unknown. This sample-handling challenge is investigated in the present study. The results show that the AAS and ASV methods were satisfactorily correlated and showed that the metal concentration in soils was lower than the limit values but with an increasing trend. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal levels in the urban complex of a city is necessary and a matter of great importance. The limits of detection of cadmium (Cd) were lower when using the stripping voltammetry (SWASV) graphite furnace technique compared with those obtained with AAS when using the graphite furnace. However, when using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame-AAS), the measurements tended to overestimate the concentration of Cd compared with the values found using SWASV. This highlights the differences in sensitivity and accuracy between these analytical methods for detecting Cd. The SWASV method has the advantage of being cheaper and faster, enabling the simultaneous determination of heavy elements across the range of concentrations that these elements can occur in Mediterranean soils. Additionally, a dsDNA biosensor is suggested for the discrimination of Cu(I) along with Cu(II) based on the oxidation peak of guanine, and adenine residues can be applied in the redox speciation analysis of copper in soil, which represents an issue of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Keramari
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiria G. Papadimou
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Evangelia E. Golia
- Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.G.P.); (E.E.G.)
| | - Stella Girousi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wong TI, Ng C, Lin S, Chen Z, Zhou X. Adaptive Fabrication of Electrochemical Chips with a Paste-Dispensing 3D Printer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2844. [PMID: 38732950 PMCID: PMC11086071 DOI: 10.3390/s24092844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical (EC) detection is a powerful tool supporting simple, low-cost, and rapid analysis. Although screen printing is commonly used to mass fabricate disposable EC chips, its mask is relatively expensive. In this research, we demonstrated a method for fabricating three-electrode EC chips using 3D printing of relatively high-viscosity paste. The electrodes consisted of two layers, with carbon paste printed over silver/silver chloride paste, and the printed EC chips were baked at 70 °C for 1 h. Engineering challenges such as bulging of the tubing, clogging of the nozzle, dripping, and local accumulation of paste were solved by material selection for the tube and nozzle, and process optimization in 3D printing. The EC chips demonstrated good reversibility in redox reactions through cyclic voltammetry tests, and reliably detected heavy metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) in solutions using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry measurements. The results indicate that by optimizing the 3D printing of paste, EC chips can be obtained by maskless and flexible 3D printing techniques in lieu of screen printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ten It Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Candy Ng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shengxuan Lin
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore;
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
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Chen HY, Chen RLC, Hsieh BC, Cheng TJ. Determination of o-phthalaldehyde for dose verification of the clinical disinfectant by fluorescent sequential injection analysis. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:2007-2017. [PMID: 37632646 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
A new automated, generic analytical approach for determining the clinical disinfectant o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) is reported in this study. The proposed sequential injection analysis (SIA) is based on the online reaction of the OPA with glycine/N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a neutral medium (pH = 7.0) to form a highly fluorescent isoindole derivative. All critical flow and reaction variables were investigated, while validation was carried out in the linearity detection range (0.0075-0.02%). As a result, excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99) and precision (1.5-2.4% for repeatability and 0.7-2.2% for reproducibility) were achieved for the reference OPA solutions. Furthermore, reasonable concentration verification of OPA disinfection (0.2-0.6%) in healthcare institutes can be achieved using the developed fluorescent SIA due to its good sensitivity (0.111 V/%) and precision (1.0-2.3% for intermediate precision) around the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 0.3% for Cidex-OPA disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Richie L C Chen
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Jih Cheng
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Guo L, Liu Y, Liu L, Yin P, Liu C, Li J. Study of the mechanism of embolism removal in xylem vessels by using microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:737-747. [PMID: 36594973 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00945e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining the mechanism that effects embolism repair in the xylem vessels of plants is of great significance in predicting plant distribution and the screening of drought-resistant plants. However, the mechanism of perforation plates of xylem vessels in the acceleration of embolism repair is still not clear by using conventional methods of anatomy and visualization technology. Microfluidic devices have shown their ability to simulate physiological environments and conduct quantitative experiments. This work proposes a biomimetic microfluidic device to study the mechanism of perforation plates of xylem vessels in the acceleration of embolism repair. The results proffered that the perforation plates increase the rate of embolism removal by increasing the pressure differential through the vessel, and the rate of embolism removal is related to the structural parameters of the perforation plate. A combination of the perforation size, the vessel diameter and the perforation plate angle can be optimised to generate higher pressure differentials, which can accelerate the process of embolism repair. This work provides a new method for studying the mechanism of microstructures of natural plants. Furthermore, the mechanism that perforation plates accelerate embolism repair was applied to an electrochemical flow sensor for online determination of heavy metal ions. Test results of this application indicate that the mechanism can be applied in the engineering field to solve the problems of reduced sensitivity of devices, inaccuracy of analysis results and poor reaction performance caused by bubbles that are generated or introduced easily in microdevices, which paves the way for applying the theory to engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Penghe Yin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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Silva AL, Salvador GMDS, Castro SVF, Carvalho NMF, Munoz RAA. A 3D Printer Guide for the Development and Application of Electrochemical Cells and Devices. Front Chem 2021; 9:684256. [PMID: 34277568 PMCID: PMC8283263 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.684256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a type of additive manufacturing (AM), a technology that is on the rise and works by building parts in three dimensions by the deposit of raw material layer upon layer. In this review, we explore the use of 3D printers to prototype electrochemical cells and devices for various applications within chemistry. Recent publications reporting the use of Fused Deposition Modelling (fused deposition modeling®) technique will be mostly covered, besides papers about the application of other different types of 3D printing, highlighting the advances in the technology for promising applications in the near future. Different from the previous reviews in the area that focused on 3D printing for electrochemical applications, this review also aims to disseminate the benefits of using 3D printers for research at different levels as well as to guide researchers who want to start using this technology in their research laboratories. Moreover, we show the different designs already explored by different research groups illustrating the myriad of possibilities enabled by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Silva
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Maia da Silva Salvador
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sílvia V F Castro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Eletroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nakédia M F Carvalho
- Grupo de Catálise Ambiental e Sustentabilidade Energética, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Eletroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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