Carbon dots with polarity-tunable characteristics for the selective detection of sodium copper chlorophyllin and copper ions

Full-color biomass carbon dots for high-level information encryption and multi-color light emitting diode applications

Six biomass carbon dots (BCDs) with adjustable emission from 450 to 680 nm under a single wavelength excitation were successfully synthesized from spinach via solvent control strategy. The obtained BCDs show blue, green, yellow, violet, pink, and red emission with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY = 12.68 ~ 30.77%). Detailed characterizations disclose that the tunable-emission mechanism is caused by the synergistic effect of carbon conjugate and surface oxidation degree. Meanwhile, full-color photoluminescence BCDs/PVP powder and BCDs/PVP/PVA films were fabricated by utilizing the prepared BCDs combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), respectively, which presented excellent high-level information encryption application. Importantly, multi-color and white light-emitting diode (LED) with Commission Internationale de L' Eclairage (CIE) of blue (0.25, 0.29); green (0.25, 0.31); yellow (0.42, 0.45); red (0.52, 0.31); and white (0.32, 0.31) were achieved by only using our prepared BCDs. This work provides a valuable strategy of preparing multi-color BCDs using readily available biomass materials and paves a way for high-level information encryption and LED applications.

Orange carbon dots based smart sensing platforms for rapid, visual, quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin

A highly affordable, sensitive and portable detection platform for the quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) in food and environment is a crucial need. Even though many carbon dots (CDs) based sensors have been developed, few reports on using CDs as optical probes for SCC detection have been published so far. In this paper, orange luminescent CDs (OLCDs) were prepared via solvothermal method, which have high fluorescence quantum yield (27.20 %) and excellent photostability. OLCDs can detect SCC via inner filter effect (IFE), with fast response, high selectivity, outstanding sensitivity and superior anti-interference ability. Benefiting from the remarkable properties of OLCDs, a portable sensing platform was triumphantly constructed, which facilitated the in situ, real-time quantitative determination of SCC in diverse actual samples, by catching the fluorescence change of OLCDs-based paper sensors via smartphone RGB colorimetric analysis. This first CDs-based smart sensing system displays great potential for quantification of SCC in various fields.

Functionalized Green Carbon dots for Specific Detection of Copper in Human Serum Samples and Living Cells

Intracellular copper ion (Cu2+) is irreplaceable and essential in regulation of physiological and biological processes, while excessive copper from bioaccumulation may cause potential hazards to human health. Hence, effective and sensitive recognition is urgently significant to prevent over-intake of copper. In this work, a novel highly sensitive and green carbon quantum dots (Green-CQDs) were synthesized by a low-cost and facile one-step microwave auxiliary method, which utilized gallic acid, carbamide and PEG400 as carbon source, nitrogen source and surface passivation agent, respectively. The decreased fluorescence illustrated excellent linear relationship with the increasing of Cu2+ concentration in a wide range. Substantial surface amino and hydroxyl group introduced by PEG400 significantly improved selectivity and sensitivity of Green-CQDs. The surface amino chelation mechanism and fluorescence internal filtration effect were demonstrated by the restored fluorescence after addition of EDTA. Crucially, the nanosensor illustrated good cell permeability, high biocompatibility and recovery rate, significantly practical application in fluorescent imaging and biosensing of intracellular Cu2+ in HepG-2 cells, which revealed a potential and promising biological applications in early diagnosis and treatment of copper ion related disease.

Fluorescent carbon dots synthesized by waste wind turbine blade for photocatalytic degradation

Developing novel waste recycling strategies has become a feasible solution to overcome environmental pollution. In this work, a method of using waste wind turbine blade (WTB) as a carbon source to synthesize blue fluorescent carbon dots (B-CDs) by hydrothermal treatment is proposed. B-CDs are spherical and have an average particle size of 5.2 nm. The surface is rich in C-O, C=O, -CH3 , and N-H bond functional groups, containing five elements: C, O, N, Si, and Ca. The optimal emission wavelength of B-CDs is 463 nm, corresponding to an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. Notably, a relatively high quantum yield of 29.9% and a utilization rate of 40% were obtained. In addition, B-CDs can serve as a photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue dye, with a degradation efficiency of 64% under 40-min irradiation conditions. The presence of holes has a significant influence on the degradation process.

Biomass derived green carbon dots for sensing applications of effective detection of metallic contaminants in the environment

The rapid consumption of metals and unorganized disposal have led to unprecedented increases in heavy metal ion concentrations in the ecosystem, which disrupts environmental homeostasis and results in agricultural biodiversity loss. Mitigation and remediation plans for heavy metal pollution are largely dependent on the discovery of cost-effective, biocompatible, specific, and robust detectors because conventional methods involve sophisticated electronics and sample preparation procedures. Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant importance in sensing applications related to environmental sustainability. Fluorescence sensor applications have been enhanced by their distinctive spectral properties and the potential for developing efficient photonic devices. With the recent development of biomass-functionalized carbon dots, a wide spectrum of multivalent and bivalent transition metal ions responsible for water quality degradation can be detected with high efficiency and minimal toxicity. This review explores the various methods of manufacturing carbon dots and the biochemical mechanisms involved in metal detection using green carbon dots for sensing applications involving Cu (II), Fe (III), Hg (II), and Cr (VI) ions in aqueous systems. A detailed discussion of practical challenges and future recommendations is presented to identify feasible design routes.

Green tea waste-derived carbon dots: efficient degradation of RhB dye and selective sensing of Cu2+ ions

Herein, we have synthesized carbon dots (CDs) using a one-step hydrothermal method from green tea waste, a biomass-derived source with high fluorescent properties and excellent solubility in water. The synthesis of CDs was confirmed through a comprehensive range of characterization techniques, including HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The optical properties of the synthesized CDs were assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy. The CDs displayed exceptional stability across a wide pH range and various concentrations. Moreover, these CDs exhibited a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 21.6%, indicating their efficiency in emitting fluorescent light upon excitation. The CDs also showcased their prowess in fluorometrically detecting Cu2+ ions, displaying high sensitivity and selectivity. They presented two distinct linear ranges: 0.02 to 50 µM and 50 to 100 µM, with recovery rates ranging from 94.2 to 104.06%. Moreover, under visible light irradiation, the CDs exhibited significant efficiency in the photocatalytic removal of dyes. Specifically, the CDs achieved degradation rate of 97.89% for Rhodamine B (RhB) within a 30-min irradiation period. In the context of RhB adsorption, it is evident that the experimental data align more closely with the Freundlich isotherm than the Langmuir isotherm. This is substantiated by a higher R2 value (0.97) for the Freundlich isotherm model compared to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (0.93). Notably, the adsorption kinetics was effectively described by pseudo first-order kinetics models. Overall, these results highlight the promising potential of CDs in applications such as environmental remediation and waste treatment processes due to their photocatalytic and sensing capabilities.

Triggering "signal-on" photoelectrochemical responses by heterojunction transition for selective detection of copper(II) based on Pd/MoS2@g-C3N4 nanocomposites

Controlling the concentration of copper(II) in aquatic systems is of importance for human health. Numerous traditional technologies to detect Cu2+ may encounter with limitations, such as high signal background and complicated operation. Herein, a highly selective photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor is proposed for the "signal-on" detection of Cu2+ employing g-C3N4 nanosheets with MoS2 and Pd quantum dots deposited (Pd/MoS2@g-C3N4). Pd/MoS2@g-C3N4 could present the enhanced photocurrents of specific responses to Cu2+ under light irradiation. MoS2 quantum dots on the sensor are agglomerated into MoS2 bulk during sensing Cu2+, forming an efficient Z-scheme heterojunction. The heterojunction transition induced photoelectrons transferring from the bulk MoS2 to g-C3N4, resulting in "signal-on" PEC responses. Such Z-scheme heterojunction has conquered the traditional heterojunction towards "signal-on" mechanism, that was further verified by band structure measurements and DMPO spin trapping ESR analysis. Photocurrent intensities increased gradually with the addition of incremental Cu2+ concentrations, achieving a detection limit of 0.21 μM and a broad linear interval range from 1 μM to 1 mM with high selectivity and stability. This work may open a new door towards the in situ construction of g-C3N4-based Z-scheme heterojunctions for the signal-on PEC sensing platform, providing wide applications in environmental monitoring and food safety.

Reversible Stacking of 2D ZnIn2 S4 Atomic Layers for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

It is technically challenging to reversibly tune the layer number of 2D materials in the solution. Herein, a facile concentration modulation strategy is demonstrated to reversibly tailor the aggregation state of 2D ZnIn2 S4 (ZIS) atomic layers, and they are implemented for effective photocatalytic hydrogen (H2 ) evolution. By adjusting the colloidal concentration of ZIS (ZIS-X, X = 0.09, 0.25, or 3.0 mg mL-1 ), ZIS atomic layers exhibit the significant aggregation of (006) facet stacking in the solution, leading to the bandgap shift from 3.21 to 2.66 eV. The colloidal stacked layers are further assembled into hollow microsphere after freeze-drying the solution into solid powders, which can be redispersed into colloidal solution with reversibility. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of ZIS-X colloids is evaluated, and the slightly aggregated ZIS-0.25 displays the enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rates (1.11 µmol m-2 h-1 ). The charge-transfer/recombination dynamics are characterized by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy, and ZIS-0.25 displays the longest lifetime (5.55 µs), consistent with the best photocatalytic performance. This work provides a facile, consecutive, and reversible strategy for regulating the photo-electrochemical properties of 2D ZIS, which is beneficial for efficient solar energy conversion.

Preparation of Ganoderma Lucidum Bran-Based Biological Activated Carbon for Dual-Functional Adsorption and Detection of Copper Ions

In this paper, Ganoderma lucidum bran was explored as the precursor to fabricate biomass activated carbon. When potassium hydroxide was selected as an activator (1:6, mass ratio of AC-12 to potassium hydroxide), and the activation condition was 700 °C at 5 h, the highest specific surface area reached 3147 m2 g-1. Carbon dots were prepared with citric acid monohydrate and thiourea as precursors and then loaded onto the surface of activated carbon by a simple and green method. Activated carbon for dual-functional had a high adsorption capacity. Additionally, based on its unique optical properties, the fluorescence response for detecting copper ion was established. The fluorescence intensity of the materials decreased linearly with the increase of copper ion concentration, in the range of 10-50 nmol L-1. The research opened up a new way for applying biomass activated carbon in the field of adsorption and detection. Highlights: (1) Carbon dots were loaded on the surface of activated carbon; (2) the simultaneous adsorption and detection were realized; (3) it provides a way for the preparation of dual-functional materials.

Cu2+-mediated turn-on fluorescence biosensor based on DNA-templated silver nanoclusters for label-free and sensitive detection of adenosine triphosphate

A Cu²⁺-mediated turn-on fluorescence biosensor based on the DNA-templated green-emitting silver nanoclusters (DNA@g-AgNCs) was developed for label-free and sensitive detection of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Cu²⁺ was able to quench the bright green fluorescence of DNA@g-AgNCs because of the coordination and photoinduced electron transfer between DNA@g-AgNCs and Cu²⁺. Therefore, a unique and effective fluorescence biosensor can be constructed with the formation of DNA@g-AgNCs/Cu²⁺/ATP ternary-competition system. With the introduction of ATP, the DNA@g-AgNCs/Cu²⁺ fluorescence sensing system will be disrupted and the fluorescence of DNA@g-AgNCs was recovered due to higher affinity of ATP towards Cu²⁺. On the basis of this feature, the DNA@g-AgNCs/Cu²⁺ fluorescence sensing system demonstrated quantitative determination of ATP in the range 0.05 - 3 μM and a detection limit of 16 nM. Moreover, the fluorescence sensing system was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of ATP in human urine and serum samples with recoveries ranging from 98.6 to 106.5%, showing great promise to provide  a label-free, cost-efficient, and rapid platform for ATP-related clinical disease diagnosis.

Sensitive detection and intracellular imaging of free copper ions based on DNA-templated silver nanoclusters aggregation-inducing fluorescence enhancement effect

Free copper ions (Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺) have critical toxicity to cells, although copper is an essential element for human body. Hence, sensitive monitoring is crucial to avoid over intake of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺. We herein designed a ssDNA sequence (A₃₁) for synthetizing A₃₁-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs), and demonstrated that Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ can induce the aggregation of A₃₁-templated AgNCs and thus greatly enhanced the fluorescence emission of A₃₁-templated AgNCs. Based on Cu⁺/Cu²⁺-induced fluorescence enhancement effect of A₃₁-templated AgNCs, a label-free and signal-on fluorescent sensing platform was developed for the specific and sensitive detection of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ in biological samples and intracellular imaging of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ in cells. The signal-on fluorescent sensing platform could be used to rapidly detect Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ with a detection limit of 0.1 µM within 30 min., and to perform the intracellular imaging of Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ in cells with good cell permeability and biocompatibility. By using the signal-on fluorescent sensing platform, we have successfully detected Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ in cells fluids and human serum with a recovery of 90-104% and a RSD (n = 5) < 5%, and performed the imaging of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ in Hela cells. The developed fluorescent sensing platform has obvious analytical and imaging advantages such as signal-on, simple operation, short analysis time, both Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ detection, similar or higher sensitivity, good cell permeability and biocompatibility, which promising a reliable approach for the rapid and on-site detection or imaging of free copper ions in biological samples in clinical diagnosis.

Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots as a novel fluorescent probe for fluorogenic sensing of Ce4+ and ratiometric detection of Al3

Carbon dots have been widely focused on the field of metal ion detection due to their excellent optical property. Herein, novel orange fluorescent nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots (NB-CDs) are obtained by one-pot solvothermal using p-phenylenediamine and boric acid as raw materials. The NB-CDs exhibit excitation-independent emissions and the maximum emission wavelength is 597 nm at 420 nm excitation. The fluorescence can be quenched by Ce⁴⁺ effectively and selectively, and the detection range of Ce⁴⁺ is gained from 0.14 to 180 μM with a detection limit of as low as 0.14 μM. Furthermore, Al³⁺ can also recombine with NB-CDs surface functional groups, which shows a detection range from 1.07 to 100 μM and a detection limit of as low as 1.07 μM, accompanied with a blue-shift to 527 nm.

Carbon dots fabricated by solid-phase carbonization using p-toluidine and l-cysteine for sensitive detection of copper

In this study, a label-free "turn off" fluorescent sensor has been resoundingly fabricated using carbon dots (CDs) for ultrasensitive detection of copper ions (Cu²⁺). CDs are prepared by solid phase carbonization method using p-toluidine and l-cysteine as the precursors. The synthesized CDs exhibited the highest fluorescence intensity with excitation and emission wavelengths set at 300 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The CDs were selective and sensitive to Cu²⁺ due to the static quenching mechanism. The concentration of CDs, and solution pH and incubation time were important parameters for the developed sensor. The experimental results showed that 20 mgL^-1 was enough for the analysis. As the solution pH was concerned, it was apparent that the sensor was endowed with an excellent response signal to Cu²⁺ and provided high sensitivity at pH 12. The interaction occurred very quickly, and the incubation time could be set at 1 min. The sensor provided a two-stage calibration curve to Cu²⁺ in the range of 0.05-0.7 and 0.7-4 μM with a limit of detection of 47 nM. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that this facile method was fast, reliable and selective for detecting Cu²⁺, which would explore a prospective strategy for developing effective and low-cost sensors for monitoring metal ions in aqueous environments.

Bifunctional Nitrogen and Fluorine Co-Doped Carbon Dots for Selective Detection of Copper and Sulfide Ions in Real Water Samples

Copper ions (Cu²⁺) and sulfur ions (S²⁻) are important elements widely used in industry. However, these ions have the risk of polluting the water environment. Therefore, rapid and quantitative detection methods for Cu²⁺ and S²⁻ are urgently required. Using 2,4-difluorobenzoic acid and L-lysine as precursors, nitrogen and fluorine co-doped dots (N, F-CDs) were synthesized in this study via a hydrothermal method. The aqueous N, F-CDs showed excellent stability, exhibited satisfactory selectivity and excellent anti-interference ability for Cu²⁺ detection. The N, F-CDs, based on the redox reactions for selective and quantitative detection of Cu²⁺, showed a wide linear range (0–200 μM) with a detection limit (215 nM). By forming the N, F-CDs@Cu²⁺ sensing platform and based on the high affinity of S²⁻ to Cu²⁺, the N, F-CDs@Cu²⁺ can specifically detect S²⁻ over a linear range of 0–200 μM with a detection limit of 347 nM. In addition, these fluorescent probes achieved good results when used for Cu²⁺ and S²⁻ detection in environmental water samples, implying the good potential for applications.