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Tibaduiza D, Anaya M, Gómez J, Sarmiento J, Perez M, Lara C, Ruiz J, Osorio N, Rodriguez K, Hernandez I, Sanchez C. Electronic Tongues and Noses: A General Overview. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38667183 PMCID: PMC11048215 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
As technology advances, electronic tongues and noses are becoming increasingly important in various industries. These devices can accurately detect and identify different substances and gases based on their chemical composition. This can be incredibly useful in fields such as environmental monitoring and industrial food applications, where the quality and safety of products or ecosystems should be ensured through a precise analysis. Traditionally, this task is performed by an expert panel or by using laboratory tests but sometimes becomes a bottleneck because of time and other human factors that can be solved with technologies such as the provided by electronic tongue and nose devices. Additionally, these devices can be used in medical diagnosis, quality monitoring, and even in the automotive industry to detect gas leaks. The possibilities are endless, and as these technologies continue to improve, they will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role in improving our lives and ensuring our safety. Because of the multiple applications and developments in this field in the last years, this work will present an overview of the electronic tongues and noses from the point of view of the approaches developed and the methodologies used in the data analysis and steps to this aim. In the same manner, this work shows some of the applications that can be found in the use of these devices and ends with some conclusions about the current state of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tibaduiza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Maribel Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Johan Gómez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Juan Sarmiento
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Perez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Cristhian Lara
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Johan Ruiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Nicolas Osorio
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Katerin Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Isaac Hernandez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Sanchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.A.); (J.G.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (J.R.); (N.O.); (I.H.); (C.S.)
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Yang C, Zhang H. A review on machine learning-powered fluorescent and colorimetric sensor arrays for bacteria identification. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:451. [PMID: 37880465 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have been widely used for bacteria determination with great success. However, the "lock-and-key" methodology used by biosensors to identify bacteria has a significant limitation: it can only detect one species of bacteria. In recent years, optical (fluorescent and colorimetric) sensor arrays are gradually gaining attention from researchers as a new type of biosensor. They can acquire multiple features of a target simultaneously, form a feature pattern, and determine the bacteria species with the help of pattern recognition/machine learning algorithms. Previous reviews in this area have focused on the interaction between the sensor array and bacteria or the materials used to make the sensors. This review, on the other hand, will provide researchers with a better understanding of the field by discussing fluorescent and colorimetric sensor arrays based on the mechanism of optical signal generation. These sensor arrays will be compared based on the identified species. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of these sensor arrays and explore possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmao Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Bordbar MM, Hosseini MS, Sheini A, Safaei E, Halabian R, Daryanavard SM, Samadinia H, Bagheri H. Monitoring saliva compositions for non-invasive detection of diabetes using a colorimetric-based multiple sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16174. [PMID: 37758789 PMCID: PMC10533566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing population of diabetic patients, especially in developing countries, has posed a serious risk to the health sector, so that the lack of timely diagnosis and treatment process of diabetes can lead to threatening complications for the human lifestyle. Here, a multiple sensor was fabricated on a paper substrate for rapid detection and controlling the progress of the diabetes disease. The proposed sensor utilized the sensing ability of porphyrazines, pH-sensitive dyes and silver nanoparticles in order to detect the differences in saliva composition of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. A unique color map (sensor response) was obtained for each studied group, which can be monitored by a scanner. Moreover, a good correlation was observed between the colorimetric response resulting from the analysis of salivary composition and the fasting blood glucose (FBG) value measured by standard laboratory instruments. It was also possible to classify participants into two groups, including patients caused by diabetes and those were non-diabetic persons with a total accuracy of 88.9%. Statistical evaluations show that the multiple sensor can be employed as an effective and non-invasive device for continuous monitoring of diabetes, substantially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Bordbar
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Sadat Hosseini
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azarmidokht Sheini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shohadaye Hoveizeh Campus of Technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Dashte Azadegan, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Elham Safaei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poising Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Samadinia
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Health Management in Mass Gathering, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Yadav S, Sadique MA, Ranjan P, Khan R. Synergistically functionalized molybdenum disulfide-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid based ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for real sample analysis of COVID-19. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341326. [PMID: 37230571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have proposed a straightforward and label-free electrochemical immunosensing strategy supported on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a biocompatible and conducting biopolymer functionalized molybdenum disulfide-reduced graphene oxide (CS-MoS2/rGO) nanohybrid to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. CS-MoS2/rGO nanohybrid-based immunosensor employs recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD protein (rSP) that specifically identifies antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The antigen-antibody interaction diminishes the current responses of the immunosensor. The obtained results indicate that the fabricated immunosensor is extraordinarily capable of highly sensitive and specific detection of the corresponding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with a LOD of 2.38 zg mL-1 in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) samples over a broad linear range between 10 zg mL-1-100 ng mL-1. In addition, the proposed immunosensor can detect attomolar concentrations in spiked human serum samples. The performance of this immunosensor is assessed using actual serum samples from COVID-19-infected patients. The proposed immunosensor can accurately and substantially differentiate between (+) positive and (-) negative samples. As a result, the nanohybrid can provide insight into the conception of Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) platforms for cutting-edge infectious disease diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Yadav
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal - 462026, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal - 462026, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Pushpesh Ranjan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal - 462026, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Raju Khan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal - 462026, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India.
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Punnoy P, Siripongpreda T, Pisitkun T, Rodthongkum N, Potiyaraj P. Alternative platform for COVID-19 diagnosis based on AuNP-modified lab-on-paper. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37194362 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused global health problems, and so rapid diagnosis is crucial to slow spread of the disease. Herein, a novel lab-on-paper screening method for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant was developed using a gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensor along with sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen using laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). As a result of antigen-antibody interaction, in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen the gold nanoparticles undergo aggregation and change color from red to light purple, allowing for rapid determination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen with the naked eye. Furthermore, the lab-on-paper method can be directly applied as a substrate for sensitive quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in saliva using LDI-MS without the use of a conventional organic matrix and sample preparation. LDI-MS offers early diagnosis with high sensitivity, rapidity without sample preparation and lower cost per test compared with reverse transcriptase-PCR, which is crucial for preventing mortality in patients with underlying conditions. This method showed linearity over 0.01-1 μg mL-1 covering the cut-off value of 0.048 μg mL-1 for COVID-19 detection in human saliva. Moreover, a colorimetric sensor for urea was also fabricated in-parallel, for prediction of COVID-19 severity in patients with chronic kidney disease. The color change upon increasing urea concentration directly reflected kidney damage, which is related to increasing risk of mortality among patients with COVID-19. Hence, this platform might be a potential device for non-invasive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant, which is the variant of most concern because it is transmitted more rapidly than the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchanok Punnoy
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Tatiya Siripongpreda
- Nanoscience and Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Chulalongkorn University Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nadnudda Rodthongkum
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
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Regina de Oliveira T, Oliveira Leite TH, Miranda WN, Manuli ER, Leal F, Sabino E, Pott-Junior H, Melendez M, Faria RC. Molecular test for COVID-19 diagnosis based on a colorimetric genomagnetic assay. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341167. [PMID: 37062564 PMCID: PMC10066033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is in a long pandemic period caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and massive diagnostic tests to assist efforts to control the spread of the disease and also to avoid new coronavirus variants are still needed. Herein, we propose a simple and accurate saliva-based colorimetric test for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Magnetic beads (MBs) modified with a sequence of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) complementary to the N gene of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA were developed and used for magnetic capture and separation from a complex saliva sample. A second biotinylated ssDNA sequence was applied, and the colorimetric detection was carried out by adding streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, H2O2, and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as chromogenic substrate. The test does not require viral RNA isolation, transcription, or amplification steps and can be performed at room temperature. The molecular assay test can be run using 96-well microplates, allowing the diagnosis of a large number of samples in 90 min. A simple support for magnets was designed and constructed using a 3D printer that allows the magnetic separations directly in the 96-well microplate. The colorimetric test showed an excellent ability to discriminate between healthy individuals and patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, with 92% and 100% of clinical sensitivity and specificity, respectively. This performance was similar to that achieved using the gold standard RT-PCR technique. The proposed genomagnetic assay offers an opportunity to greatly increase population testing, contribute to controlling the spread of the virus, and improve health equity in testing for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wyllian Neves Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Erika Regina Manuli
- Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, 09521-160, Brazil
| | - Fábio Leal
- Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, 09521-160, Brazil
| | - Ester Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Pott-Junior
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Matias Melendez
- Cloning Solutions Ltda, Barretos, SP, 14780-459, Brazil; Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Censi Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Santopolo G, Clemente A, González-Freire M, Russell SM, Vaquer A, Barón E, Aranda M, Socias A, Del Castillo A, Borges M, de la Rica R. Plasma-induced nanoparticle aggregation for stratifying COVID-19 patients according to disease severity. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 373:132638. [PMID: 36124254 PMCID: PMC9476366 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.132638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stratifying patients according to disease severity has been a major hurdle during the COVID-19 pandemic. This usually requires evaluating the levels of several biomarkers, which may be cumbersome when rapid decisions are required. In this manuscript we show that a single nanoparticle aggregation test can be used to distinguish patients that require intensive care from those that have already been discharged from the intensive care unit (ICU). It consists of diluting a platelet-free plasma sample and then adding gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles aggregate to a larger extent when the samples are obtained from a patient in the ICU. This changes the color of the colloidal suspension, which can be evaluated by measuring the pixel intensity of a photograph. Although the exact factor or combination of factors behind the different aggregation behavior is unknown, control experiments demonstrate that the presence of proteins in the samples is crucial for the test to work. Principal component analysis demonstrates that the test result is highly correlated to biomarkers of prognosis and inflammation that are commonly used to evaluate the severity of COVID-19 patients. The results shown here pave the way to develop nanoparticle aggregation assays that classify COVID-19 patients according to disease severity, which could be useful to de-escalate care safely and make a better use of hospital resources.
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Key Words
- AST, aspartate aminotransferaseALT, alanine aminotransferase
- Alb, albumin
- C1.75, protein concentration 1.75 × 10-4 g·dL-1
- CPImin, protein concentration at PImin
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Colorimetric
- Creat, creatinine
- D-D, D-dimer
- Ferr, ferritin
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- Glu, glucose
- Gold
- Hb, hemoglobin
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalized ratio (prothrombin time)
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance
- MCV, mean corpuscular volume
- MPV, mean platelet volume
- Mono, monocytes
- NIR, near-infrared
- NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
- NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis
- PDW, platelet distribution width
- PI, pixel intensity
- PI1.75, pixel intensity at C1.75
- PIdil, pixel intensity at plasma dilution 1:31250
- PImin, minimum value of pixel intensity
- PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio
- Plasmonic
- RBC, red blood cells
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sepsis
- TG, triglycerides
- TotProt, total protein concentration
- WBC, white blood cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Santopolo
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Chemistry Department, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Clemente
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Marta González-Freire
- Translational Research In Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Steven M Russell
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Vaquer
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Chemistry Department, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Enrique Barón
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - María Aranda
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Antonia Socias
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Alberto Del Castillo
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Marcio Borges
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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