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Khounsarian F, Abu-Omar A, Emara A, Marinescu D, Yong-Hing CJ, Ali IT, Khosa F. A trend, analysis, and solution on women's representation in diagnostic radiology in North America: a narrative review. Clin Imaging 2024; 109:110135. [PMID: 38547670 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite the demonstrated benefits of gender diversity in medicine, women in Radiology in North America are still underrepresented. We reviewed the literature to highlight the current status of women in Radiology in North America, identify the underlying causes of the gender gap, and provide potential strategies to close this gap. We conducted a narrative literature review using the terms ("Gender Disparity" OR "Gender Inequality") AND ("Radiology Department" OR "Radiology Residency"), searching data from April 2000 to April 2022 in Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. Our results indicate that Radiology in North America lacks gender diversity in its subspecialties, academic leadership, and research productivity, which the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated. Challenges stemming from a dearth of women role models, limited preclinical contact, and a high rate of burnout contribute to the current gender inequality. Several complementary and supplementary steps can enhance gender diversity in Radiology. These include increasing education and exposure to Radiology at earlier stages and optimizing mentorship opportunities to attract a more diverse pool of talent to the discipline. In addition, supporting resident parents and enhancing the residency program's culture can decrease the rate of burnout and encourage women to pursue careers and leadership positions in Radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Abu-Omar
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Aida Emara
- Health Education England North East, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismail Tawakol Ali
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dodelzon K, Milch HS, Mullen LA, Dialani V, Jacobs S, Parikh JR, Grimm LJ. Factors Contributing to Disproportionate Burnout in Women Breast Imaging Radiologists: A Review. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2024; 6:124-132. [PMID: 38330442 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbad104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Physician burnout continues to increase in prevalence and disproportionately affects women physicians. Breast imaging is a woman-dominated subspeciality, and therefore, worsening burnout among women physicians may have significant repercussions on the future of the breast imaging profession. Systemic and organizational factors have been shown to be the greatest contributors to burnout beyond individual factors. Based on the Mayo Model, we review the evidence regarding the 7 major organizational contributors to physician burnout and their potential disproportionate impacts on women breast radiologists. The major organizational factors discussed are work-life integration, control and flexibility, workload and job demands, efficiency and resources, finding meaning in work, social support and community at work, and organizational culture and values. We also propose potential strategies for institutions and practices to mitigate burnout in women breast imaging radiologists. Many of these strategies could also benefit men breast imaging radiologists, who are at risk for burnout as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Dodelzon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah S Milch
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A Mullen
- Division of Breast Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vandana Dialani
- Division of Breast Imaging, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Lahey Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Jacobs
- New Ulm Medical Center Radiology, Allina Health, New Ulm, MN, USA
| | - Jay R Parikh
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Feld LD, Oxentenko AS, Sears D, Charabaty A, Rabinowitz LG, Silver JK. Parental Leave and Return-to-Work Policies: A Practical Model for Implementation in Gastroenterology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:2709-2715. [PMID: 37741653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Diversity, Equity, Belonging and Inclusion, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Amy S Oxentenko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dawn Sears
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Central Texas VA, Texas A&M School of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Aline Charabaty
- IBD Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Loren G Rabinowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Feld LD, Oxentenko AS, Sears D, Charabaty A, Rabinowitz LG, Silver JK. Parental Leave and Return-to-Work Policies: A Practical Model for Implementation in Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:813-818. [PMID: 37741651 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Diversity, Equity, Belonging and Inclusion, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Amy S Oxentenko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dawn Sears
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Central Texas VA, Texas A&M School of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Aline Charabaty
- IBD Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Loren G Rabinowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Rotenstein LS, Del Carmen MG, Dudley J. Enhancing Lactation Accommodations for Physicians-An Opportunity for Tangible Investments in Our Workforce. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2327736. [PMID: 37552483 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Rotenstein
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcela G Del Carmen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Dudley
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Press Ganey Associates, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xu L, Wood PA, Grenier RE. Pregnant Pause…Having a Baby during Radiology Residency. Radiology 2023; 307:e221107. [PMID: 36786704 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Xu
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (L.X.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.A.W., R.E.G.)
| | - Peter A Wood
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (L.X.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.A.W., R.E.G.)
| | - Rachel Egan Grenier
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (L.X.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (P.A.W., R.E.G.)
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Ayesa SL, McEniery JC, Hill LS, McCloskey CE, Lee EH. Navigating the glass labyrinth: Addressing gender diversity in Australian and New Zealand representative radiology leadership. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 67:155-161. [PMID: 36200663 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender inequity among representative leadership in Clinical Radiology is a global issue, with the lack of gender diversity in leadership even more marked when compared to workforce representation. Women leaders face a disproportionate magnitude of seen and unseen challenges to leadership engagement and progression when compared to men (a 'glass labyrinth'), which is likely contributing to this discrepancy. The aim of the study was to examine and reflect on the state of gender diversity in representative leadership within the RANZCR Faculty of Clinical Radiology. METHODS Review of the 2021 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) Board, Clinical Radiology Faculty Council and local Branch Committees with regard to the numbers of women and men in representative roles. RESULTS In 2021, the RANZCR Board had no women representatives from Clinical Radiology (one woman representative from Radiation Oncology). 1/5 Clinical Radiology Faculty Council office Bearers were women. Local Branch Committees had 16.3% (13/80) women representatives. Three branches (the NSW, ACT and Victorian branches) had no women representatives. There were no women Committee Chairs, Branch Secretaries or Treasurers, with 2/7 Branch Education Officers women. CONCLUSION The issues underpinning gender inequality in representative leadership are complex and diverse, resulting in disproportionate losses of women radiologists along the leadership pathway compared to men. Unconscious biases, including assumptions of inferior capability, capacity and credibility among women radiologist leaders, create unique challenges at organisational, institutional and personal levels. Change cannot be achieved by passive momentum alone: concrete initiatives and active engagement are required. To improve leadership diversity, strategies must be multifaceted and supported at an organisational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Ayesa
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Gosford & Wyong Hospitals, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane C McEniery
- Department of Medical Imaging, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,QScan Radiology Clinics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Hill
- Department of Radiology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cassie E McCloskey
- Department of Medical Imaging, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emmeline H Lee
- Western Ultrasound for Women, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Chen, Davison, Perchik, Arleo, Magudia, Porter. How to implement paid family and medical leave: A toolkit for practices. Clin Imaging 2022; 91:52-55. [PMID: 35988474 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paid family and medical leave policies are increasingly popular in today's competitive labor market and provide well-documented advantages to all stakeholders. Implementing paid leave for radiologists can seem daunting due to overlapping legal and institutional policies, logistical challenges and call coverage, as well as industry-specific special considerations such as resident education and historical workplace attitudes. This toolkit can empower radiology leaders to implement written paid leave policies in their home institutions and demonstrate that equitable, compassionate institutional policies for paid leave are financially favorable, widely desirable, and increasingly achievable with the right tools in hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Radiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Davison
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Perchik
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Radiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arleo
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magudia
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Porter
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Radiology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Raybon CP, Jordan SG, Deitte LA, DeBenedectis CM, Jay AK, Robbins JB. In Seas of Change, a Call to Action: 2021 American Board of Medical Specialties Policy on Parental, Caregiver, and Medical Leave During Training. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 5:S34-S37. [PMID: 33812785 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Raybon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Sheryl G Jordan
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 321 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lori A Deitte
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Carolynn M DeBenedectis
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Radiology, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Ann K Jay
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Jessica B Robbins
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, E3/374 CSC, Madison, WI 53792.
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DeBenedectis CM, Jay AK, Jordan SG, Raybon CP, Robbins JB, Deitte LA. Ensuring a Smooth Transition for Trainees Returning from Parental Leave - A Guide for Program Directors. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 5:S38-S42. [PMID: 34108116 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Transitioning from parental leave during radiology residency training can be a time of stress and uncertainty. However, there are ways that program directors can help make the transition smoother and less overwhelming. Trainees report numerous stressors upon returning from leave involving childcare, lactation concerns and logistics, and discrimination. Program directors can help alleveate these stressors by counseling trainees returning from parental leave and providing reseources and a supportive enviroment. This article provides a structured frame work with tool for programs directors to ensure the transition from parental leave back to training is a smooth one.
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Bass RZ, Woodard SA, Colvin SD, Zarzour JG, Porter KK, Canon CL. Childbearing in radiology training and early career: Challenges, opportunities, and finding the best time for you. Clin Imaging 2022; 86:67-70. [PMID: 35344778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For many women, radiology residency occurs during the childbearing years and they often question when is the best time to have children. Anxiety regarding fertility and pregnancy-related complications contribute to early career burnout in women physicians and many have fertility regrets. Supporting radiologists in training and early in their career as they navigate pregnancy and childbearing is critical to achieving a diverse workforce and leadership. Herein, we explore career-related challenges of childbearing and highlight opportunities for radiologists in residency, fellowship, and early in their career, so that they can make an informed childbearing decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Bass
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Stefanie A Woodard
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Stephanie D Colvin
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Jessica G Zarzour
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Cheri L Canon
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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Dodelzon K. Protecting a Gender Diverse Future by Supporting Breastfeeding Radiologists. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:181-182. [PMID: 34794882 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Harrington SG, Wood M, Porter KK, Gupta Y, Esfahani SA, Daye D, Kilcoyne A, Donelan K, Narayan AK. Promoting Lactation Support: Challenges and Solutions to Supporting Breastfeeding Radiologists. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:175-180. [PMID: 33293255 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Although the evidence for the benefits of breastfeeding is strong, parents are often unable to continue breastfeeding upon returning from maternity leave for a variety of reasons. Breastfeeding parents in medicine face unique challenges upon returning to the workforce after maternity leave. Current research on breastfeeding radiologists is limited. The objective of this research is to evaluate breastfeeding barriers and identify potential solutions to help radiologists reach their breastfeeding goals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 17-question survey was developed from validated surveys and pilot tested using focus groups. The survey was emailed to members of the American Association for Women in Radiology and promoted through social media. Bivariate analyses were performed using chi-square tests. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Institutional review board deemed that this anonymous voluntary survey met criteria for exemption. RESULTS 50 respondents met criteria for study inclusion (estimated response rate 42%). Of the respondents, 60% were trainees, 80% practiced in academic institutions and 92% were full-time. 100% intended to breastfeed, of whom 56% met personal breastfeeding goals (12-month median duration). Available lactation facilities included: Dedicated lactation room (38%), private space (58%), hospital grade pump (30%), refrigerator (46%), dedicated PACS (8%). Cited workplace challenges included lack of time (82%), lack of space (34%), and unsupportive work culture (42%). Having adequate time was associated with meeting breastfeeding goals (p = 0.028). No other factors were statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Almost half of breastfeeding radiologists (44%) did not meet breastfeeding goals, citing a variety of facility-based and institutional barriers. Among these, having sufficient time to pump/breastfeed was associated with achieving breastfeeding goals. Given the barriers faced by breastfeeding radiologists, there is an opportunity to make structural and cultural changes to provide lactation support at work.
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Gowda V, Jordan SG, Oliveira A, Cook TS, Enarson C. Support From Within: Coaching to Enhance Radiologist Well-Being and Practice. Acad Radiol 2021; 29:1255-1258. [PMID: 34924280 PMCID: PMC9272464 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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