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Khounsarian F, Abu-Omar A, Emara A, Marinescu D, Yong-Hing CJ, Ali IT, Khosa F. A trend, analysis, and solution on women's representation in diagnostic radiology in North America: a narrative review. Clin Imaging 2024; 109:110135. [PMID: 38547670 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite the demonstrated benefits of gender diversity in medicine, women in Radiology in North America are still underrepresented. We reviewed the literature to highlight the current status of women in Radiology in North America, identify the underlying causes of the gender gap, and provide potential strategies to close this gap. We conducted a narrative literature review using the terms ("Gender Disparity" OR "Gender Inequality") AND ("Radiology Department" OR "Radiology Residency"), searching data from April 2000 to April 2022 in Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. Our results indicate that Radiology in North America lacks gender diversity in its subspecialties, academic leadership, and research productivity, which the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated. Challenges stemming from a dearth of women role models, limited preclinical contact, and a high rate of burnout contribute to the current gender inequality. Several complementary and supplementary steps can enhance gender diversity in Radiology. These include increasing education and exposure to Radiology at earlier stages and optimizing mentorship opportunities to attract a more diverse pool of talent to the discipline. In addition, supporting resident parents and enhancing the residency program's culture can decrease the rate of burnout and encourage women to pursue careers and leadership positions in Radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Abu-Omar
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Aida Emara
- Health Education England North East, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismail Tawakol Ali
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abdellatif W, Ding J, Jalal S, Nguyen T, Khorshed D, Rybicki FJ, Ali IT, McInnes MDF, Khan NA, Shah S, Khosa F. Lack of Gender Disparity Among Administrative Leaders of Canadian Health Authorities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:1469-1474. [PMID: 32091966 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gender distribution within the managing bodies of the Canadian health authorities has not been studied despite their integral role in the health care system. The purpose of this study is to quantify gender differences and to craft a geographic gender analysis of such distribution. Methods: Retrospective data collection of all Canadian health authorities at the provincial, territorial, regional, and first nations levels was conducted. The dependent variable was gender, and other covariates, where applicable, included province/territory, region, leadership position, education (PhD or Master's), honorary degree, and primary occupation. Any member within the executive managing body or board of directors of a Canadian health authority was included, unless their gender could not be determined, in which case they were excluded. Results: Quantitative analysis of the 67 health authorities revealed 1346 individuals with identifiable gender (710 women; 636 men). Thematic distribution showed no significant difference in the gender distribution by provinces/territories (chi square = 14.248; p = 0.28), by leadership position (chi square = 1.88; p = 0.75), by education (chi square = 1.85; p = 0.17), or by primary occupation (chi square = 1.53; p = 0.46). Conclusion: The overall number of females exceeded that of males and there were no gender disparities. Critical analysis of probable causes was discussed. Further studies should be conducted to examine the policies and programs within the Canadian health authorities that successfully tackle the retention, recruitment, and promotion of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Abdellatif
- Radiology Department, University of British Columbia/Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tribesty Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ismail Tawakol Ali
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nadia A Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samad Shah
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology Department, University of British Columbia/Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Abdellatif W, Ding J, Jalal S, Chopra S, Butler J, Ali IT, Shah S, Khosa F. Leadership Gender Disparity Within Research-Intensive Medical Schools: A Transcontinental Thematic Analysis. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2019; 39:243-250. [PMID: 31633570 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underrepresentation of women in senior leadership positions of academic medicine continues to prevail despite the ongoing efforts to advance gender parity. Our aim was to compare the extent of gender imbalance in the leadership of the top 100 medical schools and to critically analyze the contributing factors through a comprehensive theoretical framework. METHODS We adopted the theoretical framework of the Systems and Career Influences Model. The leadership was classified into four tiers of leadership hierarchy. Variables of interest included gender, h-index, number of documents published, total number of citations, and number of years in active research. A total of 2448 (77.59%) men and 707 (22.41%) women met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Male majority was found in all regions with a significant difference in all levels of leadership (chi square = 91.66; P value = .001). Women had a lower mean h-index across all positions in all regions, and when we adjusted for number of years invested, M Index for women was still significantly lower than men (T test = 6.52; P value = .02). DISCUSSION Organizational and individual influences are transcontinental within the top 100 medical school leadership hierarchy. Those factors were critically assessed through in-depth analysis of the Systems and Career Influences Model. Evidence-driven actionable recommendations to remedy those influences were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Abdellatif
- Dr. Waleed Abdellatif: Clinical Radiology Fellow at University of British Columbia/ Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Mr. Jeffrey Ding: Undergraduate student at Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Dr. Sabeena Jalal: Research Fellow at Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Dr. Sanjiv Chopra: Professor of Medicine. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Javed Butle: Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi. Dr. Ismail Tawakol Ali: Radiology Lecturer, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada. Dr. Samad Shah: Assistant Professor of Radiology, Department of Clinical Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Dr. Faisal Khosa: Associate Professor of Radiology. University of British Columbia/ Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Elbanna KY, Mohammed MF, Choi JI, Dawe JP, Joos E, Baawain S, Ali IT, Nicolaou S. What Are the Expected Findings on Follow-up Computed Tomography Angiogram in Post-traumatic Patients With Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury? Can Assoc Radiol J 2018; 69:266-276. [PMID: 29958832 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is a rare but potentially devastating diagnosis. Our study establishes the temporal changes and findings on follow-up imaging. METHODS For this retrospective, institutional review board-approved study, the hospital trauma registry was queried for all severely injured polytrauma patients who underwent computed tomography angiogram (CTA) scans in the emergency department between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, with injury severity score ≥16, yielding 3747 patients. A total of 128 patients had a follow-up CTA for BCVI. The grade, location, and outcomes of injuries on follow-up imaging were studied. RESULTS A vehicular collision was the most common mechanism of injury (75%). The majority of patients (61%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 10-15. Vertebral fractures were the most common associated injury (57%). The overall incidence of BCVI in our study population was 4.8%. On the initial CTA, 50% of injuries were grade 1, 25.4% were grade 2, 7% were grade 3, 17% were grade 4, and 0.6% were grade 5. For the different grades of injuries, improvement has been documented in 44% with complete healing in 34%, while 51% of injuries remained unchanged from the initial scan. Only 5% progressed to a higher-grade injury. Twelve patients developed strokes with an incidence of 9.4% in patients with a follow-up CTA. CONCLUSIONS This study can help increase the awareness of radiologists about the evolution patterns of different grades of BCVIs on follow-up CTA for severely injured posttraumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Y Elbanna
- Emergency & Trauma Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mohammed F Mohammed
- Emergency & Trauma Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jung-In Choi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Philip Dawe
- Trauma Services, Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emilie Joos
- Trauma Services, Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Saleh Baawain
- Emergency & Trauma Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismail Tawakol Ali
- Emergency & Trauma Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Savvas Nicolaou
- Emergency & Trauma Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ali IT, Thomas C, Elbanna KY, Mohammed MF, Berger FH, Khosa F. Gastrointestinal Imaging: Emerging Role of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Curr Radiol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dzudie A, Ojji D, Anisiuba BC, Abdou BA, Cornick R, Damasceno A, Kane AL, Mocumbi AO, Mohamed A, Nel G, Ogola E, Onwubere B, Otieno H, Rainer B, Schutte A, Ali IT, Twagirumukiza M, Poulter N, Mayosi B. Development of the roadmap and guidelines for the prevention and management of high blood pressure in Africa: Proceedings of the PASCAR Hypertension Task Force meeting: Nairobi, Kenya, 27 October 2014. Cardiovasc J Afr 2015; 26:82-85. [PMID: 25940121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The economic changes are associated with a health transition characterised by a rise in cardiovascular risk factors and complications, which tend to affect the African population at their age of maximum productivity. Recent data from Africa have highlighted the increasing importance of high blood pressure in this region of the world. This condition is largely underdiagnosed and poorly treated, and therefore leads to stroke, renal and heart failure, and death. Henceforth, African countries are taking steps to develop relevant policies and programmes to address the issue of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in response to a call by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 25% by the year 2025 (25 × 25). The World Heart Federation (WHF) has developed a roadmap for global implementation of the prevention and management of raised blood pressure using a health system approach to help realise the 25 × 25 goal set by the WHO. As the leading continental organisation of cardiovascular professionals, the Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) aims to contextualise the roadmap framework of the WHF to the African continent through the PASCAR Taskforce on Hypertension. The Taskforce held a workshop in Kenya on 27 October 2014 to discuss a process by which effective prevention and control of hypertension in Africa may be achieved. It was agreed that a set of clinical guidelines for the management of hypertension are needed in Africa. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop a roadmap for implementation of the prevention and management of hypertension in Africa under the auspices of the WHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dzudie
- Douala General Hospital and Buea Faculty of Health Sciences, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - D Ojji
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abuja/Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicince, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B C Anisiuba
- Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - B A Abdou
- Le Dantec University Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - R Cornick
- Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Damasceno
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - A L Kane
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Dakar, Senegal
| | - A O Mocumbi
- Instituto Nacional de Saude (National Health Institute, Mozambique) and University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - A Mohamed
- Division of Cardiology, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - G Nel
- Executive officer, PASCAR
| | - E Ogola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B Onwubere
- Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - H Otieno
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B Rainer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); MRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - I T Ali
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Niger
| | - M Twagirumukiza
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda and African Society of Hypertension (AfSoH) Initiative
| | - N Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College, London, UK [Prof Poulter is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at the Imperial College Healthcare, NHS Trust and Imperial College London. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health]
| | - B Mayosi
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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