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Taylor R, Messenger LA, Abeku TA, Clarke SE, Yadav RS, Lines J. Invasive Anopheles stephensi in Africa: insights from Asia. Trends Parasitol 2024:S1471-4922(24)00166-1. [PMID: 39054167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is a highly competent urban malaria vector species, endemic in South Asia and the Persian Gulf, which has colonised eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 2013 and is now spreading uncontrollably. In urban areas of Africa, where malaria transmission has previously been low or non-existent, the invasion of An. stephensi represents a significant problem, particularly to immunologically naïve populations. Despite this rapidly advancing threat, there is a paucity of information regarding the bionomics of An. stephensi in SSA. Here, we offer a critical synthesis of literature from An. stephensi's native range, focusing on the future of An. stephensi in a rapidly urbanising Africa, and highlighting key questions that warrant prioritisation by the global malaria vector control community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Taylor
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Tarekegn A Abeku
- Malaria Consortium, Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London E2 9DA, UK
| | - Sian E Clarke
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rajpal S Yadav
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jo Lines
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Surendran SN, Kesavan L, Jayadas TTP, Sivabalakrishnan K, Tharsan A, Liyanagedara N, Eswaramohan T, Raveendran S, Singh OP, Ramasamy R. Morphological and odorant-binding protein 1 gene intron 1 sequence variations in Anopheles stephensi from Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:496-502. [PMID: 35838413 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three Anopheles stephensi biotypes have historically been differentiated through variations in the mode numbers of egg ridges and adult spiracular indices. Anopheles stephensi odorant-binding protein 1 gene (AsteObp1) sequences in Iran and Afghanistan have been recently interpreted to suggest that the three biotypes are sibling species. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences, mode numbers of egg ridges and spiracular indices of An. stephensi in Jaffna city in Sri Lanka were therefore investigated in field-collected mosquitoes and short-term laboratory colonies established from them. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences revealed the region to be polymorphic with four unique sequences, ASJF1-4, present in both short-term laboratory colonies and field-collected An. stephensi. The spiracular index did not relate to the mode number of egg ridges in Jaffna An. stephensi. The results suggested that numbers of egg ridges, spiracular indices and AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences were not useful for differentiating An. stephensi biotypes in Jaffna. It is proposed that the observed differences between An. stephensi mosquitoes in Jaffna now result from normal population variance in the context of rapidly changing bionomics in India and northern Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laxshi Kesavan
- Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Ramasamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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Singh OP, Mishra S, Sharma G, Sindhania A, Kaur T, Sreehari U, Das MK, Kapoor N, Gupta B. Evaluation of intron-1 of odorant-binding protein-1 of Anopheles stephensi as a marker for the identification of biological forms or putative sibling species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270760. [PMID: 35862377 PMCID: PMC9302840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector, has been reported to have three biological forms identifiable mainly based on the number of ridges present on the egg's floats. Recently, the first intron of the odorant-binding protein-1 (AsteObp1) has been introduced as a molecular marker for the identification of these forms, and based on this marker, the presence of three putative sibling species (designated as species A, B and C) has been proposed. However, there is no data on the association of proposed markers with biological form or putative species on field populations. METHODS Field collected and laboratory-reared An. stephensi were characterized for biological forms based on the number of ridges on the egg's float. DNA sequencing of the partial AsteObp1 gene of An. stephensi individuals were performed by Sanger's method, either directly or after cloning with a plasmid vector. Additionally, AsteObp1 sequences of various laboratory lines of An. stephensi were retrieved from a public sequence database. RESULTS AsteObp1 intron-1 in Indian An. stephensi populations are highly polymorphic with the presence of more than 13 haplotypes exhibiting nucleotides as well as length-polymorphism (90-to-121 bp). No specific haplotype or a group of closely related haplotypes of intron-1 was found associated with any biological form identified morphologically. High heterozygosity for this marker with a low inbreeding coefficient in field and laboratory populations indicates that this marker is not suitable for the delimitation of putative sibling species, at least in Indian populations. CONCLUSIONS AsteObp1 cannot serve as a marker for identifying biological forms of An. stephensi or putative sibling species in Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P. Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Shobhna Mishra
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Sindhania
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - U. Sreehari
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manoj K. Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Ranchi, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavna Gupta
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Madurai, India
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4
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Ghassemi-Khademi T, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Madjdzadeh SM, Gorouhi MA. Utility of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes in Phylogenetic Classification of the Species of Anopheles (Culicidae: Anophelinae). J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:1-20. [PMID: 34277853 PMCID: PMC8271240 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i1.6483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among the blood-sucking insects, Anopheles mosquitoes have a very special position, because they transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria as one of the main vector-borne disease worldwide. The aim of this review study was to evaluate utility of complete mitochondrial genomes in phylogenetic classification of the species of Anopheles. Methods: The complete mitochondrial genome sequences belonging to 28 species of the genus Anopheles (n=32) were downloaded from NCBI. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the ML, NJ, ME, and Bayesian inference methods. Results: In general, the results of the present survey revealed that the complete mitochondrial genomes act very accurately in recognition of the taxonomic and phylogenetic status of these species and provide a higher level of support than those based on individual or partial mitochondrial genes so that by using them, we can meticulously reconstruct and modify Anopheles classification. Conclusion: Understanding the taxonomic position of Anopheles, can be a very effective step in better planning for controlling these malaria vectors in the world and will improve our knowledge of their evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Talebzadeh F, Oshaghi MA, Akbarzadeh K, Panahi-Moghadam S. Molecular Species Identification of Six Forensically Important Iranian Flesh Flies (Diptera). J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:416-424. [PMID: 33954215 PMCID: PMC8053068 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i4.5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are considered as myiasis agents and important evidences in forensic investigations. However, their use has been restricted because, at all larval stages and female adults, morphological species identification is difficult or very challenging. This study investigated to test utility of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) sequences for differentiation of six forensically important Iranian flesh flies namely, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, S. flagellifera, S. hirtipes, S. aegyptica, S. africa and S. argyrostoma. Methods: Male specimens were morphologically identified to species level and then the genomic DNA of the flies were extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against mt-COI gene. The PCR products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were analyzed for the species specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Results: Rate of genetic variation between species was 6–10% which was enough to find restriction enzymes (RE) that were able to produce species-specific RFLP profiles. Combinations of three REs: BsrFI, RsaI and HinfI, provided diagnostic bands for identification of the six Sarcophaga species. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that molecular markers such as RFLPs enhancing the use of evidence from flesh flies in forensic investigation. However, lack proper restriction sites in the COI region inhibited introduction of a single restriction enzyme for easy species identification. It is recommended to apply larger part of DNA such as combination of COI and COII genes to provide better RFLP markers for species identification of flesh flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Talebzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Panahi-Moghadam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Iyiola OA. Genetic Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) In North-Central Nigeria Using Ribosomal DNA ITS2 and Mitochondrial 16S-DNA Sequences. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i2.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of various life-threatening diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever etc. Their close proximity to human habitations allows ease for disease transmission. They have been identified by key morphological tools like their wings, legs, bristles etc. but closely related species are difficult to identify based on morphology. Molecular tools have, therefore, been employed to help with the more accurate identification. This study was aimed at identifying and characterizing different mosquito species in five different states in North-Central Nigeria using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial 16S rDNA regions. Mosquito larvae were collected from stagnant water in breeding places at each collection site in North-central Nigeria. Morphological identification was carried out using standard keys. DNA extraction was performed using EZNA extraction kit. PCR amplification of ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial 16S-rDNA gene regions were carried out. The PCR amplicons were sequenced using primers initially used for the PCR. Sequence data were aligned in MEGA 6.0 using ClustalW multiple alignment feature and then compared with GenBank databases for similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS2 region was able to distinguish two mosquito subfamilies; Anophelinae and Culicinae as well as differentiate between and amongst Culex and Aedes species. However, it was unable to effectively distinguish between the two different species of Anopheles sequenced. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker was also able to distinguish the two mosquito subfamilies. It efficiently identified and differentiated Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquito species sequenced in this study. This study concludes that heterogeneity among Nigerian populations of Anopheles mosquitoes of may likely impact malaria vector control programs. We recommend the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers for effective and reliable phylogenetic study and determination of evolutionary relationship among mosquito species.
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Heydari A, Oshaghi MA, Nazari A, Shayeghi M, Sanatgar E. Genetic structure of rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) in North of Iran. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2020; 31:327-334. [PMID: 33000983 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2020.1815718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Information on the genetic structure of rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), is essential for an effective pest management program and can corporate with control program and prompt the modification of current control methods. In this study, the genetic structure of COI gene has been investigated for 18 populations of this pest in north of Iran. Chilo suppressalis specimens were collected from rice fields on rice and weeds in Guilan and Mazanderan provinces, at Caspian Sea coast at both seasonal activity (spring) and overwintering stage from May through October 2018 and identified using morphological characters. Genetic structure of 18 populations of the species was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-direct-sequencing of a fragment (869 bp) of mtDNA-COI gene. Results revealed that almost all specimens from different generations, hosts, and locations belong to a single haplotype very close to a South Korean haplotype. To the best our knowledge, it is the first comprehensive molecular typing of striped stem borer in both Northern provinces of the country and suggests a high gene flow among different populations of this pest in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Heydari
- Department of Entomology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nazari
- Department of Entomology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Shayeghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sanatgar
- Department of Entomology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Munawar K, Saleh A, Afzal M, Qasim M, Khan KA, Zafar MI, Khater EI. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of anopheline (Anophelinae: Culicidae) mosquitoes of the Oriental and Afrotropical Zoogeographic zones in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105494. [PMID: 32330453 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has a diverse fauna due to its peculiar position bordering the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic zoogeographic zones. The present study reports the phylogenetics of five mosquito species belonging to five series of Anopheles (Cellia) . We collected mosquito larvae from eastern, western and southwestern regions of KSA. The sampled mosquitoes were morphologically identified using the pictorial keys of mosquitoes and characterized by using single and multi-locus analysis of -internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI). Based on the morphological and molecular data, five species were recognized, like An. stephensi (Neocellia) (Oriental), An. arabiensis (Pyretophorus) (Afrotropical), An. dthali (Myzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic), An. cinereus (Paramyzomyia) and An. rhodesiensis rupicola (Neomyzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic). The phylogenetic analysis showed that An. stephensi is a monophyletic species with different ecotypes found in different geographic regions. Comprehensive phylogenetics and population genetics studies are crucial for a better understanding of the role of these five mosquito species in malarial transmission across various zoogeographic zones of different ecological and demographic characteristics.
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Cansado-Utrilla C, Jeffries CL, Kristan M, Brugman VA, Heard P, Camara G, Sylla M, Beavogui AH, Messenger LA, Irish SR, Walker T. An assessment of adult mosquito collection techniques for studying species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah, Guinea. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:150. [PMID: 32209116 PMCID: PMC7092564 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Several mosquito collection methods are routinely used in vector control programmes. However, they target different behaviours causing bias in estimation of species diversity and abundance. Given the paucity of mosquito trap data in West Africa, we compared the performance of five trap-lure combinations and Human Landing Catches (HLCs) in Guinea. Methods CDC light traps (LT), BG sentinel 2 traps (BG2T), gravid traps (GT) and Stealth traps (ST) were compared in a 5 × 5 Latin Square design in three villages in Guinea between June and July 2018. The ST, a portable trap which performs similarly to a LT but incorporates LEDs and incandescent light, was included since it has not been widely tested. BG2T were used with BG and MB5 lures instead of CO2 to test the efficacy of these attractants. HLCs were performed for 5 nights, but not as part of the Latin Square. A Generalised Linear Mixed Model was applied to compare the effect of the traps, sites and collection times on mosquito abundance. Species identification was confirmed using PCR-based analysis and Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 10,610 mosquitoes were captured across five traps. ST collected significantly more mosquitoes (7096) than the rest of the traps, but resulted in a higher number of damaged specimens. ST and BG2T collected the highest numbers of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, respectively. HLCs captured predominantly An. coluzzii (41%) and hybrids of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii (36%) in contrast to the five traps, which captured predominantly An. melas (83%). The rural site (Senguelen) presented the highest abundance of mosquitoes and overall diversity in comparison with Fandie (semi-rural) and Maferinyah Centre I (semi-urban). Our results confirm the presence of four species for the first time in Guinea. Conclusions ST collected the highest number of mosquitoes suggesting this trap may play an important role for mosquito surveillance in Guinea and similar sites in West Africa. We recommend the incorporation of molecular tools in entomological studies since they have helped to identify 25 mosquito species in this area.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Victor A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Patrick Heard
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gnepou Camara
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Moussa Sylla
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA.,American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA.,The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Genetic analysis and population structure of the Anopheles gambiae complex from different ecological zones of Burkina Faso. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104261. [PMID: 32092481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most important vector for malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, besides other vectors such as Anopheles funestus. Malaria vector control should encompass specific identification, genetic diversity and population structure of An. gambiae to design vector control strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of sibling species of the An. gambiae complex according to climatic regions related to cotton-growing or cotton-free areas by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Then, variation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) was used to assess the genetic structure within and between populations from our selected ecological zones. At the sibling species level, the following proportions were found across all samples (n = 180): An. coluzzii 65.56%, An. gambiae stricto sensu (s.s). 21.11%, and An. arabiensis 3.33%. Hybrids between An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (7.78%) and hybrids between An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis (2.22%) were found. The phylogenetic tree and Integer Neighbour-Joining (IntNJ) haplotype network did not reveal any distinct genetic structure pattern related to climatic or agricultural conditions in Burkina Faso. The Fst (Wright's F-statistic) values close to zero showed a free gene flow and no differentiation in An. gambiae complex populations. Furthermore, neutrality indices calculated by Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D⁎, Fu and Li's F⁎, Fu's Fs tests suggested an excess of rare mutations in the populations. Overall, variation in the proportions of An. gambiae s.s., An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis was found according to climatic regions, but COI analysis did not evidence any population structuring of the An. gambiae complex. These scientific contributions can be used as a basis for further in-depth study of the genetic diversity of the An. gambiae complex for epidemiological risk assessment of malaria in Burkina Faso.
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Crkvencic N, Šlapeta J. Climate change models predict southerly shift of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) distribution in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:137. [PMID: 30902110 PMCID: PMC6431004 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioclimatic variables play an integral part in the life-cycle of Ctenocephalides felis, the most common flea found on companion animals. It is essential that we understand the effects of climate on C. felis distribution as fleas are a major veterinary and public health concern. This study investigated the current distribution of C. felis in Australia and future projections based on climate modelling. RESULTS Typing of C. felis was undertaken using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region and current distribution of haplotypes was mapped by Maximum Entropy (Maxent) niche modelling. All C. felis haplotypes have been predicted to persist in environments along the eastern and southern coastlines of Australia and distinct ecological niches were observed for two C. felis haplogroups. Clade 'Cairns' haplogroup thrives under the northern coastal tropical conditions whilst Clade 'Sydney' haplogroup persists in temperate climates along the eastern and southern coasts. The model was then used to predict areas that are projected to have suitable climatic conditions for these haplogroups in 2050 and 2070 under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenarios. Under all IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios, the geographical range of all haplotypes was reduced by 5.59-42.21% in 2050 and 27.08-58.82% by 2070. The ranges of all clades were predicted to shift south along the eastern coastline. CONCLUSIONS As future temperatures exceed critical threshold temperatures for C. felis development in the northern tropical areas, Clade 'Cairns' haplogroup is predicted to shift south along the coastline and possibly outcompete the temperate haplogroup in these areas. If C. felis haplogroups possess distinct climatic niches it suggests a potential for these to be biologically distinct and have differing developmental rates and vector capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Crkvencic
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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Surendran SN, Sivabalakrishnan K, Gajapathy K, Arthiyan S, Jayadas TTP, Karvannan K, Raveendran S, Parakrama Karunaratne SHP, Ramasamy R. Genotype and biotype of invasive Anopheles stephensi in Mannar Island of Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29298698 PMCID: PMC5753456 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi, the major vector of urban malaria in India, was recently detected for the first time in Sri Lanka in Mannar Island on the northwestern coast. Since there are different biotypes of An. stephensi with different vector capacities in India, a study was undertaken to further characterise the genotype and biotype of An. stephensi in Mannar Island. METHODS Mosquito larvae were collected in Pesalai village in Mannar and maintained in the insectary until adulthood. Adult An. stephensi were identified morphologically using published keys. Identified adult An. stephensi were molecularly characterized using two mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb) and one nuclear (ITS2) markers. Their PCR-amplified target fragments were sequenced and checked against available sequences in GenBank for phylogenetic analysis. The average spiracular and thoracic lengths and the spiracular index were determined to identify biotypes based on corresponding indices for Indian An. stephensi. RESULTS All DNA sequences for the Mannar samples matched reported sequences for An. stephensi from the Middle East and India. However, a single nucleotide variation in the cox1 sequence suggested an amino acid change from valine to methionine in the cox1 protein in Sri Lankan An. stephensi. Morphological data was consistent with the presence of the Indian urban vector An. stephensi type-form in Sri Lanka. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a more detailed molecular characterization of An. stephensi and suggests the presence of the type-form of the vector for the first time in Sri Lanka. The single mutation in the cox1 gene may be indicative of a founder effect causing the initial diversification of An. stephensi in Sri Lanka from the Indian form. The distribution of the potent urban vector An. stephensi type-form needs to be established by studies throughout the island as its spread adds to the challenge of maintaining the country's malaria-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ranjan Ramasamy
- ID-FISH Technology Inc., 797 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
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Koosha M, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM, Vatandoost H, Azari-Hamidian S, Abai MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Mohtarami F. Sequence analysis of mtDNA COI barcode region revealed three haplotypes within Culex pipiens assemblage. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:102-110. [PMID: 28818649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens assemblage are known vectors of deadly encephalitides, periodic filariasis, and West Nile virus throughout the world. However, members of this assemblage are morphologically indistinguishable or hard to distinguish and play distinct roles in transmission of the diseases. The current study aimed to provide further evidence on utility of the two most popular nuclear (ITS2-rDNA) and mitochondrial (COI barcode region) genetic markers to identify members of the assemblage. Culex pipiens assemblage specimens from different climate zones of Iran were collected and identified to species level based on morphological characteristics. Nucleotide sequences of the loci for the specimens plus available data in the GenBank were analyzed to find species specific genetic structures useful for diagnosis purposes. ITS2 region was highly divergent within species or populations suggesting lack of consistency as a reliable molecular marker. In contrast, sequence analysis of 710 bp of COI gene revealed three fixed haplotypes named here "C, T, H" within the assemblage which can be distinguished by HaeIII and AluI enzymes. There were a correlation between the haplotypes and the world climate regions, where the haplotypes H/T and C are present mainly in temperate and tropical regions of the world, respectively. In the New world, Australia, and Japan only haplotype H is found. In conjunction between tropical and temperate regions such Iran, China, and Turkey, a mix of C/H or C/H/T are present. Although, the haplotypes are not strictly species-specific, however, Cx. quinquefasciatus was mainly of haplotype C. Due to the lack of mating barrier and questionable taxonomic situation of the complex members, the mentioned haplotypes in combination with other morphological and molecular characters might be used to address the genetic structure of the studied populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3391, Rasht, Iran; Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohtarami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Kalantari M, Soltani Z, Ebrahimi M, Yousefi M, Amin M, Shafiei A, Azizi K. Monitoring of Plasmodium infection in humans and potential vectors of malaria in a newly emerged focus in southern Iran. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:49-55. [PMID: 28078947 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1271094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite control programs, which aim to eliminate malaria from Iran by 2025, transmission of malaria has not been removed from the country. This study aimed to monitor malaria from asymptomatic parasitaemia and clinical cases from about one year of active case surveillance and potential vectors of malaria in the newly emerged focus of Mamasani and Rostam, southern Iran during 2014-2015. Samples were collected and their DNAs were extracted for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers for detection of Plasmodium species. The Annual Parasite Incidence rate (API) was three cases per 1,000 population from 2,000 individuals in three villages. Parasites species were detected in 9 out of the 4,000 blood smear samples among which, 6 cases were indigenous and had no history of travels to endemic areas of malaria. Also, the prevalence rate of asymptomatic parasites was about 0.3%. Overall, 1073 Anopheles spp. were caught from 9 villages. Totally, 512 female samples were checked by PCR, which indicated that none of them was infected with Plasmodium. Despite new malaria local transmission in humans in Mamasani and Rostam districts, no infection with Plasmodium was observed in Anopheles species. Because of neighboring of the studied area to the re-emerged focus in Fars province (Kazerun) and important endemic foci of malaria in other southern provinces, such as Hormozgan and Kerman, monitoring of the vectors and reservoir hosts of Plasmodium species would be unavoidable. Application of molecular methods, such as PCR, can simplify access to the highest level of accuracy in malaria researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kalantari
- a Research Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,b Department of Health, Mamasani Higher Education Complex for Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- c Centre for Disease Control , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mostafa Ebrahimi
- c Centre for Disease Control , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- b Department of Health, Mamasani Higher Education Complex for Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Masoumeh Amin
- a Research Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ayda Shafiei
- a Research Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- a Research Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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15
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Pradeepa V, Senthil-Nathan S, Sathish-Narayanan S, Selin-Rani S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Edwin ES, Sakthi-Bagavathy M, Kalaivani K, Murugan K, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Potential mode of action of a novel plumbagin as a mosquito repellent against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi, (Culicidae: Diptera). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:84-93. [PMID: 27914545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin was isolated and characterized from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica using chromatography: TLC, Column chromatogram, HPLC, FTIR and 1H NMR. The isolated pure compounds were assayed for potency as inhibitors of: acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome P450 and α, β-esterase, and for repellency with Anopheles stephensi at four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100ppm). The enzyme assay against the pure compound reveals that the level of esterase and SOD was decreased significantly in contrast the level of GST and cytochrome P450 was increased significantly. Our results suggests that novel Plumbagin has significantly alters the level of enzyme comparable to the control. Evaluations resulted in Plumbagin producing maximum repellency scores against An. stephensi mosquitoes in dose dependent manner with highest repellence was observed in the 100ppm. Histological examination showed that the midgut, hindgut and muscles are the most affected tissues. These tissues affected with major changes including separation and collapse of epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization. The results support the utility of plant compound Plumbagin for vector control as an alternative to synthetic insecticides, however, more vigorous field trials are needed to determine viability under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
| | - Subbiah Sathish-Narayanan
- Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Conservation Foundation (KMTCF), Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Sakthi-Bagavathy
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Karimian F, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM, Waterhouse RM, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Ravasan NM, Chavshin AR. Phylogenetic analysis of the oriental-Palearctic-Afrotropical members of Anopheles (Culicidae: Diptera) based on nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial DNA characteristics. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 67:361-7. [PMID: 25241686 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of Anopheles spp. at the junction of Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical regions in the Iranian plateau were investigated using molecular markers. A 711-bp mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase C subunit I (COI) fragment and the entire second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region (286-576 bp) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA-ITS2) were sequenced from 14 and 28 taxa, respectively. The analyses included 12 species within Anopheles and 4 within the Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles, 8 within Neocellia, 6 within Myzomyia, 3 within Paramyzomyia, and 1 within the Pyretophorus Series of the subgenus Cellia. The congruent tree topologies of both molecular markers strongly supported monophyly of subgenera Anopheles and Cellia. Phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of ITS2 sequences could accurately categorize all of the series according to the classical taxonomy but could not distinguish Pyretophorus (Anopheles subpictus) from Paramyzomyia Series. Although sequence data of the COI region were available for only 14 species, the inferred trees revealed good classification among the series but could not show the monophyletic relationship of Cellia spp. Except for a few cases, the tree inferred from ITS2 sequences revealed the best classification for the species studied. The molecular data could significantly improve our understanding of the phylogenetic position of the taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences
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17
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Norris LC, Norris DE. Phylogeny of anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) species in southern Africa, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:16-27. [PMID: 26047180 PMCID: PMC4882763 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A phylogeny of anthropophilic and zoophilic anopheline mosquito species was constructed, using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. The ITS2 alignment, typically difficult due to its noncoding nature and large size variations, was aided by using predicted secondary structure, making this phylogenetically useful gene more amenable to investigation. This phylogeny is unique in explicitly including zoophilic, non-vector anopheline species in order to illustrate their relationships to malaria vectors. Two new, cryptic species, Anopheles funestus-like and Anopheles rivulorum-like, were found to be present in Zambia for the first time. Sequences from the D3 region of the 28S rDNA suggest that the Zambian An. funestus-like may be a hybrid or geographical variant of An. funestus-like, previously reported in Malawi. This is the first report of An. rivulorum-like sympatric with An. rivulorum (Leeson), suggesting that these are separate species rather than geographic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Norris
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A..
| | - Douglas E Norris
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
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18
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Gholizadeh S, Firooziyan S, Ladonni H, Hajipirloo HM, Djadid ND, Hosseini A, Raz A. The Anopheles stephensi odorant binding protein 1 (AsteObp1) gene: a new molecular marker for biological forms diagnosis. Acta Trop 2015; 146:101-13. [PMID: 25795618 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi Liston 1901 is known as an Asian malaria vector. Three biological forms, namely "mysorensis", "intermediate", and "type" have been earlier reported in this species. Nevertheless, the present morphological and molecular information is insufficient to diagnose these forms. During this investigation, An. stephensi biological forms were morphologically identified and sequenced for odorant-binding protein 1 (Obp1) gene. Also, intron I sequences were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Despite nucleotide sequence variation in exon of AsteObp1, nearly 100% identity was observed at the amino acid level among the three biological forms. In order to overcome difficulties in using egg morphology characters, intron I sequences of An. stephensi Obp1 opens new molecular way to the identification of the main Asian malaria vector biological forms. However, multidisciplinary studies are needed to establish the taxonomic status of An. stephensi.
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19
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Anjomruz M, Oshaghi MA, Pourfatollah AA, Sedaghat MM, Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Khamesipour A, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Akbarzadeh K, Rafie F, Besharati M. Preferential feeding success of laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes according to ABO blood group status. Acta Trop 2014; 140:118-23. [PMID: 25151045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidences revealed a higher rate of O blood group in the residents of malaria-endemic areas suggesting that groups A, B, and AB associated with a higher disease severity and fatality. Also recent data showed the low prevalence of AB group within the malaria-endemic residents in south of Iran and India. The aim of this study was to determine the ABO blood groups preference of Anopheles stephensi which is the main malaria vector in Iran, southwest Asia, and India. An. stephensi mosquitoes were fed either artificially on A/B/O/AB membrane blood feeders or directly on human volunteer hands and forearms of A/B/O/AB groups in a cage under lab conditions. Phenotype and genotype analyzes of 450-blood-fed mosquito specimens using agglutination and multiplex-allele-specific PCR revealed a significant blood preference of An. stephensi to AB group (40%) than other groups of A (24%), B (21%), and O (15%) in combination of both experiments. High preference of An. stephensi to AB group might increase malaria infection and fatality in this blood group and resulted in low frequency of AB group in the residents of malaria endemic areas. The data suggested that malaria vectors, like parasites may have selection pressure on human genotypes.
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20
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Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Raeisi A, Nikpoor F. Molecular characterization, biological forms and sporozoite rate of Anopheles stephensi in southern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:47-51. [PMID: 24144130 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(14)60207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the biological forms, sporozoite rate and molecular characterization of the Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) in Hormozgan and Sistan-Baluchistan provinces, the most important malarious areas in Iran. METHODS Wild live An. stephensi samples were collected from different malarious areas in southern Iran. The biological forms were identified based on number of egg-ridges. Molecular characterization of biological forms was verified by analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II (mtDNA-COI/COII). The Plasmodium infection was examined in the wild female specimens by species-specific nested-PCR method. RESULTS Results showed that all three biological forms including mysorensis, intermediate and type are present in the study areas. Molecular investigations revealed no genetic variation between mtDNA COI/COII sequences of the biological forms and no Plasmodium parasites was detected in the collected mosquito samples. CONCLUSIONS Presence of three biological forms with identical sequences showed that the known biological forms belong to a single taxon and the various vectorial capacities reported for these forms are more likely corresponded to other epidemiological factors than to the morphotype of the populations. Lack of malaria parasite infection in An. stephensi, the most important vector of malaria, may be partly due to the success and achievement of ongoing active malaria control program in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Chavshin
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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21
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu W, Zhang J, Jiang H, Huang F. Modulation of Anopheles stephensi gene expression by nitroquine, an antimalarial drug against Plasmodium yoelii infection in the mosquito. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89473. [PMID: 24586804 PMCID: PMC3933544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimalarial drugs may impact mosquito’s defense against Plasmodium parasites. Our previous study showed nitroquine significantly reduced infection of Anopheles stephensi by Plasmodium yoelii, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In order to understand how transmission capacity of An. stephensi was affected by nitroquine, we explored the transcriptome of adult females after different treatments, examined changes in gene expression profiles, and identified transcripts affected by the drug and parasite. Methodology/Principal Findings We extended massively parallel sequencing and data analysis (including gene discovery, expression profiling, and function prediction) to An. stephensi before and after Plasmodium infection with or without nitroquine treatment. Using numbers of reads assembled into specific contigs to calculate relative abundances (RAs), we categorized the assembled contigs into four groups according to the differences in RA values infection induced, infection suppressed, drug induced, and drug suppressed. We found both nitroquine in the blood meal and Plasmodium infection altered transcription of mosquito genes implicated in diverse processes, including pathogen recognition, signal transduction, prophenoloxidase activation, cytoskeleton assembling, cell adhesion, and oxidative stress. The differential gene expression may have promoted certain defense responses of An. stephensi against the parasite and decreased its infectivity. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicated that nitroquine may regulate several immune mechanisms at the level of gene transcription in the mosquito against Plasmodium infection. This highlights the need for better understanding of antimalarial drug’s impact on parasite survival and transmission. In addition, our data largely enriched the existing sequence information of An. stephensi, an epidemiologically important vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FH); (HJ)
| | - Fusheng Huang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FH); (HJ)
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22
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Anjomruz M, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM, Pourfatollah AA, Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Mohtarami F, Yeryan M, Bakhshi H, Nikpoor F. ABO blood groups of residents and the ABO host choice of malaria vectors in southern Iran. Exp Parasitol 2013; 136:63-7. [PMID: 24280520 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidences revealed the higher prevalence of 'O' blood group in the residents of malaria-endemic areas. Also some data indicated preference of mosquitoes to 'O' group. The aim of this study was to determine ABO group ratio in the residents as well as ABO group preference of Anopheles in two malaria endemic areas in south of Iran. Agglutination method was used for ABO typing of residents. Field blood fed Anopheles specimens were tested against vertebrate DNA using mtDNA-cytB PCR-RFLP and then the human fed specimens were tested for ABO groups using multiplex allele-specific PCR. A total of 409 human blood samples were identified, of which 150(36.7%) were 'O' group followed by 113(27.6%), 109(26.7%), and 37(9.0%) of A, B, and AB groups respectively. Analyzing of 95 blood fed mosquitoes revealed that only four Anopheles stephensi had fed human blood with A(1), B(1), and AB(2) groups. Result of this study revealed high prevalence of O group in south of Iran. To our knowledge, it is the first ABO molecular typing of blood meal in mosquitoes; however, due to low number of human blood fed specimens, ABO host choice of the mosquitoes remains unknown. This study revealed that ABO blood preference of malaria vectors and other arthropod vectors deserves future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Anjomruz
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad M Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali A Pourfatollah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohtarami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yeryan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Criscione F, Qi Y, Saunders R, Hall B, Tu Z. A unique Y gene in the Asian malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi encodes a small lysine-rich protein and is transcribed at the onset of embryonic development. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:433-41. [PMID: 23683123 PMCID: PMC3700585 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In many organisms the Y chromosome initiates sex determination and regulates male fertility and mating behaviour. However, molecular characterization of Y genes is rare outside of a few model species because it is difficult to clone and analyse repeat-rich heterochromatic Y sequences. In insects, Y genes are only well characterized in a small number of Drosophila species. Here we report the discovery of GUY1 (gene unique to the Y), a gene unique to the Y chromosome in the Asian malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, using an approach that compares Illumina sequences separately obtained from male and female genomic DNA. Experimental evidence confirmed that GUY1 is a single copy gene found only on the Y chromosome. GUY1 is transcribed at the very onset of zygotic transcription and encodes a small lysine-rich protein that forms two alpha helices and shows DNA-binding properties. Interestingly, three helix-loop-helix proteins are key factors that determine sex in the early embryo in Drosophila melanogaster. Single embryo analysis indicated that GUY1 is only transcribed in male embryos and that the GUY1 promoter is functional in the early embryos. GUY1 may be used as a paternally inherited molecular marker. Further investigation of GUY1 will contribute to the genetic approaches to control mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Criscione
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Gholizadeh S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Genotyping Plasmodium vivax isolates infecting Anopheles stephensi, an Asian main malaria vector. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Marinotti O, Jasinskiene N, Fazekas A, Scaife S, Fu G, Mattingly ST, Chow K, Brown DM, Alphey L, James AA. Development of a population suppression strain of the human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. Malar J 2013; 12:142. [PMID: 23622561 PMCID: PMC3648444 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic mosquito strains are being developed to contribute to the control of dengue and malaria transmission. One approach uses genetic manipulation to confer conditional, female-specific dominant lethality phenotypes. Engineering of a female-specific flightless phenotype provides a sexing mechanism essential for male-only mosquito, release approaches that result in population suppression of target vector species. METHODS An approach that uses a female-specific gene promoter and antibiotic-repressible lethal factor to produce a sex-specific flightless phenotype was adapted to the human malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Transposon- and site-specific recombination-mediated technologies were used to generate a number of transgenic An. stephensi lines that when combined through mating produced the phenotype of flight-inhibited females and flight-capable males. RESULTS The data shown here demonstrate the successful engineering of a female-specific flightless phenotype in a malaria vector. The flightless phenotype was repressible by the addition of tetracycline to the larval diet. This conditional phenotype allows the rearing of the strains under routine laboratory conditions. The minimal level of tetracycline that rescues the flightless phenotype is higher than that found as an environmental contaminant in circumstances where there is intensive use of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS These studies support the further development of flightless female technology for applications in malaria control programmes that target the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Marinotti
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Nijole Jasinskiene
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Aniko Fazekas
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Sarah Scaife
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RX, UK
| | - Guoliang Fu
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RX, UK
| | - Stefanie T Mattingly
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Karissa Chow
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - David M Brown
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, 3205 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Luke Alphey
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RX, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Anthony A James
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, 3205 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
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Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Raeisi A, Zarenejad F. Escherichia coli expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Anopheles stephensi: a preliminary model for paratransgenesis. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA. Indication of pyrethroid resistance in the main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi from Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:722-6. [PMID: 22805725 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate insecticide resistance in target species for better insecticide resistance management in malaria control programs. METHODS The status of insecticide resistance to different imagicides in Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) including DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.50%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.50% was performed according to WHO standard method. RESULTS The mortality rate to lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox and DDT was (88.0 ± 3.2), (92.0 ± 2.7), (52.0 ± 5.0), (96.0 ± 2.2), (90.0 ± 3.0) and (41.0 ± 5.7) percent, respectively at diagnostic dose for one hour exposure time followed by 24 h recovery period. CONCLUSIONS These results showed first indication of pyrethroid resistance in An. stephensi in a malarious area, from southern Iran. There is widespread, multiple resistances in the country in An. stephensi to organochlorine and some report of tolerance to organophosphate insecticides and recently to pyrethroids. However, results of this paper will provide a clue for monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance in the main malaria vector for implementation of any vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health & National Institue of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Vatandoost H, Sanei Dehkordi A, Sadeghi SMT, Davari B, Karimian F, Abai MR, Sedaghat MM. Identification of chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian essential oil against two mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:470-4. [PMID: 23022522 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The larvicidal activity of essential oil extracted from an indigenous plant, Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian was evaluated against two mosquito species, Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from branch tips and leaf of this plant was determined by GC and GC/MS analysis. Forty-nine constituents were identified in the oil. The main constituents of the oil were Z-ligustilide (77.73%), 2-octen-1-ol acetate (6.27%), E-ligustilide (2.27%) and butylidene phthalide (1.97%). Five different logarithmic concentrations of essential oil were evaluated against the 4th instar larvae of An. Stephensi and Cx. pipiens. The LC(50) and LC(90) values against An. stephensi larvae were 4.88 and 9.60 ppm and for Cx. pipiens were 2.69 and 7.90 ppm, respectively. These properties suggest that K. odoratissima oil has potential source of valuable larvicidal compounds for mosquito larval control. This plant which causes high mortality at lower dose could be considered as a highly active plant. In this paper a guideline suggested for larvicidal activity of plant essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Identification of bacterial microflora in the midgut of the larvae and adult of wild caught Anopheles stephensi: a step toward finding suitable paratransgenesis candidates. Acta Trop 2012; 121:129-34. [PMID: 22074685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To describe the midgut microbial diversity and to find the candidate bacteria for the genetic manipulation for the generation of paratransgenic Anopheline mosquitoes refractory to transmission of malaria, the microbiota of wild larvae and adult Anopheles stephensi mosquito midgut from southern Iran was studied using a conventional cell-free culture technique and analysis of a 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence library. Forty species in 12 genera including seven Gram-negative Myroides, Chryseobacterium, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Shewanella and five Gram-positive Exiguobacterium, Enterococcus, Kocuria, Microbacterium and Rhodococcus bacteria were identified in the microbiota of the larvae midgut. Analysis of the adult midgut microbiota revealed presence of 25 Gram-negative species in five genera including Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bordetella, Myroides and Aeromonas. Pseudomonas and Exiguobacterium with a frequency of 51% and 14% at the larval stage and Pseudomonas and Aeromonas with a frequency of 54% and 20% at the adult stage were the most common midgut symbionts. Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Myroides genera have been isolated from both larvae and adult stages indicating possible trans-stadial transmission from larva to adult stage. Fast growth in cheap media, Gram negative, and being dominantly found in both larvae and adult stages, and presence in other malaria vectors makes Pseudomonas as a proper candidate for paratransgenesis of An. stephensi and other malaria vectors.
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Hanafi-Bojd AA, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatandoost H, Charrahy Z. Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:498-504. [PMID: 21771707 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes, eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission. The objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones. Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center. Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was created in Excel 2003, inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps. Anopheles culicifacies Giles s.l., Anopheles dthali Patton, Anopheles fluviatilis James s.l., Anopheles maculipennis Meigen s.l., Anopheles sacharovi Favre, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Anopheles superpictus Grassi have been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Anopheles pulcherrimus Theobald as a suspected vector in Iran. Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April-December in northern Iran, however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region. Spatial distribution of malaria vectors is different based on species, thus six of them (except for Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and Anopheles sacharovi) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran. The climate of this part is usually warm and humid, which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission. Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Review of genetic diversity in malaria vectors (Culicidae: Anophelinae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ahmad M, Hassan V, Ali OM, Reza AM. Anopheline mosquitoes and their role for malaria transmission in an endemic area, southern Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(11)60030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kamali M, Sharakhova MV, Baricheva E, Karagodin D, Tu Z, Sharakhov IV. An integrated chromosome map of microsatellite markers and inversion breakpoints for an Asian malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 102:719-26. [PMID: 21810771 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is one of the major vectors of malaria in the Middle East and Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Understanding the population genetic structure of malaria mosquitoes is important for developing adequate and successful vector control strategies. Commonly used markers for inferring anopheline taxonomic and population status include microsatellites and chromosomal inversions. Knowledge about chromosomal locations of microsatellite markers with respect to polymorphic inversions could be useful for better understanding a genetic structure of natural populations. However, fragments with microsatellites used in population genetic studies are usually too short for successful labeling and hybridization with chromosomes. We designed new primers for amplification of microsatellite loci identified in the A. stephensi genome sequenced with next-generation technologies. Twelve microsatellites were mapped to polytene chromosomes from ovarian nurse cells of A. stephensi using fluorescent in situ hybridization. All microsatellites hybridized to unique locations on autosomes, and 7 of them localized to the largest arm 2R. Ten microsatellites were mapped inside the previously described polymorphic chromosomal inversions, including 4 loci located inside the widespread inversion 2Rb. We analyzed microsatellite-based population genetic data available for A. stephensi in light of our mapping results. This study demonstrates that the chromosomal position of microsatellites may affect estimates of population genetic parameters and highlights the importance of developing physical maps for nonmodel organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kamali
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Adlaoui E, Faraj C, El Bouhmi M, El Aboudi A, Ouahabi S, Tran A, Fontenille D, El Aouad R. Mapping malaria transmission risk in northern morocco using entomological and environmental data. Malar Res Treat 2011; 2011:391463. [PMID: 22312566 PMCID: PMC3265283 DOI: 10.4061/2011/391463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria resurgence risk in
Morocco depends, among other factors, on environmental
changes as well as the introduction of parasite
carriers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
receptivity of the Loukkos area, large wetlands in
Northern Morocco, to quantify and to map malaria
transmission risk in this region using biological and
environmental data. This risk was assessed on
entomological risk basis and was mapped using
environmental markers derived from satellite imagery.
Maps showing spatial and temporal variations of
entomological risk for Plasmodium
vivax and P. falciparum were
produced.
Results showed this risk to be highly seasonal and much higher in
rice fields than in swamps. This risk is lower for Afrotropical
P. falciparum strains because of the low
infectivity of Anopheles labranchiae, principal
malaria vector in Morocco. However, it is very high for P.
vivax mainly during summer corresponding to the rice
cultivation period. Although the entomological risk is high in
Loukkos region, malaria resurgence risk remains very low, because
of the low vulnerability of the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adlaoui
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, 27 Avenue Ibn Batouta, Agdal, Rabat 10090, Morocco
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Laboudi M, Faraj C, Sadak A, Harrat Z, Boubidi SC, Harbach RE, El Aouad R, Linton YM. DNA barcodes confirm the presence of a single member of the Anopheles maculipennis group in Morocco and Algeria: An. sicaulti is conspecific with An. labranchiae. Acta Trop 2011; 118:6-13. [PMID: 21172298 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni is the only member of the Maculipennis Group known to occur in northern Africa; however, confusion exists as to the taxonomic status of its junior synonym, An. sicaulti Roubaud (type locality: near Rabat, Morocco). Based on morphological and behavioural distinctions, it has been suggested that Moroccan populations have been isolated from other North African populations by the Atlas Mountains, and that Moroccan populations may represent An. sicaulti, originally described as a variety of An. maculipennis Meigen. DNA barcodes (658bp of the mitochondrial COI gene) obtained from 89 An. maculipennis s.l. collected in Morocco (n=79) and Algeria (n=10) in 2007 and 2008 were used to determine if Moroccan populations are genetically isolated from those east of the Atlas Mountains (Algeria), and whether there is molecular evidence to support the presence of more than one member of the Maculipennis Group in the region. No evidence for speciation was found between Moroccan and Algerian populations, or within populations in northern Morocco. Moreover shared COI haplotypes between Algeria and Morocco indicate ongoing gene flow between populations in these countries, suggesting that the Atlas Mountains are not a boundary to gene flow in An. labranchiae. The synonymy of An. sicaulti with An. labranchiae is confirmed. That An. labranchiae comprises the same species in these North African countries is important for malaria control.
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Demari-Silva B, Vesgueiro FT, Sallum MAM, Marrelli MT. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between species of the genus Culex (Diptera: culicidae) from Brazil inferred from the cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial gene. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:272-279. [PMID: 21485362 DOI: 10.1603/me09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Culex Linnaeus have been incriminated as the main vectors of lymphatic filariases and are important vectors of arboviruses, including West Nile virus. Sequences corresponding to a fragment of 478 bp of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, which includes part of the barcode region, of 37 individuals of 17 species of genus Culex were generated to establish relationships among five subgenera, Culex, Phenacomyia, Melanoconion, Microculex, and Carrollia, and one species of the genus Lutzia that occurs in Brazil. Bayesian methods were employed for the phylogenetic analyses. Results of sequence comparisons showed that individuals identified as Culex dolosus, Culex mollis, and Culex imitator possess high intraspecific divergence (3.1, 2.3, and 3.5%, respectively) when using the Kimura two parameters model. These differences were associated either with distinct morphological characteristics of the male genitalia or larval and pupal stages, suggesting that these may represent species complexes. The Bayesian topology suggested that the genus and subgenus Culex are paraphyletic relative to Lutzia and Phenacomyia, respectively. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences may be a useful tool to both estimate phylogenetic relationships and identify morphologically similar species of the genus Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Demari-Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mehravaran A, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Ebrahimzadeh A, Roodi AM, Grouhi A. First report on Anopheles fluviatilis U in southeastern Iran. Acta Trop 2011; 117:76-81. [PMID: 20933492 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles fluviatilis James, one of the malaria vectors in Iran, is a complex of at least three cryptic species provisionally designated as species S, T and U. These species are morphologically indistinguishable at any stage of their life cycle and can be identified only by the examination of species-specific fixed inversions in the polytene chromosomes. Recently, sequence analysis of 28S D3 and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) regions of ribosomal DNA has revealed 7 haplotypes of S, U, T1, T2, Y, X and V within the complex. Identification of the cryptic species of the complex is of paramount importance in a disease control program due to contrasting differences in their vectorial efficiency, preference for feeding on humans and resting behavior. In this study we analyzed the sequence of 28S D3- and ITS2-rDNA loci to identify the species composition of the An. fluviatilis complex in Jiroft and Chabahar districts, two of the most important endemic malaria foci in southeastern corner of Iran. The ITS2 sequence analysis revealed that all of the An. fluviatilis specimens were identical to the Y/T2 haplotype of An. fluviatilis T, whereas D3 sequence analysis revealed presence of species T in Jiroft and species U in Chabahar district. It is the first report of species U in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehravaran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Ghods Street, Tehran P.O. BOX 14155-6446, Iran
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Azari-Hamidian S, Linton YM, Abai M, Ladonni H, Oshaghi M, Hanafi-Bojd A, Moosa-Kazemi S, Shabkhiz H, Pakari A, Harbach R. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of the Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930903437358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Patil DP, Atanur S, Dhotre DP, Anantharam D, Mahajan VS, Walujkar SA, Chandode RK, Kulkarni GJ, Ghate PS, Srivastav A, Dayananda KM, Gupta N, Bhagwat B, Joshi RR, Mourya DT, Patole MS, Shouche YS. Generation, annotation, and analysis of ESTs from midgut tissue of adult female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:386. [PMID: 19695102 PMCID: PMC2743715 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a tropical disease caused by protozoan parasite, Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by various species of female anopheline mosquitoes. Anopheles stephensi is one such major malaria vector in urban parts of the Indian subcontinent. Unlike Anopheles gambiae, an African malaria vector, transcriptome of A. stephensi midgut tissue is less explored. We have therefore carried out generation, annotation, and analysis of expressed sequence tags from sugar-fed and Plasmodium yoelii infected blood-fed (post 24 h) adult female A. stephensi midgut tissue. Results We obtained 7061 and 8306 ESTs from the sugar-fed and P. yoelii infected mosquito midgut tissue libraries, respectively. ESTs from the combined dataset formed 1319 contigs and 2627 singlets, totaling to 3946 unique transcripts. Putative functions were assigned to 1615 (40.9%) transcripts using BLASTX against UniProtKB database. Amongst unannotated transcripts, we identified 1513 putative novel transcripts and 818 potential untranslated regions (UTRs). Statistical comparison of annotated and unannotated ESTs from the two libraries identified 119 differentially regulated genes. Out of 3946 unique transcripts, only 1387 transcripts were mapped on the A. gambiae genome. These also included 189 novel transcripts, which were mapped to the unannotated regions of the genome. The EST data is available as ESTDB at . Conclusion 3946 unique transcripts were successfully identified from the adult female A. stephensi midgut tissue. These data can be used for microarray development for better understanding of vector-parasite relationship and to study differences or similarities with other malaria vectors. Mapping of putative novel transcripts from A. stephensi on the A. gambiae genome proved fruitful in identification and annotation of several genes. Failure of some novel transcripts to map on the A. gambiae genome indicates existence of substantial genomic dissimilarities between these two potent malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P Patil
- Lab 3, National Center for Cell Science, Pune - 411007, India.
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Alam MT, Bora H, Das MK, Sharma YD. The type and mysorensis forms of the Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in India exhibit identical ribosomal DNA ITS2 and domain-3 sequences. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:75-80. [PMID: 18309520 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi Liston 1901 is one of the major malaria vectors in the Indian subcontinent, Iran, and the Middle East. Three races in this species, namely A. stephensi stephensi (type form), A. stephensi variety mysorensis, and A. stephensi intermediate form, have earlier been reported by several investigators. We describe here the sequencing of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and domain-3 (D3) loci of the A. stephensi type and variety mysorensis forms. We also sequenced field-collected adult specimens of this mosquito from three different regions of India. Both forms of A. stephensi showed identical ITS2 and D3 sequences. We did not find any intraspecies sequence variation among the 70 specimens sequenced in this study. In contrast to the eight ITS2 haplotypes observed among Iranian A. stephensi population, we found only one ITS2 haplotype in India. This is the first time to our knowledge that the sequence of the D3 locus of A. stephensi is being reported here. In conclusion, the type and variety mysorensis forms of A. stephensi exhibit identical nucleotide sequences at their ITS2 and D3 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Oshaghi MA, Shemshad K, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Pedram M, Vatandoost H, Abaie MR, Akbarzadeh K, Mohtarami F. Genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles superpictus in Iran using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI and COII) and morphologic markers: a new species complex? Acta Trop 2007; 101:241-8. [PMID: 17367742 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 01/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles superpictus has been implicated as the most widespread malaria vector in Iran. We collected adult specimens from eight provinces across the country and subjected them to a morphological investigation as well as molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA COI-COII region, using PCR-RFLP and analysis of DNA sequence alignment for 708bp of the COI locus. Two distinct morphological forms (A and B) of the species were found sympatric in all areas of study. PCR-RFLP using AluI separated the specimens into at least three genotypes (X, Y, and Z), and alignment of DNA sequences revealed a 12.3% variation in the COI region between the genotypes. However, the sequence variation does not correspond to the morphological forms. Our observations suggest that A. superpictus in Iran is likely a group species. However, further ecological, molecular, cytological, and epidemiological studies are necessary to clear the status of the taxon and the potential role of each putative species in the transmission of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health & Institute of Health Research, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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