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Mahenge HH, Muyaga LL, Nkya JD, Kafwenji AD, Mwalugelo YA, Kahamba NF, Ngowo HS, Kaindoa EW. Semi-field evaluation of aquatic predators for the control of Anopheles funestus in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2024; 23:228. [PMID: 39090658 PMCID: PMC11295350 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological control is a promising alternative or complementary approach for controlling vector populations in response to the spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. This study evaluated the efficacy of three selected potential predators on the density and fitness parameters of Anopheles funestus larvae in rural Tanzania. METHODS Common predator families Aeshnidae (dragonflies), Coenagrionidae (damselflies), and Notonectidae (backswimmers) and An. funestus group larvae were collected from natural aquatic habitats in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Predators were starved for 12-h while An. funestus larvae were given fish food before starting the experiment. Anopheles funestus larvae were placed into artificial habitats containing predators, exposing them to potential predation. The number of surviving An. funestus larvae were counted every 24-h. An emergence traps were placed at the top of artificial habitats to capture emerging mosquitoes. Emerged mosquitoes were monitored until they died. Female wings were measured and used as a proxy for body size. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with binomial variates at 95% CI and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the proportion of dead mosquitoes and the daily survival determined. RESULTS There were significant differences in the number of emerged mosquitoes between the treatment and control groups (P < 0.001). Thus, all predator species played a significant role in reducing the density of An. funestus mosquitoes (P < 0.001). Furthermore, these predators had notable effects on the fitness parameters and survival of emerged mosquitoes (P < 0.001). Among the three predators studied, Coenagrionidae (damselflies) were most efficient followed by Notonectidae (backswimmers), with Aeshnidae (dragonflies) being the least efficient. CONCLUSION Selected aquatic predators have the potential to reduce the survival and density of An. funestus larvae. They might eventually be included within an integrated malaria vector control strategy, ultimately leading to a reduction in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herieth H Mahenge
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Letus L Muyaga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joel D Nkya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Andrew D Kafwenji
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Yohana A Mwalugelo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Najat F Kahamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, The Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Onen H, Kaddumukasa MA, Kayondo JK, Akol AM, Tripet F. A review of applications and limitations of using aquatic macroinvertebrate predators for biocontrol of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:257. [PMID: 38867296 PMCID: PMC11170859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroinvertebrate predators such as backswimmers (Heteroptera: Notonectidae), dragonflies (Odonata: Aeshnidae), and predatory diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) naturally inhabit aquatic ecosystems. Some aquatic ecosystems inhabited by these macroinvertebrate predator taxa equally form malaria vector larval habitats. The presence of these predators in malaria vector larval habitats can negatively impact on development, adult body size, fecundity, and longevity of the malaria vectors, which form important determinants of their fitness and future vectorial capacity. These potential negative impacts caused by aquatic macroinvertebrate predators on malaria vectors warrant their consideration as biocontrol agents in an integrated program to combat malaria. However, the use of these macroinvertebrate predators in malaria biocontrol is currently constrained by technical bottlenecks linked to their generalist predatory tendencies and often long life cycles, demanding complex rearing systems. We reviewed the literature on the use of aquatic macroinvertebrate predators for biocontrol of malaria vectors from the An. gambiae s.l. complex. The available information from laboratory and semi-field studies has shown that aquatic macroinvertebrates have the potential to consume large numbers of mosquito larvae and could thus offer an additional approaches in integrated malaria vector management strategies. The growing number of semi-field structures available in East and West Africa provides an opportunity to conduct ecological experimental studies to reconsider the potential of using aquatic macroinvertebrate predators as a biocontrol tool. To achieve a more sustainable approach to controlling malaria vector populations, additional, non-chemical interventions could provide a more sustainable approach, in comparison with the failing chemical control tools, and should be urgently considered for integration with the current mosquito vector control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Onen
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Entomology, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Martha A Kaddumukasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jonathan K Kayondo
- Department of Entomology, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P.O Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Anne M Akol
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ruggiero KLF, da Silva Pinto TJ, Gomes DF, Dias MA, Montagner CC, Rocha O, Moreira RA. Ecological Implications on Aquatic Food Webs Due to Effects of Pesticides on Invertebrate Predators in a Neotropical Region. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:112-124. [PMID: 38265449 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Predation presents specific behavioral characteristics for each species, and the interaction between prey and predator influences the structuring of the food web. Concerning insects, predation can be affected in different ways, such as exposure to chemical stressors, e.g., pesticides. Therefore, analyses were carried out of the effects of exposure to insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D on predation, parameters of food selectivity, and the swimming behavior of two neotropical predatory aquatic insects of the families Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) and larvae of Libellulidae (dragonfly). These predatory insects were exposed for 24 h to a commercial formulation of the chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4-D at nominal concentrations of 200, 300, 700, and 1400 μg L-1, and to a commercial formulation of the phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil at nominal concentrations of 10, 70, 140, and 250 µg L-1. In a control treatment, the insects were placed in clean, unspiked water. At the end of the exposure, the maximum swimming speed of the predators was evaluated. Afterward, the predators were placed in clean water in a shared environment for 24 h with several prey species, including the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, larvae of the insect Chironomus sancticaroli, the amphipod Hyalella meinerti, the ostracod Strandesia trispinosa, and the oligochaete Allonais inaequalis for 24 h. After this period, the consumed prey was counted. The results reveal that predators from both families changed prey consumption compared with organisms from the control treatment, marked by a decrease after exposure to fipronil and an increase in consumption caused by 2,4-D. In addition, there were changes in the food preferences of both predators, especially when exposed to the insecticide. Exposure to fipronil decreased the swimming speed of Belostomatidae individuals, possibly due to its neurotoxic effect. Exposure to the insecticide and the herbicide altered prey intake by predators, which could negatively influence the complex prey-predator relationship and the functioning of aquatic ecosystems in contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaue Leopoldo Ferraz Ruggiero
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy Júnio da Silva Pinto
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Ferreira Gomes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and PPG-ERN, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565‑905, Brazil
| | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and PPG-ERN, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565‑905, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Mahenge HH, Muyaga LL, Nkya JD, Kifungo KS, Kahamba NF, Ngowo HS, Kaindoa EW. Common predators and factors influencing their abundance in Anopheles funestus aquatic habitats in rural south-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287655. [PMID: 37363899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of larval predators in regulating the Anopheles funestus population in various malaria-endemic countries remains relatively unknown. This study aimed to investigate the common predators that co-exist with Anopheles funestus group larvae and evaluate factors that influence their abundance in rural south-eastern Tanzania. METHODS Mosquito larvae and predators were sampled concurrently using standard dipper (350 ml) or 10 L bucket in previously identified aquatic habitats in selected villages in southern Tanzania. Predators and mosquito larvae were identified using standard identification keys. All positive habitats were geo-located and their physical features characterized. Water physicochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and temperature were also recorded. RESULTS A total of 85 previously identified An. funestus aquatic habitats in nine villages were sampled for larvae and potential predators. A total of 8,295 predators were sampled. Of these Coenagrionidae 57.7% (n = 4785), Corixidae 12.8% (n = 1,060), Notonectidae 9.9% (n = 822), Aeshnidae 4.9% (n = 405), Amphibian 4.5% (n = 370), Dytiscidae 3.8% (n = 313) were common. A total of 5,260 mosquito larvae were sampled, whereby Anopheles funestus group were 60.3% (n = 3,170), Culex spp. 24.3% (n = 1,279), An. gambie s.l. 8.3% (n = 438) and other anophelines 7.1% (n = 373). Permanent and aquatic habitats larger than 100m2 were positively associated with An. funestus group larvae (P<0.05) and predator abundance (P<0.05). Habitats with submerged vegetation were negatively associated with An. funestus group larvae (P<0.05). Only dissolved oxygen (DO) was positively and significantly affect the abundance of An. funestus group larvae (P<0.05). While predators' abundance was not impacted by all physicochemical parameters. CONCLUSION Six potential predator families were common in aquatic habitats of An. funestus group larvae. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of different predators on larval density and adult fitness traits. Interventions leveraging the interaction between mosquitoes and predators can be established to disrupt the transmission potential and survival of the An. funestus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herieth H Mahenge
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Letus L Muyaga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Joel D Nkya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Khamis S Kifungo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Najat F Kahamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodervisty, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodervisty, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Malla RK, Mandal KK, Burman S, Das S, Ghosh A, Chandra G. Numerical analysis of predatory potentiality of Toxorhynchites splendens against larval Aedes albopictus in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7403. [PMID: 37149703 PMCID: PMC10164139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the elephant mosquitoes, Toxorhynchites spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) are predacious on larvae of other mosquito species and some small aquatic organisms; this predatory behavior can be applied in (mosquito) vector control. The present study examined the feeding behavior of Toxorhynchites splendens on Aedes albopictus in relation to search area [volume of water (X1)] and prey density (X2), prey instars, predatory preference and larvae's functional response on variable prey densities. Experiments were conducted to determine changes in the feeding activity of T. splendens with different search areas and showed that rate of prey consumption was inversely proportional to the search area as evidenced by a negative value of X1 in the regression equation and positively related to prey density. The non-linear polynomial logistic regression estimated a significant linear parameter (P1 < 0) for the functional response analysis suggesting a Type II functional response. Differences in feeding response related to the different combinations of prey instars were statistically not significant (p > 0.05), expressing that all the instars of prey were equally susceptible to the predator. Toxorhynchites splendens preferred to consume Ae. albopictus larvae rather than Tubifex when supplied together as a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Malla
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Kumar Mandal
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
- Department of Zoology, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Ushagram, Asansol, 713303, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunanda Burman
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhaisi Das
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, 722101, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India.
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Wong ML, Zulzahrin Z, Vythilingam I, Lau YL, Sam IC, Fong MY, Lee WC. Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1135977. [PMID: 37025644 PMCID: PMC10070879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex transmission profiles of vector-borne zoonoses (VZB) and vector-borne infections with animal reservoirs (VBIAR) complicate efforts to break the transmission circuit of these infections. To control and eliminate VZB and VBIAR, insecticide application may not be conducted easily in all circumstances, particularly for infections with sylvatic transmission cycle. As a result, alternative approaches have been considered in the vector management against these infections. In this review, we highlighted differences among the environmental, chemical, and biological control approaches in vector management, from the perspectives of VZB and VBIAR. Concerns and knowledge gaps pertaining to the available control approaches were discussed to better understand the prospects of integrating these vector control approaches to synergistically break the transmission of VZB and VBIAR in humans, in line with the integrated vector management (IVM) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li Wong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisham Zulzahrin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Wenn-Chyau Lee,
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Lee WC, Cheong FW, Amir A, Lai MY, Tan JH, Phang WK, Shahari S, Lau YL. Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication. Malar J 2022; 21:140. [PMID: 35505339 PMCID: PMC9066973 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that has gained increasing medical interest over the past two decades. This zoonotic parasitic infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and causes many cases with fulminant pathology. Despite several biogeographical restrictions that limit its distribution, knowlesi malaria cases have been reported in different parts of the world due to travelling and tourism activities. Here, breakthroughs and key information generated from recent (over the past five years, but not limited to) studies conducted on P. knowlesi were reviewed, and the knowledge gap in various research aspects that need to be filled was discussed. Besides, challenges and strategies required to control and eradicate human malaria with this emerging and potentially fatal zoonosis were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fei Wen Cheong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hui Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahhaziq Shahari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ilahi I, Yousafzai AM, Attaullah M, Haq TU, Rahim A, Khan W, Khan AA, Ullah S, Jan T, Khan MM, Rahim G, Zaman N. Mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e240842. [PMID: 34550279 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.240842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ilahi
- University of Malakand, Department of Zoology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Islamia College Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A M Yousafzai
- Islamia College Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M Attaullah
- University of Malakand, Department of Zoology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - T U Haq
- University of Malakand, Department of Biotechnology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A Rahim
- University of Malakand, Department of Zoology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - W Khan
- University of Malakand, Department of Zoology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A A Khan
- University of Malakand, Department of Biotechnology, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Ullah
- University of Malakand, Department of Botany, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - T Jan
- University of Malakand, Department of Botany, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M M Khan
- The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - G Rahim
- University of Malakand, Department of Botany, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - N Zaman
- University of Swat, Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Eba K, Duchateau L, Olkeba BK, Boets P, Bedada D, Goethals PLM, Mereta ST, Yewhalaw D. Bio-Control of Anopheles Mosquito Larvae Using Invertebrate Predators to Support Human Health Programs in Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041810. [PMID: 33673292 PMCID: PMC7917980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes have been a nuisance and health threat to humans for centuries due to their ability to transmit different infectious diseases. Biological control methods have emerged as an alternative or complementary approach to contain vector populations in light of the current spread of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the predation efficacy of selected potential predators against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Potential invertebrate predators and Anopheles larvae were collected from natural habitats, mainly (temporary) wetlands and ponds in southwest Ethiopia and experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Optimal predation conditions with respect to larval instar, water volume and number of predators were determined for each of the seven studied predators. Data analyses were carried out using the Poisson regression model using one way ANOVA at the 5% significant level. The backswimmer (Notonectidae) was the most aggressive predator on Anopheles mosquito larvae with a daily mean predation of 71.5 larvae (95% CI: [65.04;78.59]). Our study shows that larval instar, water volume and number of predators have a significant effect on each predator, except for dragonflies (Libellulidae), with regard to the preference of the larval instar. A selection of mosquito predators has the potential to control Anopheles mosquito larvae, suggesting that they can be used as complementary approach in an integrated malaria vector control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasahun Eba
- Biometrics Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia; (B.K.O.); (S.T.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Beekam Kebede Olkeba
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia; (B.K.O.); (S.T.M.)
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.B.); (P.L.M.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Pieter Boets
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.B.); (P.L.M.G.)
- Provincial Centre of Environmental Research, Godshuizenlaan 95, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dechasa Bedada
- Department of Statistics, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia;
| | - Peter L. M. Goethals
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.B.); (P.L.M.G.)
| | - Seid Tiku Mereta
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia; (B.K.O.); (S.T.M.)
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia;
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
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10
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Buxton M, Cuthbert RN, Dalu T, Nyamukondiwa C, Wasserman RJ. Predator density modifies mosquito regulation in increasingly complex environments. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2079-2086. [PMID: 31943746 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predation plays a pivotal role in the composition and functioning of ecosystems. Both habitat complexity and predator density are important contexts which may determine the strength of trophic and non-trophic interactions. In aquatic systems, the efficacy of natural enemies in regulating vector pest species could be modified by such context dependencies. Here, we use a functional response (FR) approach to experimentally quantify conspecific multiple predator effects across a habitat complexity gradient of two notonectids, Anisops sardea and Enithares chinai, towards larvae of the vector mosquito Culex pipiens pipiens. RESULTS E. chinai exhibited significantly greater consumption rates than A. sardea across habitat complexities, both as individuals and conspecific pairs. Each predator type displayed Type II FRs across experimental treatments, with synergistic multiple predator effects (i.e. prey risk enhancement) displayed in the absence of habitat complexity. Effects of increasing habitat complexity modified multiple predator effects differentially between species given behavioral differences, with habitat complexity causing significant antagonism (i.e. prey risk reduction) with multiple A. sardea compared to E. chinai. CONCLUSION Habitat complexity effects on multiple predator interactions can manifest differently at the species level, suggesting emergent effects which complicate predictions of natural enemy impact in heterogenous environments. Considerations of density, diversity and habitat effects on efficacies of natural enemies should thus be considered by pest management practitioners to better explain biocontrol efficacies in increasingly diverse environments. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tatenda Dalu
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Ryan J Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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11
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Couret J, Notarangelo M, Veera S, LeClaire-Conway N, Ginsberg HS, LeBrun RL. Biological control of Aedes mosquito larvae with carnivorous aquatic plant, Utricularia macrorhiza. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:208. [PMID: 32317006 PMCID: PMC7175535 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological controls with predators of larval mosquito vectors have historically focused almost exclusively on insectivorous animals, with few studies examining predatory plants as potential larvacidal agents. In this study, we experimentally evaluate a generalist plant predator of North America, Utricularia macrorhiza, the common bladderwort, and evaluate its larvacidal efficiency for the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in no-choice, laboratory experiments. We sought to determine first, whether U. macrorhiza is a competent predator of container-breeding mosquitoes, and secondly, its predation efficiency for early and late instar larvae of each mosquito species. METHODS Newly hatched, first-instar Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were separately exposed in cohorts of 10 to field-collected U. macrorhiza cuttings. Data on development time and larval survival were collected on a daily basis to ascertain the effectiveness of U. macrorhiza as a larval predator. Survival models were used to assess differences in larval survival between cohorts that were exposed to U. macrorhiza and those that were not. A permutation analysis was used to investigate whether storing U. macrorhiza in laboratory conditions for extended periods of time (1 month vs 6 months) affected its predation efficiency. RESULTS Our results indicated a 100% and 95% reduction of survival of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae, respectively, in the presence of U. macrorhiza relative to controls within five days, with peak larvacidal efficiency in plant cuttings from ponds collected in August. Utricularia macrorhiza cuttings, which were prey-deprived, and maintained in laboratory conditions for 6 months were more effective larval predators than cuttings, which were maintained prey-free for 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Due to the combination of high predation efficiency and the unique biological feature of facultative predation, we suggest that U. macrorhiza warrants further development as a method for larval mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannelle Couret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Marco Notarangelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Sarashwathy Veera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Noah LeClaire-Conway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, USA
| | - Howard S. Ginsberg
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Coastal Field Station, Kingston, USA
| | - Roger L. LeBrun
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
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12
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Luke SH, Dwi Advento A, Dow RA, Aryawan AAK, Barclay H, Eycott AE, Hinsch JK, Kurniawan C, Naim M, Mann DJ, Pujianto, Purnomo D, Rambe TDS, Slade EM, Soeprapto, Ps S, Suhardi, Tarigan RS, Wahyuningsih R, Widodo RH, Caliman J, Snaddon JL, Foster WA, Turner EC. Complexity within an oil palm monoculture: The effects of habitat variability and rainfall on adult dragonfly (Odonata) communities. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Luke
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Andreas Dwi Advento
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Rory A. Dow
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
- Sarawak Museum Campus Project Kuching Malaysia
| | | | - Holly Barclay
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Amy E. Eycott
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Steinkjer Steinkjer Norway
| | - Julie K. Hinsch
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Candra Kurniawan
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Naim
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | | | - Pujianto
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Dedi Purnomo
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | | | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Soeprapto
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Sudharto Ps
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Suhardi
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Ribka Sionita Tarigan
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Resti Wahyuningsih
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Rudy Harto Widodo
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Jean‐Pierre Caliman
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Jake L. Snaddon
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton UK
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13
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Dalal A, Cuthbert RN, Dick JT, Gupta S. Prey preferences of notonectids towards larval mosquitoes across prey ontogeny and search area. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:609-616. [PMID: 31313450 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predatory biological control agents can be effective natural means of managing pests, vectors and invasive species. However, the strength of predator-prey interactions can be regulated through context-dependencies that often remain unquantified. In particular, refuge effects can influence the efficacy of biological agents towards target species, and such effects are often driven by prey size and search area differences. In this study, we quantify the prey preferences of two predaceous notonectids, Anisops breddini and Anisops sardeus, towards four different aquatic larval instar stages of the medically important mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus across variations in surface area and water depth. RESULTS Consumption rates differed significantly among the four larval sizes but not between the notonectids. Search area variations also elicited differences in consumption rates. Both predators tended to prefer second-instar mosquito prey among surface area and water depth variations, while generally avoiding the largest (fourth instar) and smallest (first instar) prey instar stages. For both predators, differential selectivity traits were emergent across surface area variations and water depth, with refuge effects for small prey generally greatest at intermediate-large depths with high surface areas. We thus demonstrate that predatory impacts of notonectids towards mosquito larvae differ significantly according to prey size, and likely peak at intermediate size classes. CONCLUSION Different mosquito size classes often coexist and compete, selectivity has important implications for adult mosquito proliferations. Further, in ephemeral aquatic habitats where surface areas and water depths are highly variable spatiotemporally, the efficacy of notonectids in controlling mosquito prey may differ substantially. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Dalal
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jaimie Ta Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Susmita Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
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14
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Dalal A, Cuthbert RN, Dick JT, Gupta S. Water depth-dependent notonectid predatory impacts across larval mosquito ontogeny. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2610-2617. [PMID: 30729643 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Context-dependencies can modulate the strength of predatory interactions and often remain unquantified. In particular, differences in water depth within aquatic systems could influence predator efficiencies towards prey which utilise three-dimensional space through the water column. Differences in prey size could drive prey size-refuge effects, influencing the efficacy of natural enemies towards vector species. We thus quantify the predatory impact of two notonectid predators, Anisops breddini and Anisops sardeus, towards four different larval instars of Culex quinquefasciatus prey across a water depth gradient, using functional responses (FRs). RESULTS Consumption rates differed significantly between the predators, and interspecific differences in responses to variations in water depth were emergent. Both notonectids were able to handle C. quinquefasciatus prey across all instar stages, yet predation rates were generally higher towards early as opposed to late instar prey. Anisops sardeus was most voracious, and differential predation rates of this species were most pronounced in shallow waters. Type II FRs were displayed by notonectids in the majority of treatments; however, Type III FRs were emergent in specific treatment groups, with potential implications for prey population stability. Both capture rates and handling times were often greater at greater depths, and thus maximum feeding rates reduced as depth increased. Our results further demonstrate substantial predatory impacts of notonectid predators towards mosquito, and quantify biotic and abiotic context-dependencies which modulate their impact. CONCLUSION Given notonectids are capable of aerial dispersal between ephemeral aquatic habitats of varied volumes, their promotion in aquatic systems could help reduce proliferations of medically important mosquitoes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Dalal
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
| | - Jaimie Ta Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
| | - Susmita Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
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15
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May ML. Odonata: Who They Are and What They Have Done for Us Lately: Classification and Ecosystem Services of Dragonflies. INSECTS 2019; 10:E62. [PMID: 30823469 PMCID: PMC6468591 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) are well-known but often poorly understood insects. Their phylogeny and classification have proved difficult to understand but, through use of modern morphological and molecular techniques, is becoming better understood and is discussed here. Although not considered to be of high economic importance, they do provide esthetic/spiritual benefits to humans, and may have some impact as predators of disease vectors and agricultural pests. In addition, their larvae are very important as intermediate or top predators in many aquatic ecosystems. More recently, they have been the objects of study that have yielded new information on the mechanics and control of insect flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L May
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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16
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Larvicidal Potential of Five Selected Dragonfly Nymphs in Sri Lanka over Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) Larvae under Laboratory Settings. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8759459. [PMID: 30627580 PMCID: PMC6304608 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8759459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Limitations in breeding source reduction practices, development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, and ill effects of chemical controlling methods on human and ecosystem health have motivated Sri Lankan authorities working for dengue control to seek for alternative, ecofriendly, and sustainable approaches for controlling of Aedes vectors, to manage dengue epidemics. The present study attempted to investigate the predation efficiency of locally available dragonfly nymphs over Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions, aiming to evaluate the potential of using dragonflies as biocontrol agents against dengue. Methods Nymphal stages of five locally abundant dragonfly species were collected from different stagnated water bodies in Belihuloya area. After morphological identification, a well grown individual of each species was starved for 12 hours and introduced into a glass tank containing 1L of pond water with 200 larvae (4th instar) of Aedes aegypti. Number of larvae survived in the tank was enumerated hourly up to 48 hours. In case where >75% of larvae are consumed by dragonfly nymphs, additional Ae. aegypti larvae were introduced into such tanks. Experiment was repeated for five times. Same procedure was followed with different stages of growth of the dragonfly nymphs characterized by the highest predation rate. General Linear Model followed by Tukey's pairwise comparison was used for statistical analysis. Results The predation rates of different dragonfly species varied significantly (p<0.05), whereby Anax indicus (110±7.14 per day) indicated the highest, followed by Pantala flavescens (54.07±5.15) and Gynacantha dravida (49.00±11.89), while Tholymis tillarga (23.47±2.48) had the lowest. Further, significant variations in the larval predation were found among different maturity stages (10–20; 25-35; and 35–45 mm in body length) of Ana. indicus (p<0.05). Regardless of statistical significance, a relatively higher larvicidal activity was observed at dusk than in dawn. Conclusion. Ana. indicus, which is characterized by the highest predation rate, and P. flavescens that has the widest geographical distribution within Sri Lanka along with a notable predation efficacy could be recommended as potential candidates for field trials in biological control of dengue outbreaks via suppression of Ae. aegypti larvae.
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Islam SU, Qasim M, Ali H, Islam W, Arif M, Dash CK, Lin W, Du Z, Wu Z. Genetic diversity of the families Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Libellulidae through COI gene from South China. Acta Trop 2018; 185:273-279. [PMID: 29890154 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult dragonflies (Anisoptera) were collected from different localities of South China covering eight provinces. Representative sequences were sixty-one, including 16 species, 11 genera and three families (Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Libellulidae), under cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. After alignment of sequences by BioEdit v6, genetic interaction and divergence were computed by MEGA 7 whereas all the indices of genetic diversity were calculated by DnaSP v5 software. Phylogenetic trees were constructed through Neighbor-Joining method under Jukes-Cantor model, and all species of respective families were assembled with each other into individual groups. Maximum divergence was observed by Trithemis genus (18.69%), followed by Orthetrum genus (18.16%), whereas a minimum value of divergence was noted for Pantala genus (0.31%). On the other hand, maximum genetic diversity was recorded for Orthetrum genus up to 142 mutations, followed by Trithemis genus (126 mutations), while the minimum value (two mutations) was observed for Pantala genus. Genetic diversity for overall and Libellulidae family sequences was much higher, up to 404 mutations and 344 mutations, respectively. Current results suggest a high diversity of odonates in the South China region and results are valuable in gaining a total obligation of the diversity of Asian odonates and conservation measures of this insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Habib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chandra Kanta Dash
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Wenzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zujian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Jinguji H, Ohtsu K, Ueda T, Goka K. Effects of short-term, sublethal fipronil and its metabolite on dragonfly feeding activity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200299. [PMID: 29995904 PMCID: PMC6040742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dragonflies, Sympetrum spp., are indispensable to agriculture and are a central element of culture in Japan. However, S. frequens populations in rice paddy fields have declined in recent decades. Dragonfly larvae are predatory aquatic insects that feed on other organisms found in habitats with slow-moving or standing water. The increasing use of fipronil and neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture is also increasing exposure to Sympetrum spp. in larval stages through paddy soil and water. The role of fipronil insecticides in the decline of dragonflies is of concern, and we here examine the sublethal effects of this insecticide on the feeding behaviors of two Sympetrum spp. Based on the quantity of prey items consumed and the time to capture prey items, feeding inhibition was determined to be a potential mechanism of the decline of Sympetrum spp. following 48-h exposure to fipronil and fipronil sulfone. Prey consumption by S. infuscatum was significantly reduced for fipronil sulfone at all concentrations (0.01-1000 μg/L). S. frequens exposed to 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L fipronil sulfone had significantly longer prey capture times. Fipronil sulfone was 2.8, 9.7 and 10.5 times more toxic to S. infuscatum than fipronil in terms of acute toxicity, feeding inhibition and delayed toxicity, respectively. In addition, fipronil sulfone was 6.6, 2.9 and 9.1 times more toxic, respectively, to S. frequens than fipronil. Our findings suggest that sublethal effects on feeding inhibition lead to severe mortality at realistic paddy soil and water concentrations. Our results provide the first demonstration that short-term exposure to fipronil and fipronil sulfone can consequently cause significant harm to dragonfly larvae survival due to feeding inhibition. These findings have implications for current pesticide risk assessment and dragonfly protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Jinguji
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ohtsu
- Division of Biodiversity, Chemical Substances Effect Assessment Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Ueda
- Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural College, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Islam SU, Qasim M, Lin W, Islam W, Arif M, Ali H, Du Z, Wu Z. Genetic interaction and diversity of the families Libellulidae and Gomphidae through COI gene from China and Pakistan. Acta Trop 2018; 182:92-99. [PMID: 29454732 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 300 dragonflies (Odonata) were collected from six different localities of China and Pakistan. Sixty seven representative samples were selected to sequence their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). An examination of the resultant sequences identified 21 different dragonfly species, belonging to 15 distinct genera, two families, Libellulidae and Gomphidae. Sequence alignment was executed using Clustal-W in BioEdit v6. The phylogenetic tree was constructed through Neighbor-joining method by using Jukes-Cantor model, and genetic divergence was calculated via Kimura 2-parameter using MEGA7, while Genetic diversity was calculated by DnaSP v5. The maximum genetic divergence was observed for Crocothemis servilia, at 20.49%, followed by Libellulidae sp. with 22.30% while minimum divergence (0.82%) was observed for Melligomphus ardens. Likewise, a significant genetic diversity was observed for all species. However, Crocothemis servilia species presented maximum value (176 mutations) followed by Libellulidae spp. (150 mutations), whereas minimum value (3 mutations) was observed by Orthetrum testaceum. Interestingly, the diversity of C. servilia, all of which are collected from a single location of China, is much higher than those from Pakistan, which were collected from 5 different places with a spatial distance exceeding 500 Kms. Our results are useful in gaining a full appreciation of the global diversity of dragonflies and the development of conservation measures of this insect.
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Mondal RP, Chandra G, Bandyopadhyay S, Ghosh A. Effect of temperature and search area on the functional response of Anisops sardea (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) against Anopheles stephensi in laboratory bioassay. Acta Trop 2017; 166:262-267. [PMID: 27908745 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Present study was carried out to establish the influence of abiotic factors on foraging activities of a predatory hemipteran insect Anisops sardea against Anopheles stephensi larvae. The functional response of A. sardea was evaluated in variable density of prey items with variation in search area (100, 250, 500 and 1000ml water volume) and temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C). The results of laboratory bioassay revealed that prey consumption rate of predator species was positively related with increasing temperature and inversely related with increasing search area. Polynomial logistic regression equations and associated parameters showed that A. sardea exhibited a type II functional response in variable search area and type-III response at variable temperatures. Related response specific attack rates and handling times were also evaluated in presence of specific abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Mosquito and Microbiology Research Units, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Anupam Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, West Bengal, India.
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Younes A, El-Sherief H, Gawish F, Mahmoud M. Experimental evaluation of Odonata nymph in the biocontrol of schistosomiasis intermediate hosts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Tran TT, Janssens L, Dinh KV, Op de Beeck L, Stoks R. Evolution determines how global warming and pesticide exposure will shape predator-prey interactions with vector mosquitoes. Evol Appl 2016; 9:818-30. [PMID: 27330557 PMCID: PMC4908467 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
How evolution may mitigate the effects of global warming and pesticide exposure on predator-prey interactions is directly relevant for vector control. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we addressed how 4°C warming and exposure to the pesticide endosulfan shape the predation on Culex pipiens mosquitoes by damselfly predators from replicated low- and high-latitude populations. Although warming was only lethal for the mosquitoes, it reduced predation rates on these prey. Possibly, under warming escape speeds of the mosquitoes increased more than the attack efficiency of the predators. Endosulfan imposed mortality and induced behavioral changes (including increased filtering and thrashing and a positional shift away from the bottom) in mosquito larvae. Although the pesticide was only lethal for the mosquitoes, it reduced predation rates by the low-latitude predators. This can be explained by the combination of the evolution of a faster life history and associated higher vulnerabilities to the pesticide (in terms of growth rate and lowered foraging activity) in the low-latitude predators and pesticide-induced survival selection in the mosquitoes. Our results suggest that predation rates on mosquitoes at the high latitude will be reduced under warming unless predators evolve toward the current low-latitude phenotype or low-latitude predators move poleward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Tran
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Institute of AquacultureNha Trang UniversityNha TrangVietnam; National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lin Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Potential of Hemianax ephippiger (Odonata-Aeshnidae) nymph as predator of Fasciola intermediate host, Lymnaea natalensis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Adhikari U, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Biocontrol efficacy of an organic acid against larval form of Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishuni group and Anopheles stephensi. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Janssens L, Stoks R. How does a pesticide pulse increase vulnerability to predation? Combined effects on behavioral antipredator traits and escape swimming. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:91-98. [PMID: 22277250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have documented that sublethal pesticide exposure can change predator-prey interactions. Most of these studies have focused on effects of long-term pesticide exposure on only one type of antipredator traits and have not directly linked changes in these traits to mortality by predation. To get a better mechanistic understanding of how short-term pesticide pulses make prey organisms more vulnerable to predation, we studied effects of 24h exposure to a sublethal concentration of the insecticide endosulfan and the herbicide Roundup on the major antipredator traits and the resulting mortality by predation in larvae of the damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum. A pulse of both pesticides affected antipredator traits involved in avoiding detection by predators as well as traits involved in escape after detection. After a pesticide pulse, larvae increased activity levels and even further increased the number of walks when predation risk was present. Further, an endosulfan pulse tended to reduce escape swimming speed. In contrast, previous exposure to Roundup caused the larvae to swim faster, yet less often when attacked. Importantly, although both studied pesticides induced maladaptive changes in overall activity, only for endosulfan this resulted in an increased mortality by predation. Our study highlights that considering changed predator-prey interactions may improve ecological risk evaluations of short pesticide pulses, yet also underscores the need (1) to consider effects on all important antipredator traits of the prey as trait compensation may occur and (2) to effectively score the outcome of predator-prey interactions in staged encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Mahajan UV, Gravgaard J, Turnbull M, Jacobs DB, McNealy TL. Larval exposure to Francisella tularensis LVS affects fitness of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 78:520-30. [PMID: 22066999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is an environmental bacterium capable of infecting a wide spectrum of species from mammals and birds to reptiles. It has been demonstrated that F. tularensis can invade and survive within protozoa, but an association with aquatic insects has not been thoroughly investigated. We examined the interaction of F. tularensis LVS biofilms and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to determine the effects on larvae and adults. Our results demonstrate that F. tularensis LVS can form and persist as biofilms in natural water and that the mosquito larvae of C. quinquefasciatus readily feed on biofilm and planktonic forms of F. tularensis LVS. Larvae raised in both bacteria-only cultures suffered significant delays in pupation. Adults resulting from larvae continuously exposed to the bacteria had significantly reduced wing lengths in males and fecundity of both sexes. The bacteria may be exerting these effects through localization and persistence within the midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of the larvae. The study of oral acquisition of pathogens by insect larvae can significantly contribute to the study of environmental persistence of pathogens. We show that oral uptake of F. tularensis LVS by C. quinquefasciatus larvae results in not only larval effects but also has effects on adult mosquitoes. These effects are important in understanding both the ecology of tularemia as well as bacterial interactions with aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma V Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Kweka EJ, Zhou G, Gilbreath TM, Afrane Y, Nyindo M, Githeko AK, Yan G. Predation efficiency of Anopheles gambiae larvae by aquatic predators in western Kenya highlands. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:128. [PMID: 21729269 PMCID: PMC3141748 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current status of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and the effects of insecticides on non-target insect species have raised the need for alternative control methods for malaria vectors. Predation has been suggested as one of the important regulation mechanisms for malaria vectors in long-lasting aquatic habitats, but the predation efficiency of the potential predators is largely unknown in the highlands of western Kenya. In the current study, we examined the predation efficiency of five predators on Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae in 24 hour and semi- field evaluations. Methods Predators were collected from natural habitats and starved for 12 hours prior to starting experiments. Preliminary experiments were conducted to ascertain the larval stage most predated by each predator species. When each larval instar was subjected to predation, third instar larvae were predated at the highest rate. Third instar larvae of An. gambiae were introduced into artificial habitats with and without refugia at various larval densities. The numbers of surviving larvae were counted after 24 hours in 24. In semi-field experiments, the larvae were counted daily until they were all either consumed or had developed to the pupal stage. Polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the presence of An. gambiae DNA in predator guts. Results Experiments found that habitat type (P < 0.0001) and predator species (P < 0.0001) had a significant impact on the predation rate in the 24 hour evaluations. In semi-field experiments, predator species (P < 0.0001) and habitat type (P < 0.0001) were significant factors in both the daily survival and the overall developmental time of larvae. Pupation rates took significantly longer in habitats with refugia. An. gambiae DNA was found in at least three out of ten midguts for all predator species. Gambusia affins was the most efficient, being three times more efficient than tadpoles. Conclusion These experiments provide insight into the efficiency of specific natural predators against mosquito larvae. These naturally occurring predators may be useful in biocontrol strategies for aquatic stage An. gambiae mosquitoes. Further investigations should be done in complex natural habitats for these predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliningaya J Kweka
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P O Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya.
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