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Baina MT, Djontu JC, Lissom A, Doulamo NVA, Umuhoza DM, Ntabi JDM, Vouvoungui CJ, Boumpoutou RK, Mayela J, Diafouka-Kietela S, Nguimbi E, Ntoumi F. Plasmodium falciparum msp-1 and msp-2 genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in isolates from Congolese patients in the Republic of Congo. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2433-2443. [PMID: 37624380 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With limited up to date data from the Republic of Congo, the aim of this study was to investigate allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2). This will help assess the genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection (MOI), from uncomplicated malaria individuals living in Brazzaville. Between March and October 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out at a health center in Madibou District located in the south of Brazzaville. Plasmodium infection was diagnosed in human blood by microscopy and the block 2 of P. falciparum msp-1 and block 3 of msp-2 genes were genotyped by nested PCR. Overall, 57 genotypes with fragment sizes ranging from 110 to 410 bp were recorded for msp-1, among which 25, 21, and 11 genotypes identified for K1, MAD20, and RO33 allelic families respectively. RO33 (34.3%) and MAD20 (34.3%) allelic families were more frequent compared to K1 (31.4%) although the difference was not statistically significant. Also, 47 msp-2 genotypes were identified, including 26 FC27 genotypes type, and 21 genotypes belonging to the 3D7 allelic family. FC27 was more frequent (52.3%) compared to 3D7 (47.7%). The prevalence of the polyclonal infection was 90.0% while the MOI was 2.90 ± 1.0. The MOI and polyclonal infection were not significantly associated with the parasitaemia and anaemia. This study reveals a high genetic diversity and the trend of increasing MOI of P. falciparum isolates from the south of Brazzaville, compared to the reports from the same setting before the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tapsou Baina
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Naura Veil Assioro Doulamo
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Dieu Merci Umuhoza
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jacque Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Christevy Jeanney Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Etienne Nguimbi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Nzoumbou-Boko R, Velut G, Imboumy-Limoukou RK, Manirakiza A, Lekana-Douki JB. Malaria research in the Central African Republic from 1987 to 2020: an overview. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:70. [PMID: 36131331 PMCID: PMC9490699 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The national malaria control policy in the Central African Republic (CAR) promotes basic, clinical, and operational research on malaria in collaboration with national and international research institutions. Preparatory work for the elaboration of National Strategic Plans for the implementation of the national malaria control policy includes developing the research component, thus requiring an overview of national malaria research. Here, this survey aims to provide an inventory of malaria research as a baseline for guiding researchers and health authorities in choosing the future avenues of research. Methods Data sources and search strategy were defined to query the online Medline/PubMed database using the “medical subject headings” tool. Eligibility and study inclusion criteria were applied to the selected articles, which were classified based on year, research institute affiliations, and research topic. Results A total of 118 articles were retrieved and 51 articles were ultimately chosen for the bibliometric analysis. The number of publications on malaria has increased over time from 1987 to 2020. These articles were published in 32 different journals, the most represented being the Malaria Journal (13.73%) and the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (11.76%). The leading research topics were drug evaluation (52.94%), expatriate patients (23.54%), malaria in children (17.65%), morbidity (13.7%), and malaria during pregnancy (11.76%). The publications’ authors were mainly affiliated with the Institut Pasteur of Bangui (41%), the French Military Medical Service (15.5%), and the University of Bangui (11.7%). Collaborations were mostly established with France, the UK, and the USA; some collaborations involved Switzerland, Austria, Pakistan, Japan, Sri Lanka, Benin, Cameroun, Ivory Coast, and Madagascar. The main sources of research funding were French agencies (28.6%) and international agencies (18.3%). Most studies included were not representative of the whole country. The CAR has the capacity to carry out research on malaria and to ensure the necessary collaborations. Conclusion Malaria research activities in the CAR seem to reflect the priorities of national policy. One remaining challenge is to develop a more representative approach to better characterize malaria cases across the country. Finally, future research and control measures need to integrate the effect of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Guillaume Velut
- French Military Health Service, French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Marseille, France
| | - Romeo-Karl Imboumy-Limoukou
- Unité Évolution, Épidémiologie Et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alexandre Manirakiza
- Service d'épidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité Évolution, Épidémiologie Et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, B.P. 4009, Franceville, Gabon
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Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Lagnika H, Djihinto OY, Sovegnon PM, Saizonou HD, Ntoumi F, Wondji CS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Djogbénou LS. P. falciparum msp1 and msp2 genetic diversity in P. falciparum single and mixed infection with P. malariae among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102590. [PMID: 35472441 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic countries. However, very little is known about their interactions especially the effect of P. malariae on P. falciparum genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess P. falciparum genetic diversity in P. falciparum and mixed infection P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates among the asymptomatic populations in Southern Benin. Two hundred and fifty blood samples (125 of P. falciparum and 125 P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates) were analysed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. The R033 allelic family was the most represented for the msp1 gene in mono and mixed infection isolates (99.2% vs 86.4%), while the K1 family had the lowest frequency (38.3% vs 20.4%). However, with the msp2 gene, the two allelic families displayed similar frequencies in P. falciparum isolates while the 3D7 allelic family was more represented in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (88.7%). Polyclonal infections were also lower (62.9%) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). Overall, 96 individual alleles were identified (47 for msp1 and 49 for msp2) in P. falciparum isolates while a total of 50 individual alleles were identified (23 for msp1 and 27 for msp2) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates. The Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) was lower in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). This study revealed a lower genetic diversity of P. falciparum in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates using msp1 and msp2 genes among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hamirath Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre M Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga D Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Centre Region, 237, Cameroon
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 384 Ouidah, Bénin
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Ullah I, Khan A, Israr M, Shah M, Shams S, Khan W, Shah M, Siraj M, Akbar K, Naz T, Afridi SG. Genomic miscellany and allelic frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1, msp-2 and glurp in parasite isolates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264654. [PMID: 35259187 PMCID: PMC8903261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
The genomic miscellany of malaria parasites can help inform the intensity of malaria transmission and identify potential deficiencies in malaria control programs. This study was aimed at investigating the genomic miscellany, allele frequencies, and MOI of P. falciparum infection.
Methods
A total of 85 P. falciparum confirmed isolates out of 100 were included in this study that were collected from P. falciparum patients aged 4 months to 60 years in nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Parasite DNA was extracted from 200µL whole blood samples using the Qiagen DNA extraction kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. The polymorphic regions of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp loci were genotyped using nested PCR followed by gel electrophoresis for amplified fragments identification and subsequent data analysis.
Results
Out of 85 P. falciparum infections detected, 30 were msp-1 and 32 were msp-2 alleles specific. Successful amplification occurred in 88.23% (75/85) isolates for msp-1, 78.9% (67/85) for msp-2 and 70% (60/85) for glurp gene. In msp-1, the K1 allelic family was predominantly prevalent as 66.66% (50/75), followed by RO33 and MAD20. The frequency of samples with single infection having only K1, MAD20 and RO33 were 21.34% (16/75), 8% (6/75), and 10.67% (8/75), respectively. In msp-2, both the FC27 and 3D7 allelic families revealed almost the same frequencies as 70.14% (47/67) and 67.16% (45/67), respectively. Nine glurp RII region alleles were identified in 60 isolates. The overall mean multiplicity of infection for msp genes was 1.6 with 1.8 for msp-1 and 1.4 for msp-2, while for glurp the MOI was 1.03. There was no significant association between multiplicity of infection and age groups (Spearman’s rank coefficient = 0.050; P = 0.6) while MOI and parasite density correlated for only msp-2 allelic marker.
Conclusions
The study showed high genetic diversity and allelic frequency with multiple clones of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp in P. falciparum isolates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In the present study the genotype data may provide valuable information essential for monitoring the impact of malaria eradication efforts in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Asifullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Israr
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Mohibullah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Shams
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Waliullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muzafar Shah
- Centre for Animal Sciences & Fisheries, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Siraj
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Kehkashan Akbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Naz
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Ralinoro F, Rakotomanga TA, Rakotosaona R, Doll Rakoto DA, Menard D, Jeannoda V, Ratsimbasoa A. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in three malaria transmission settings in Madagascar. Malar J 2021; 20:239. [PMID: 34044837 PMCID: PMC8161981 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from various malaria transmission settings could help to define tailored local strategies for malaria control and elimination. Such assessments are currently scarce in Madagascar. The study presented here aimed to bridge this gap by investigating the genetic diversity of P. falciparum populations in three epidemiological strata (Equatorial, Tropical and Fringes) in Madagascar. METHODS Two-hundred and sixty-six P. falciparum isolates were obtained from patients with uncomplicated malaria enrolled in clinical drug efficacy studies conducted at health centres in Tsaratanana (Equatorial stratum), Antanimbary (Tropical stratum) and Anjoma Ramartina (Fringes) in 2013 and 2016. Parasite DNA was extracted from blood samples collected before anti-malarial treatment. Plasmodium species were identified by nested PCR targeting the 18 S rRNA gene. The genetic profiles of P. falciparum parasites were defined by allele-specific nested PCR on the polymorphic regions of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes. RESULTS Fifty-eight alleles were detected in the P. falciparum samples tested: 18 alleles for msp-1 and 40 for msp-2. K1 (62.9%, 139/221) and FC27 (69.5%, 114/164) were the principal msp-1 and msp-2 allele families detected, although the proportions of the msp-1 and msp-2 alleles varied significantly between sites. Polyclonal infections were more frequent at sites in the Equatorial stratum (69.8%) than at sites in the Tropical stratum (60.5%) or Fringes (58.1%). Population genetics analyses showed that genetic diversity was similar between sites and that parasite flow within sites was limited. CONCLUSIONS This study provides recent information about the genetic diversity of P. falciparum populations in three transmission strata in Madagascar, and valuable baseline data for further evaluation of the impact of the control measures implemented in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezantsoa Ralinoro
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Tovonahary Angelo Rakotomanga
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit and INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur Paris, Paris, France
| | - Victor Jeannoda
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Arsene Ratsimbasoa
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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Wang Q, Zhang Z, Yu W, Lu C, Li G, Pan Z, Zhang H, Wu W, Oubou TA, Yuan Y, Guo J, Liang Y, Huang X, Guo W, Li C, Julie `N, Xu Q, Sanwogou L, Song J, Deng C. Surveillance of the Efficacy of Artemisinin-Piperaquine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Among Children Under 5 Years of Age in Est-Mono District, Togo, in 2017. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:784. [PMID: 32581785 PMCID: PMC7291391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major public health concern in Togo. The Est-Mono district of Togo has a population of 150,000. Accordingly, the Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China and the Ministry of Health and Social Security, Togo launched a nationwide Mass Drug Administration Project with artemisinin-piperaquine (AP) in Est-Mono. Before launching this project, the sensitivity test of AP was conducted in a general clinic in Elawagnon, Togo. With this background, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of AP for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children under the age of 5 years. METHODS Children aged 6-59 months with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled in this study. The selected patients were treated with a combination regime of artemisinin-piperaquine. The patients were followed up for 28 days, during which signs of the following were observed for: the duration for fever clearance, parasitemia density, gametophyte generation, cure rate, hemoglobin level, and merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2) polymorphism. The primary end point was a 28-day cure rate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected reinfection and recrudescence. This research followed the standardized World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for the assessment of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. RESULTS A total of 91 children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled in this study. Adequate clinical and parasitological responses (ACPRs) before and after PCR-correction were 66 (73%) and 90 (99%), respectively. The average hemoglobin level in the patient increased by 0.05 g/dl per day (p < 0.0001) after the treatment. The gametophyte generation did not decline at the beginning of the treatment; however, after 14 days, it declined (day 21: p < 0.05; day 28: p < 0.01). In the msp-2 polymorphism study of 24 children treated for parasite infection, one case of msp-2 with 3D7 haplotype and FC27 haplotype was noted, indicating its recrudescence, with a frequency of 4%. The remaining 23 cases could have been of reinfection, with a frequency of 96%. No serious adverse reactions occurred, and AP was well-tolerated by all patients. CONCLUSION Artemisinin-piperaquine was found to be an effective combination for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children aged <5 years in Togo, and the drugs were well-tolerated. In Togo, Plasmodium falciparum remains sensitive to artemisinin-piperaquine, necessitating its trial in this region. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: ECGPHCM No. B2017-054-01; MHSST AVIS N° 0001/2016/CBRS du 07 janvier 2016. Registered 17 March 2014, http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/eap/main.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Lu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoming Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Pan
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinah Atcha Oubou
- Tinah ATCHA OUBOU, National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Security, Lome, Togo
| | - Yueming Yuan
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - `Nadia Julie
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Low genetic diversity and complexity of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections among febrile patients in low transmission areas in Senegal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215755. [PMID: 31022221 PMCID: PMC6483351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Submicroscopic Plasmodium infections are common in malaria endemic countries, but very little studies have been done in Senegal. This study investigates the genetic diversity and complexity of submicroscopic P. falciparum infections among febrile patients in low transmission areas in Senegal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred and fifty blood samples were collected from febrile individuals living in Dielmo and Ndiop (Senegal) between August 2014 and January 2015, tested for microscopic and sub-microscopic P. falciparum infections and characterized for their genetic diversity and complexity of infections using msp-1 and msp-2 genotyping. RESULTS Submicroscopic P. falciparum infections were 19.6% and 25% in Dielmo and Ndiop, respectively. K1 and 3D7 were the predominant msp-1 and msp-2 allelic types with respective frequencies of 67.36% and 67.10% in microscopic isolates and 58.24% and 78% in submicroscopic ones. Frequencies of msp-1 allelic types were statistically comparable between the studied groups (p>0.05), and were respectively 93.54% vs 87.5% for K1, 60% vs 54.83% for MAD20 and 41.93% vs 22.5% for RO33 while frequencies of msp-2 allelic types were significantly highest in the microscopy group for FC27 (41.93% vs 10%, Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.001) and 3D7 (61.29% vs 32.5%, Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.02). Multiplicities of infection were lowest in submicroscopic P. falciparum isolates. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a high submicroscopic P. falciparum carriage among patients in the study areas, and that submicroscopic P. falciparum isolates had a lower genetic diversity and complexity of malaria infections.
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Chen JT, Li J, Zha GC, Huang G, Huang ZX, Xie DD, Zhou X, Mo HT, Eyi JUM, Matesa RA, Obono MMO, Li S, Liu XZ, Lin M. Genetic diversity and allele frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 in parasite isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 2018; 17:458. [PMID: 30526609 PMCID: PMC6286607 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still a serious public health problem on Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), although the number of annual cases has been greatly reduced since 2004 through the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project (BIMCP). A better understanding of malaria parasite population diversity and transmission dynamics is critical for assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures. The objective of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and multiplicity of infection (MOI) on Bioko Island 7 years after BIMCP. METHODS A total of 181 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria diagnosed with microscopy were collected from Bioko Island from January 2011 to December 2014. Parasite DNA was extracted using chelex-100 and species were identified using a real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melting. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 allelic families were determined using nested PCR. RESULTS Three msp1 alleles (K1, MAD20, and RO33) and two msp2 alleles (FC27 and 3D7) were analysed in all samples. In msp1, the MAD20 allelic family was predominant with 96.69% (175/178) followed respectively by the K1 allelic family with 96.07% (171/178) and R033 allelic family with 70.78% (126/178). In msp2, the FC27 allelic family was the most frequently detected with 97.69% (169/173) compared to 3D7 with 72.25% (125/173). Twenty-six different alleles were observed in msp1 with 9 alleles for K1, 9 alleles for MAD20 and 8 alleles for R033. In msp2, 25 individual alleles were detected with 5 alleles for FC27 and 20 alleles for 3D7. The overall MOI was 5.51 with respectively 3.5 and 2.01 for msp1 and msp2. A significant increase in overall MOI was correlated with the age group of the patients (P = 0.026) or parasite densities (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The present data showed high genetic diversity and MOI values among the P. falciparum population in the study, reflecting both the high endemic level and malaria transmission on Bioko Island. These data provide valuable information for surveillance of P. falciparum infection and for assessing the appropriateness of the current malarial control strategies in the endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Chen
- Laboratory Medical Center, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- The Chinese Medical Aid Team to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Cai Zha
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Huang
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Huang
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-De Xie
- The Chinese Medical Aid Team to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Tong Mo
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Rocio Apicante Matesa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Shan Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Liu
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Lin
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Mohammed H, Kassa M, Assefa A, Tadesse M, Kebede A. Genetic polymorphism of Merozoite Surface Protein-2 (MSP-2) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pawe District, North West Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177559. [PMID: 28542247 PMCID: PMC5438166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In malaria endemic regions, Plasmodium falciparum infection is characterized by extensive genetic diversity. Describing this diversity provides important information about the local malaria situation. This study was conducted to evaluate the extent of genetic diversity of P. falciparum in Pawe district, North West Ethiopia, using the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein 2 gene. Methods Atotal of 92 isolates from patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum attending Pawe Health Centre were collected from September to December 2013. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex method and analyzed by length polymorphism following gel electrophoresis of DNA products from nested PCR of msp2 (block 3), targeting allelic families of FC27 and 3D7/IC. Results There were twenty-two different msp2 alleles, 11 corresponding to the 3D7/ IC and 11 to the FC27 allelic family. The frequency of isolates of the msp2 3D7/IC allelic familywas higher (51%) compared to FC27 (49%). The majority of the isolates (76%) contained multiple infections andthe overall mean multiplicity of infection was 2.8 (CI 95% 2.55–3.03). The heterozygosity index was 0.66 for msp2. There was no statically significant difference in the multiplicity of infection by age or parasite density. Conclusions The results of this study show that P.falciparum polymorphismsare extensive in Northwest Ethiopia and most of the infections are composed of multiple clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammed
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Moges Kassa
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Tadesse
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amha Kebede
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Microsatellite Genotyping of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Pregnant Women in Four Malaria Endemic Countries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152447. [PMID: 27011010 PMCID: PMC4807005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite and the main cause of human malaria outside the African continent. However, the knowledge about the genetic variability of P. vivax is limited when compared to the information available for P. falciparum. We present the results of a study aimed at characterizing the genetic structure of P. vivax populations obtained from pregnant women from different malaria endemic settings. Between June 2008 and October 2011 nearly 2000 pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal care at each site and followed up until delivery. A capillary blood sample from the study participants was collected for genotyping at different time points. Seven P. vivax microsatellite markers were used for genotypic characterization on a total of 229 P. vivax isolates obtained from Brazil, Colombia, India and Papua New Guinea. In each population, the number of alleles per locus, the expected heterozygosity and the levels of multilocus linkage disequilibrium were assessed. The extent of genetic differentiation among populations was also estimated. Six microsatellite loci on 137 P. falciparum isolates from three countries were screened for comparison. The mean value of expected heterozygosity per country ranged from 0.839 to 0.874 for P. vivax and from 0.578 to 0.758 for P. falciparum. P. vivax populations were more diverse than those of P. falciparum. In some of the studied countries, the diversity of P. vivax population was very high compared to the respective level of endemicity. The level of inter-population differentiation was moderate to high in all P. vivax and P. falciparum populations studied.
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Hamid MMA, Mohammed SB, El Hassan IM. Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates in Central Sudan Inferred by PCR Genotyping of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 and 2. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:95-101. [PMID: 23641369 PMCID: PMC3624726 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum diversity is commonly achieved by amplification of the polymorphic regions of the merozoite surface proteins 1 (MSP1) and 2 (MSP2) genes. AIMS The present study aimed to determine the allelic variants distribution of MSP1 and MSP2 and multiplicity of infection in P. falciparum field isolates from Kosti, central Sudan, an area characterized by seasonal malaria transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 121 samples (N = 121) were collected during a cross-sectional survey between March and April 2003. DNA was extracted and MSP1 and MSP2 polymorphic loci were genotyped. RESULTS The total number of alleles identified in MSP1 block 2 was 11, while 16 alleles were observed in MSP2 block 3. In MSP1, RO33 was found to be the predominant allelic type, carried alone or in combination with MAD20 and K1 types, whereas FC27 family was the most prevalent in MSP2. Sixty two percent of isolates had multiple genotypes and the overall mean multiplicity of infection was 1.93 (CI 95% 1.66-2.20). Age correlated with parasite density (P = 0.017). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between parasite densities and the number of alleles (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Genetic diversity in P. falciparum field isolates in central Sudan was high and consisted of multiple clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil M Abdel Hamid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Awaga KL, Missihoun TD, Karou SD, Djadou KE, Chabi NW, Akati A, Lawson-Hukportie A, Amevo K, Djegno K, Guéant JL, Sanni A, Amouzou SKE. Genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic individuals in the maritime region of Togo. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 17:153-60. [PMID: 22074288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the genotype prevalence and the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the maritime region of Togo. METHODS We enrolled 309 symptomatic individuals aged from 6 months to 15 years from Bè/Lomé and Tsévié, two malaria endemic zones. The number and the proportions of merozoite surface proteins 1, 2 and 3 genotypes in patients were determined using capillary electrophoresis genotyping. We further investigated the possible association between transaminases and homocysteine, and the severity of the disease. RESULTS Of the 309 samples genotyped, 210 tested positive to msp-1, 227 to msp-2 and 193 to msp-3. The nested PCR revealed 22 different alleles for the allelic family msp-1, 33 for msp-2 and 13 for msp-3. At each locus, the family distribution was 54.58% of K1, 25% of MAD20 and 20.42% of RO33 for msp-1, and 51.71% and 48.29% of FC27 and 3D7, respectively, for msp-2. For all these allelic variants, the distribution was associated with neither the severity of malaria nor the zone of habitation. Pearson correlation coefficients between either the levels of homocysteine or the transaminase and the severity of the disease were very low. CONCLUSION The severity of malaria was not associated with higher multiplicity of infections and did not appear restricted to particular genotypes. More comprehensive explorations including immunity, genetic factors, nutritional and sociologic status of the population could clarify the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwami L Awaga
- Département de Biochimie/Nutrition, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Lomé (FDS-UL), Lomé, Togo
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Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Malar J 2011; 10:276. [PMID: 21936949 PMCID: PMC3195763 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The characterization of malaria parasite populations circulating in an area is part of site characterization, as a basis for evaluating the impact of malaria interventions on genetic diversity, parasite species, and multiplicity of infection. The present study was aimed at analysing genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (MSP-1 and MSP-2) and to determine the multiplicity of infection in clinical isolates collected from children living in the Southern district of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo. Methods A total of 125 isolates from patients with uncomplicated malaria attending Terinkyo and Madibou health centres were collected between January and June 2005 while evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of amodiaquine-artesunate combination. DNA was extracted and msp-1 and msp-2 genes were genotyped using allele-specific nested-PCR. Results Out of 468 distinct fragments detected, 15 msp-1 and 20 msp-2 genotypes were identified. For the msp-1 gene, K1 family was the predominant allelic type carried alone or in association with RO33 and Mad20 types, whereas the 3D7 family was the most prevalent in the msp-2 gene. Overall, the mean multiplicity of infection was 2.2. Out of 125 samples, 104 (83%) harboured more than one parasite genotype. There was no statistical significant difference in the multiplicity of infection by either sex or age of patients. However, a statistically significant correlation was found between parasite densities and the number of genotypes. Conclusion Polymorphism in P. falciparum clinical isolates from Brazzaville was high and mainly of multiple clones. The basis for the positive association between parasite densities and multiplicity of infection is discussed.
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Goumba AI, Konamna X, Komas NP. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of a hepatitis E outbreak in Bangui, Central African Republic. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:93. [PMID: 21492477 PMCID: PMC3089785 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of hepatitis E frequently occur in tropical developing countries during the rainy season due to overflowing drains, short-circuiting of networks of clean water and use of contaminated water from wells. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are usually accompanied by general symptoms of acute liver disease. This study was conducted to define the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the HEV outbreak that occurred in May 2004 in Bangui. Methods Blood samples were collected from 411 patients aged 1-87 years, most of whom presented with jaundice, asthenia or signs of uncomplicated malaria, for a transversal study from June 2004 to September 2005. Patients were recruited at 11 health care centres, including two referral hospitals, after they had given informed consent. The diagnosis of HEV was made with a commercial ELISA test to detect IgM and/or IgG antibodies. HEV RNA was amplified by RT-PCR to confirm the presence of the viral genome. Results The most frequent clinical signs found were jaundice (93.4%), vomiting (50.7%), hepatalgia (47.4%), hepatomegaly (30.9%) and asthenia (26.8%), which are the general clinical signs of hepatic disease. Acute hepatitis E was found in 213 patients (51.8%) who were positive for HEV IgM antibodies. The IgG anti-HEV seroprevalence during this outbreak was high (79.5%). The age group 18-34 years was more frequently infected (91.2%) than those aged 1-17 (78.0%) or over 34 (64.9%) (p < 10-6). RT-PCR performed on 127 sera from the 213 IgM-HEV-positive patients was amplified, and the presence of the viral genome was found in 65 samples. Conclusion Although no specific clinical signs exist for hepatitis E infection, people presenting with jaundice, vomiting, hepatalgia, asthenia, hepatomegaly or distended abdomen with no signs of uncomplicated malaria in tropical developing countries should be sent to a laboratory for testing for hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice I Goumba
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
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