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Eskew EA, Bird BH, Ghersi BM, Bangura J, Basinski AJ, Amara E, Bah MA, Kanu MC, Kanu OT, Lavalie EG, Lungay V, Robert W, Vandi MA, Fichet-Calvet E, Nuismer SL. Reservoir displacement by an invasive rodent reduces Lassa virus zoonotic spillover risk. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3589. [PMID: 38678025 PMCID: PMC11055883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a globally invasive species that has been widely introduced across Africa. Within its invasive range in West Africa, R. rattus may compete with the native rodent Mastomys natalensis, the primary reservoir host of Lassa virus, a zoonotic pathogen that kills thousands annually. Here, we use rodent trapping data from Sierra Leone and Guinea to show that R. rattus presence reduces M. natalensis density within the human dwellings where Lassa virus exposure is most likely to occur. Further, we integrate infection data from M. natalensis to demonstrate that Lassa virus zoonotic spillover risk is lower at sites with R. rattus. While non-native species can have numerous negative effects on ecosystems, our results suggest that R. rattus invasion has the indirect benefit of decreasing zoonotic spillover of an endemic pathogen, with important implications for invasive species control across West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Eskew
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Brian H Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruno M Ghersi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Basinski
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Mohamed A Bah
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott L Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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2
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Votýpka J, Stříbrná E, Modrý D, Bryja J, Bryjová A, Lukeš J. Unexpectedly high diversity of trypanosomes in small sub-saharan mammals. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:647-658. [PMID: 35882298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extremely species-rich genus Trypanosoma has recently been divided into 16 subgenera, most of which show fairly high host specificity, including the subgenus Herpetosoma parasitizing mainly rodents. Although most Herpetosoma spp. are highly host-specific, the best-known representative, Trypanosoma lewisi, has a cosmopolitan distribution and low host specificity. The present study investigates the general diversity of small mammal trypanosomes in East and Central Africa and the penetration of invasive T. lewisi into communities of native rodents. An extensive study of blood and tissue samples from Afrotropical micromammals (1,528 rodents, 135 shrews, and five sengis belonging to 37 genera and 133 species) captured in the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia revealed 187 (11.2%) trypanosome-positive individuals. The prevalence of trypanosomes in host genera ranged from 2.1% in Aethomys to 37.1% in Lemniscomys. The only previously known trypanosome detected in our dataset was T. lewisi, newly found in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania in a wide range of native rodent hosts. Besides T. lewisi, 18S rRNA sequencing revealed 48 additional unique Herpetosoma genotypes representing at least 15 putative new species, which doubles the known sequence-based diversity of this subgenus, and approaches the true species richness in the study area. The other two genotypes represent two new species belonging to the subgenera Ornithotrypanum and Squamatrypanum. The trypanosomes of white-toothed shrews (Crocidura spp.) form a new phylogroup of Herpetosoma, unrelated to flagellates previously detected in insectivores. With 13 documented species, Ethiopia was the richest region for trypanosome diversity, which corresponds to the very diverse environments and generally high biodiversity of this country. We conclude that besides T. lewisi, the subgenus Herpetosoma is highly host-specific (e.g., species parasitizing the rodent genera Acomys and Gerbilliscus). Furthermore, several newly detected trypanosome species are specific to their endemic hosts, such as brush-furred mice (Lophuromys), dormice (Graphiurus), and white-toothed shrews (Crocidura).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Stříbrná
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bryjová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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3
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Borges AR, Engstler M, Wolf M. 18S rRNA gene sequence-structure phylogeny of the Trypanosomatida (Kinetoplastea, Euglenozoa) with special reference to Trypanosoma. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125824. [PMID: 34352687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the order Trypanosomatida are known due to their medical relevance. Despite the progress made in the past decades on understanding the evolution of this group of organisms, there are still many open questions that require robust phylogenetic markers to increase the resolution of trees. Using two known 18S rRNA gene template structures (from Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 and Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer and Bradford, 1899), individual 18S rRNA gene secondary structures were predicted by homology modeling. Sequences and their secondary structures, automatically encoded by a 12-letter alphabet (each nucleotide with its three structural states, paired left, paired right, unpaired), were simultaneously aligned. Sequence-structure trees were generated by neighbor joining and/or maximum likelihood. The reconstructed trees allowed us to discuss not only the big picture of trypanosomatid phylogeny but also a comprehensive sampling of trypanosomes evaluated in the context of trypanosomatid diversity. The robust support (bootstrap > 75) for well-known clades and critical branches suggests that the simultaneous use of 18S rRNA sequence and secondary structure data can reconstruct robust phylogenetic trees and can be used by the trypanosomatid research community for future analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Mangombi JB, N’dilimabaka N, Lekana-Douki JB, Banga O, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Bourgarel M, Leroy E, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. First investigation of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses in rodents and shrews in context of forest-savannah-urban areas interface in the city of Franceville (Gabon). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248244. [PMID: 33684147 PMCID: PMC7939261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are reservoirs of numerous zoonotic diseases caused by bacteria, protozoans, or viruses. In Gabon, the circulation and maintenance of rodent-borne zoonotic infectious agents are poorly studied and are often limited to one type of pathogen. Among the three existing studies on this topic, two are focused on a zoonotic virus, and the third is focused on rodent Plasmodium. In this study, we searched for a wide range of bacteria, protozoa and viruses in different organs of rodents from the town of Franceville in Gabon. Samples from one hundred and ninety-eight (198) small mammals captured, including two invasive rodent species, five native rodent species and 19 shrews belonging to the Soricidae family, were screened. The investigated pathogens were bacteria from the Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae families, Mycoplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Orientia spp., Occidentia spp., Leptospira spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Coxiella burnetii, and Yersinia pestis; parasites from class Kinetoplastida spp. (Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp.), Piroplasmidae spp., and Toxoplasma gondii; and viruses from Paramyxoviridae, Hantaviridae, Flaviviridae and Mammarenavirus spp. We identified the following pathogenic bacteria: Anaplasma spp. (8.1%; 16/198), Bartonella spp. (6.6%; 13/198), Coxiella spp. (5.1%; 10/198) and Leptospira spp. (3.5%; 7/198); and protozoans: Piroplasma sp. (1%; 2/198), Toxoplasma gondii (0.5%; 1/198), and Trypanosoma sp. (7%; 14/198). None of the targeted viral genes were detected. These pathogens were found in Gabonese rodents, mainly Lophuromys sp., Lemniscomys striatus and Praomys sp. We also identified new genotypes: Candidatus Bartonella gabonensis and Uncultured Anaplasma spp. This study shows that rodents in Gabon harbor some human pathogenic bacteria and protozoans. It is necessary to determine whether the identified microorganisms are capable of undergoing zoonotic transmission from rodents to humans and if they may be responsible for human cases of febrile disease of unknown etiology in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Braïthe Mangombi
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine N’dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Octavie Banga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo
- Département Epidémiologie-Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale (DEBIM), Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-UM, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, Marseille, France
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5
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Native and Invasive Small Mammals in Urban Habitats along the Commercial Axis Connecting Benin and Niger, West Africa. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on compiled small mammal trapping data collected over 12 years from Benin and Niger (3701 individual records from 66 sampling sites), located in mainland Africa, we here describe the small mammal community assemblage in urban habitats along the commercial axis connecting the two countries, from the seaport of Cotonou to the Sahelian hinterland, with a particular focus on invasive species. In doing so, we document extant species distributions, which highlight the risks of continuing the range expansion of three synanthropic invasive rodent species, namely black rats (Rattus rattus), brown rats (R. norvegicus), and house mice (Mus musculus). Using various diversity estimates and community ecology approaches, we detect a latitudinal gradient of species richness that significantly decreased Northward. We show that shrews (Crocidura) represent a very important component of micro-mammal fauna in West African towns and villages, especially at lower latitudes. We also demonstrate that invasive and native synanthropic rodents do not distribute randomly in West Africa, which suggests that invasive species dynamics and history differ markedly, and that they involve gradual, as well as human-mediated, long distance dispersal. Patterns of segregation are also observed between native Mastomys natalensis and invasive rats R. rattus and R. norvegicus, suggesting potential native-to-invasive species turn over. Consequences of such processes, especially in terms of public health, are discussed.
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6
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Garcia HA, Rangel CJ, Ortíz PA, Calzadilla CO, Coronado RA, Silva AJ, Pérez AM, Lecuna JC, García ME, Aguirre AM, Teixeira MMG. Zoonotic Trypanosomes in Rats and Fleas of Venezuelan Slums. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:523-533. [PMID: 31583491 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rattus spp. are reservoirs of many human zoonoses, but their role in domestic transmission cycles of human trypanosomiasis is underestimated. In this study, we report trypanosome-infected Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in human dwellings in slums neighboring Maracay, a large city near Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. Blood samples of R. norvegicus and R. rattus examined by PCR and FFLB (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) revealed a prevalence of 6.3% / 31.1% for Trypanosoma lewisi (agent of rat- and flea-borne human emergent zoonosis), and 10.5% / 24.6% for Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease). Detection in flea guts of T. lewisi (76%) and, unexpectedly, T. cruzi (21.3%) highlighted the role of fleas as carriers and vectors of these trypanosomes. A high prevalence of rats infected with T. lewisi and T. cruzi and respective flea and triatomine vectors poses a serious risk of human trypanosomiasis in Venezuelan slums. Anthropogenic activities responsible for growing rat and triatomine populations within human dwellings drastically increased human exposure to trypanosomes. This scenario has allowed for the reemergence of Chagas disease as an urban zoonosis in Venezuela and can propitiate the emergence of atypical T. lewisi infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.
| | - Carlos J Rangel
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Paola A Ortíz
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos O Calzadilla
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Raul A Coronado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Arturo J Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Arlett M Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Jesmil C Lecuna
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Maria E García
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Aixa M Aguirre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
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7
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Dobigny G, Gauthier P, Houéménou G, Dossou HJ, Badou S, Etougbétché J, Tatard C, Truc P. Spatio-temporal survey of small mammal-borne Trypanosoma lewisi in Cotonou, Benin, and the potential risk of human infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103967. [PMID: 31344489 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomoses are the sleeping sickness in Africa and Chagas disease in Latin America. However, atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes have been described, but poorly investigated. Among them, the supposed rat-specific T. lewisi was shown to be responsible for a few severe cases. In Africa, the scarcity of data and the null awareness about the atypical human trypanosomoses suggest that the number of cases may be higher that currently thought. Furthermore, T. lewisi is resistant to normal human serum and therefore a potential human pathogen. In order to document T. lewisi distribution and ecology, a qPCR- and 16DNA sequencing-based survey was conducted in 369 rodents from three urban districts of Cotonou city, Benin, during three different periods of the same year. Our study demonstrated very high prevalence (57.2%) even when considering only individuals identified as positive through DNA sequencing (39.2%). Black rats represented the most dominant as well as the most T. lewisi-parasitized species. No difference was retrieved neither between seasons nor districts, suggesting a large infestation of rodents by trypanosomes throughout the year and the city. Our results suggest that conditions are gathered for rat to human transmission of T. lewisi in these socio-environmentally degraded urban areas, thus pointing towards the rapidly urbanizing Abidjan-Lagos corridor as a region at particular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dobigny
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France; Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - P Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
| | - G Houéménou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - H J Dossou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Institut de Géographie, d'Aménagement du Territoire et d'Environnement, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - S Badou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - J Etougbétché
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - C Tatard
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR CBGP (IRD, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
| | - P Truc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR InterTryp 177 (IRD, Cirad), Montpellier Université d'Excellence, France
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8
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Rodrigues MS, Lima L, Xavier SCDC, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Roque ALR, Teixeira MMG, Jansen AM. Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 8:171-181. [PMID: 30847276 PMCID: PMC6389730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma spp. infection in wild mammals is detected mainly through parasitological tests that usually display low sensitivity. We propose the use of DNA extracted directly from blood clots (BC), which are neglected sources of DNA for diagnosis and identification of Trypanosoma spp. This approach followed by nested PCR targeting the 18S SSU rDNA demonstrated to be sensitive and suitable to evaluate the diversity of trypanosomes infecting sylvatic mammals, including subpatent and mixed infections. Infection was detected in 95/120 (79.2%) samples from bats, carnivores and marsupials that included negative serological and hemoculture testing mammals. Thirteen Trypanosoma spp. or Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were identified, including two new MOTUs. The high diversity of trypanosomes species and MOTUs infecting bats and marsupials showed that these hosts can be considered as bio-accumulators of Trypanosoma spp., with specimens of Didelphis spp. displaying the highest trypanosome diversity. The use of blood clots allowed direct access to non-culturable parasites, mixed infections, besides bypassing the selective pressure on the parasites inherent to cultivation procedures. Trypanosoma cruzi was the species found infecting the highest number of individuals, followed by T. lainsoni. Positive PCR for T. cruzi was observed in 16 seronegative individuals and 30 individuals with negative hemocultures. Also, T. lainsoni, previously found only in rodents, showed to be capable of infecting bats and marsupials. This finding makes it clear that some species of Trypanosoma are more generalist than previously thought. Molecular diagnosis using nested PCR from DNA extracted from BC allowed the increase of the knowledge about host-spectrum and distribution of Trypanosoma spp. and allowed the identification of new MOTUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Cassan C, Diagne CA, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Dalecky A, Bâ K, Kane M, Niang Y, Diallo M, Sow A, Brouat C, Bañuls AL. Leishmania major and Trypanosoma lewisi infection in invasive and native rodents in Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006615. [PMID: 29958273 PMCID: PMC6042788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinvasion is a major public health issue because it can lead to the introduction of pathogens in new areas and favours the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Rodents are prominent invasive species, and act as reservoirs in many zoonotic infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the link between the distribution and spread of two parasite taxa (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma lewisi) and the progressive invasion of Senegal by two commensal rodent species (the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus and the black rat Rattus rattus). M. m. domesticus and R. rattus have invaded the northern part and the central/southern part of the country, respectively. Native and invasive rodents were caught in villages and cities along the invasion gradients of both invaders, from coastal localities towards the interior of the land. Molecular diagnosis of the two trypanosomatid infections was performed using spleen specimens. In the north, neither M. m. domesticus nor the native species were carriers of these parasites. Conversely, in the south, 17.5% of R. rattus were infected by L. major and 27.8% by T. lewisi, while very few commensal native rodents were carriers. Prevalence pattern along invasion gradients, together with the knowledge on the geographical distribution of the parasites, suggested that the presence of the two parasites in R. rattus in Senegal is of different origins. Indeed, the invader R. rattus could have been locally infected by the native parasite L. major. Conversely, it could have introduced the exotic parasite T. lewisi in Senegal, the latter appearing to be poorly transmitted to native rodents. Altogether, these data show that R. rattus is a carrier of both parasites and could be responsible for the emergence of new foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis, or for the transmission of atypical human trypanosomiasis in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cassan
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe A. Diagne
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Khalilou Bâ
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Kane
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamoudou Diallo
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aliou Sow
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Carine Brouat
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Rossi JP, Kadaouré I, Godefroid M, Dobigny G. Landscape epidemiology in urban environments: The example of rodent-borne Trypanosoma in Niamey, Niger. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 63:307-315. [PMID: 28987808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites found worldwide, infecting humans and animals. In the past decade, the number of reports on atypical human cases due to Trypanosoma lewisi or T. lewisi-like has increased urging to investigate the multiple factors driving the disease dynamics, particularly in cities where rodents and humans co-exist at high densities. In the present survey, we used a species distribution model, Maxent, to assess the spatial pattern of Trypanosoma-positive rodents in the city of Niamey. The explanatory variables were landscape metrics describing urban landscape composition and physiognomy computed from 8 land-cover classes. We computed the metrics around each data location using a set of circular buffers of increasing radii (20m, 40m, 60m, 80m and 100m). For each spatial resolution, we determined the optimal combination of feature class and regularization multipliers by fitting Maxent with the full dataset. Since our dataset was small (114 occurrences) we expected an important uncertainty associated to data partitioning into calibration and evaluation datasets. We thus performed 350 independent model runs with a training dataset representing a random subset of 80% of the occurrences and the optimal Maxent parameters. Each model yielded a map of habitat suitability over Niamey, which was transformed into a binary map implementing a threshold maximizing the sensitivity and the specificity. The resulting binary maps were combined to display the proportion of models that indicated a good environmental suitability for Trypanosoma-positive rodents. Maxent performed better with landscape metrics derived from buffers of 80m. Habitat suitability for Trypanosoma-positive rodents exhibited large patches linked to urban features such as patch richness and the proportion of landscape covered by concrete or tarred areas. Such inferences could be helpful in assessing areas at risk, setting of monitoring programs, public and medical staff awareness or even vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Rossi
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Martin Godefroid
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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11
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Diagnosis and genetic analysis of the worldwide distributed Rattus-borne Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi and its allied species in blood and fleas of rodents. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 63:380-390. [PMID: 28882517 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi is a cosmopolitan parasite of rodents strongly linked to the human dispersal of Rattus spp. from Asia to the rest of the world. This species is highly phylogenetically related to trypanosomes from other rodents (T. lewisi-like), and sporadically infects other mammals. T. lewisi may opportunistically infect humans, and has been considered an emergent rat-borne zoonosis associated to poverty. We developed the THeCATL-PCR based on Cathepsin L (CATL) sequences to specifically detect T. (Herpetosoma) spp., and assess their genetic diversity. This method exhibited high sensitivity using blood samples, and is the first molecular method employed to search for T. lewisi in its flea vectors. THeCATL-PCR surveys using simple DNA preparation from blood preserved in ethanol or filter paper detected T. lewisi in Rattus spp. from human dwellings in South America (Brazil and Venezuela), East Africa (Mozambique), and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR). In addition, native rodents captured in anthropogenic and nearby human settlements in natural habitats harbored T. (Herpetosoma) spp. PCR-amplified CATL gene fragments (253bp) distinguish T. lewisi and T. lewisi-like from other trypanosomes, and allow for assessment of genetic diversity and relationships among T. (Herpetosoma) spp. Our molecular surveys corroborated worldwide high prevalence of T. lewisi, incriminating Mastomys natalensis as an important carrier of this species in Africa, and supported its spillover from invader Rattus spp. to native rodents in Brazil and Mozambique. THeCATL-PCR provided new insights on the accurate diagnosis and genetic repertoire of T. (Herpetosoma) spp. in rodent and non-rodent hosts, revealing a novel species of this subgenus in an African gerbil. Phylogenetic analysis based on CATL sequences from T. (Herpetosoma) spp. and other trypanosomes (amplified using pan-trypanosome primers) uncovered rodents harboring, beyond mammal trypanosomes of different subgenera, some species that clustered in the lizard-snake clade of trypanosomes.
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12
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Rodent-borne Trypanosoma from cities and villages of Niger and Nigeria: A special role for the invasive genus Rattus? Acta Trop 2017; 171:151-158. [PMID: 28373037 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although they are known to sometimes infect humans, atypical trypanosomes are very poorly documented, especially in Africa where one lethal case has yet been described. Here we conducted a survey of rodent-borne Trypanosoma in 19 towns and villages of Niger and Nigeria, with a special emphasis on Niamey, the capital city of Niger. The 1298 rodents that were captured yielded 189 qPCR-positive animals from 14 localities, thus corresponding to a 14.6% overall prevalence. Rats, especially black rats, displayed particularly elevated prevalence (27.4%), with some well sampled sites showing 40-50% and up to 68.8% of Trypanosoma-carrying individuals. Rattus were also characterized by significantly lower Ct values than in the other non-Rattus species. DNA sequences could be obtained for 43 rodent-borne Trypanosoma and corresponded to 41 T. lewisi (all from Rattus) and 2 T. microti (from Cricetomys gambianus). These results, together with data compiled from the available literature, suggest that Rattus may play a particular role for the maintaining and circulation of Trypanosoma, especially T. lewisi, in Africa. Taken into account its strong abilities to invade coastal and inland regions of the continent, we believe that this genus deserves a particular attention in regards to potentially under-looked but emerging atypical trypanosome-related diseases.
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13
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Salzer JS, Pinto CM, Grippi DC, Williams-Newkirk AJ, Peterhans JK, Rwego IB, Carroll DS, Gillespie TR. Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:698-707. [PMID: 27655649 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Habitat disturbance and anthropogenic change are globally associated with extinctions and invasive species introductions. Less understood is the impact of environmental change on the parasites harbored by endangered, extinct, and introduced species. To improve our understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on such host-parasite interactions, we investigated an invasive trypanosome (Trypanosoma lewisi). We screened 348 individual small mammals, representing 26 species, from both forested and non-forested habitats in rural Uganda. Using microscopy and PCR, we identified 18% of individuals (order Rodentia) as positive for trypanosomes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed two trypanosomes circulating-T. lewisi and T. varani. T. lewisi was found in seven species both native and invasive, while T. varani was identified in only three native forest species. The lack of T. varani in non-forested habitats suggests that it is a natural parasite of forest-dwelling rodents. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbance may lead to spillover of an invasive parasite (T. lewisi) from non-native to native species, and lead to local co-extinction of a native parasite (T. varani) and native forest-dwelling hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Salzer
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - C Miguel Pinto
- Department of Mammalogy and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, PO Box 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dylan C Grippi
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Williams-Newkirk
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Julian Kerbis Peterhans
- College of Professional Studies, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Division of Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Math and Science Center 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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14
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Schwan TG, Lopez JE, Safronetz D, Anderson JM, Fischer RJ, Maïga O, Sogoba N. Fleas and trypanosomes of peridomestic small mammals in sub-Saharan Mali. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:541. [PMID: 27724960 PMCID: PMC5057378 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fleas are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites and vectors of several bacterial zoonotic pathogens as well as trypanosomes that parasitize rodents and other small mammals. During investigations of tick- and rodent-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa, we included fleas and rodent-borne trypanosomes, both of which are poorly known in this country, but are attracting greater public health interest. METHODS Small mammals were captured in 20 Malian villages from December 2007 to October 2011. Fleas were collected and identified to species, and thin blood smears were prepared, stained and examined microscopically for trypanosomes. RESULTS We captured 744 small mammals, 68 (9.1 %) of which yielded fleas. Two species of fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Xenopsylla nubica, were collected from six species of rodents and one species of shrew. Multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis, were hosts for 58.5 % of all fleas collected. Xenopsylla cheopis was found in the moister southern savannah while X. nubica was mostly restricted to the drier Sahel. Trypanosomes were found in 3 % of 724 blood smears, although 91 % of parasitemic animals originated from two villages where black rats (Rattus rattus) and M. natalensis were the primary hosts and X. cheopis the dominant flea. The trypanosomes were morphologically consistent with the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi group, flea-borne hemoflagellates that parasitize domestic rats. CONCLUSIONS Xenopsylla cheopis and trypanosomes parasitize peridomestic rats that commingle with people in southern Mali. Given the increasing awareness of flea-borne trypanosomes as possible human pathogens, we hope our findings will stimulate future investigators to examine the potential public health significance of flea-borne trypanosomosis in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Job E Lopez
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.,Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.,Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.,Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ousmane Maïga
- International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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15
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Berthier K, Garba M, Leblois R, Navascués M, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Gagaré S, Piry S, Brouat C, Dalecky A, Loiseau A, Dobigny G. Black rat invasion of inland Sahel: insights from interviews and population genetics in south-western Niger. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madougou Garba
- Université Abdou Moumouni; Faculté des Sciences; BP10662 Niamey Niger
| | - Raphael Leblois
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle; Montpellier France
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Miguel Navascués
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle; Montpellier France
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Sama Gagaré
- Centre Régional Agrhymet; BP11011 Niamey Niger
| | - Sylvain Piry
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Carine Brouat
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Ambroise Dalecky
- IRD; Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement (UMR AMU-IRD); Aix-Marseille Université; Centre Saint Charles; CS80249 13331 Marseille Cedex 03 France
| | - Anne Loiseau
- INRA; Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Gauthier Dobigny
- IRD; CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet; CS30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
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16
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Morand S, Bordes F, Chen HW, Claude J, Cosson JF, Galan M, Czirják GÁ, Greenwood AD, Latinne A, Michaux J, Ribas A. Global parasite and Rattus rodent invasions: The consequences for rodent-borne diseases. Integr Zool 2016; 10:409-23. [PMID: 26037785 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism-related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent-borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as "parasite release," "immunocompetence advantage," "biotic resistance" and "novel weapon." Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Morand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Hsuan-Wien Chen
- Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan, China
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Baillarguet, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR Biologie et Immunologie Parasitaire Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail ses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Baillarguet, France
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Latinne
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.,Conservation Genetics Unit, University of Liège 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Johan Michaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Conservation Genetics Unit, University of Liège 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, Thailand
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17
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Garba M, Dalecky A, Kadaoure I, Kane M, Hima K, Veran S, Gagare S, Gauthier P, Tatard C, Rossi JP, Dobigny G. Spatial segregation between invasive and native commensal rodents in an urban environment: a case study in Niamey, Niger. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110666. [PMID: 25379785 PMCID: PMC4224371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive rodents have been responsible for the diffusion worldwide of many zoonotic agents, thus representing major threats for public health. Cities are important hubs for people and goods exchange and are thus expected to play a pivotal role in invasive commensal rodent dissemination. Yet, data about urban rodents' ecology, especially invasive vs. native species interactions, are dramatically scarce. Here, we provide results of an extensive survey of urban rodents conducted in Niamey, Niger, depicting the early stages of rodent bioinvasions within a city. We explore the species-specific spatial distributions throughout the city using contrasted approaches, namely field sampling, co-occurrence analysis, occupancy modelling and indicator geostatistics. We show that (i) two species (i.e. rural-like vs. truly commensal) assemblages can be identified, and that (ii) within commensal rodents, invasive (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) and native (Mastomys natalensis) species are spatially segregated. Moreover, several pieces of arguments tend to suggest that these exclusive distributions reflect an ongoing native-to-invasive species turn over. The underlying processes as well as the possible consequences for humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madougou Garba
- Centre Régional Agrhymet, Département Formation Recherche, Niamey, Niger
- Université Abdou Moumouni, Faculté des Sciences, Niamey, Niger
- Direction Générale de la Protection des Végétaux, Ministère de l′Agriculture, Niamey, Niger
| | - Ambroise Dalecky
- IRD, Aix Marseille Université, LPED (UMR IRD-AMU), Marseille, France
- IRD, CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro Montpellier), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | | | - Mamadou Kane
- IRD, CBGP, Campus ISRA-IRD de Dakar-Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Karmadine Hima
- Université Abdou Moumouni, Faculté des Sciences, Niamey, Niger
| | - Sophie Veran
- INRA, CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Sama Gagare
- Centre Régional Agrhymet, Département Formation Recherche, Niamey, Niger
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- IRD, CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro Montpellier), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- INRA, CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Rossi
- INRA, CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Gauthier Dobigny
- Centre Régional Agrhymet, Département Formation Recherche, Niamey, Niger
- IRD, CBGP (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-SupAgro Montpellier), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Cottontail VM, Kalko EKV, Cottontail I, Wellinghausen N, Tschapka M, Perkins SL, Pinto CM. High local diversity of Trypanosoma in a common bat species, and implications for the biogeography and taxonomy of the T. cruzi clade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108603. [PMID: 25268381 PMCID: PMC4182490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma cruzi clade is a group of parasites that comprises T. cruzi sensu lato and its closest relatives. Although several species have been confirmed phylogenetically to belong to this clade, it is uncertain how many more species can be expected to belong into this group. Here, we present the results of a survey of trypanosome parasites of the bat Artibeus jamaicensis from the Panamá Canal Zone, an important seed disperser. Using a genealogical species delimitation approach, the Poisson tree processes (PTP), we tentatively identified five species of trypanosomes - all belonging to the T. cruzi clade. A small monophyletic group of three putative Trypanosoma species places at the base of the clade phylogeny, providing evidence for at least five independent colonization events of these parasites into the New World. Artibeus jamaicensis presents a high diversity of these blood parasites and is the vertebrate with the highest number of putative trypanosome species reported from a single locality. Our results emphasize the need for continued efforts to survey mammalian trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M. Cottontail
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth K. V. Kalko
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | | | - Nele Wellinghausen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Gaertner & Colleagues Laboratory, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - C. Miguel Pinto
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Effects of anthropogenic and demographic factors on patterns of parasitism in African small mammal communities. Parasitology 2014; 142:512-22. [PMID: 25262668 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Habitat disturbance often results in alterations in community structure of small mammals. Additionally, the parasites harboured by these small mammals may be impacted by environmental changes or indirectly affected by changes in available hosts. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we examined the patterns of parasitism in small mammal communities from a variety of habitats in forested Uganda. Small mammals were collected from areas experiencing variable habitat disturbance, host density and species richness. The analysis focused on 3 most abundant rodent species, Lophuromys aquilus, Praomys jacksoni and Hylomyscus stella, and a diverse group of parasites they harbour. The impact of various habitat and host community factors on parasite prevalence was examined using linear regression and Spearman's rank-order correlation. We further investigated the parasite communities associated with each individual using correspondence analysis. We determined that, parasite prevalence and richness may be occasionally influenced by community and habitat factors, but taxonomy is a driving force in influencing the parasite community harboured by an individual host. Ultimately, applying general principles across a broad range of disturbance levels and diverse host communities needs to be approached with caution in complex communities.
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Garba M, Kane M, Gagare S, Kadaoure I, Sidikou R, Rossi JP, Dobigny G. Local perception of rodent-associated problems in Sahelian urban areas: a survey in Niamey, Niger. Urban Ecosyst 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-013-0336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Konečný A, Estoup A, Duplantier JM, Bryja J, Bâ K, Galan M, Tatard C, Cosson JF. Invasion genetics of the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) in Senegal, West Africa. Mol Ecol 2012. [PMID: 23206272 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the evolutionary history and dynamics of invasive species is required for the construction of predictive models of future spread and the design of biological management measures. The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a major vertebrate invader with a worldwide distribution. Despite the severe ecological, economic and health impacts of this species, its evolutionary history has been little studied. We carried out extensive specimen sampling in Senegal, West Africa, and used microsatellite markers to describe the pattern and processes of invasion in this large continental area. The genetic data obtained were combined with historical knowledge concerning the presence of this species in Senegal. Data were analysed by a combination of Bayesian clustering and approximate Bayesian computation methods. The invasion pathways closely paralleled the history of human trade routes in Senegal. In several places, we detected the occurrence of multiple introductions from genetically different sources. Long-distance migration between towns and villages was also observed. Our findings suggest that genetic bottlenecks and admixture have played a major role in shaping the genetics of invasive black rats. These two processes may generate genetic novelty and favour rapid evolution along the invasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Konečný
- INRA, CBGP, Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, F-34988, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. White
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Corson Hall Ithaca New York 14853-2701 USA
- CMPG Lab; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Perkins
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Biomedical Sciences Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
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Yama IN, Cazaux B, Britton-Davidian J, Moureau G, Thirion L, de Lamballerie X, Dobigny G, Charrel RN. Isolation and characterization of a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from rodents in southwestern France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:893-903. [PMID: 22651393 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 821 tissue samples from rodents trapped during field campaigns organized in Europe and Africa were screened for the presence of arenaviruses by molecular methods and cell culture inoculation when feasible. Two Mus musculus domesticus trapped in the southwestern part of France were infected with a potentially new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), here referred to as LCMV strain HP65-2009, which was isolated and genetically characterized by whole genome sequencing. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses comparing LCMV HP65-2009 with 26 other LCMV strains showed that it represents a novel highly-divergent strain within the group of Mus musculus-associated LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines N Yama
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, IRD, Université de la Méditerranée II, Marseille, France.
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