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Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM, Bourtzis K, Bouyer J, Caceres C, de Beer C, Oliveira Carvalho D, Maiga H, Mamai W, Nikolouli K, Yamada H, Pereira R. The Insect Pest Control Laboratory of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme: Ten Years (2010-2020) of Research and Development, Achievements and Challenges in Support of the Sterile Insect Technique. INSECTS 2021; 12:346. [PMID: 33924539 PMCID: PMC8070182 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre (formerly called Division) of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture was established in 1964 and its accompanying laboratories in 1961. One of its subprograms deals with insect pest control, and has the mandate to develop and implement the sterile insect technique (SIT) for selected key insect pests, with the goal of reducing the use of insecticides, reducing animal and crop losses, protecting the environment, facilitating international trade in agricultural commodities and improving human health. Since its inception, the Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL) (formerly named Entomology Unit) has been implementing research in relation to the development of the SIT package for insect pests of crops, livestock and human health. This paper provides a review of research carried out between 2010 and 2020 at the IPCL. Research on plant pests has focused on the development of genetic sexing strains, characterizing and assessing the performance of these strains (e.g., Ceratitis capitata), elucidation of the taxonomic status of several members of the Bactrocera dorsalis and Anastrepha fraterculus complexes, the use of microbiota as probiotics, genomics, supplements to improve the performance of the reared insects, and the development of the SIT package for fruit fly species such as Bactrocera oleae and Drosophila suzukii. Research on livestock pests has focused on colony maintenance and establishment, tsetse symbionts and pathogens, sex separation, morphology, sterile male quality, radiation biology, mating behavior and transportation and release systems. Research with human disease vectors has focused on the development of genetic sexing strains (Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), the development of a more cost-effective larvae and adult rearing system, assessing various aspects of radiation biology, characterizing symbionts and pathogens, studying mating behavior and the development of quality control procedures, and handling and release methods. During the review period, 13 coordinated research projects (CRPs) were completed and six are still being implemented. At the end of each CRP, the results were published in a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal. The review concludes with an overview of future challenges, such as the need to adhere to a phased conditional approach for the implementation of operational SIT programs, the need to make the SIT more cost effective, to respond with demand driven research to solve the problems faced by the operational SIT programs and the use of the SIT to address a multitude of exotic species that are being introduced, due to globalization, and established in areas where they could not survive before, due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (M.J.B.V.); (A.M.M.A.-A.); (K.B.); (J.B.); (C.C.); (C.d.B.); (D.O.C.); (H.M.); (W.M.); (K.N.); (R.P.)
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Interpopulation variations in life history traits and reproductive tactics in Aedes aegypti: A test on populations 50 km apart. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105750. [PMID: 33166516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interpopulation variation in life history traits of a species reflects evolutionary adaptation in response to a local environment regime. We examined the life history traits of Aedes aegypti populations from 2 cities in southern Taiwan separated by 50 km. Results revealed a high level of trait differentiation in immature developmental time and survival of Ae. aegypti between the 2 cities. The Kaohsiung populations exhibited total pupation of 40%-60% on day 8; this was significantly lower than that of the Tainan populations and laboratory-reared KHsm mosquitos, which exhibited a pupation rate of 70%-90%. The slow immature development of the Kaohsiung populations was reflected in the low percentage of adult emergence (22%-26%) on day 10. The prolonged immature development did not select larger adults with longer life spans because the Kaohsiung populations had a shorter life span (≈37 d) than that of the Tainan populations (≈42 d). By contrast, immature development and longevity did not differ between populations within each region, indicating weak local differentiation. Three field populations exhibited male-bias sex ratio because of differential mortality of female immatures. The effect of female size on adult life history was nonsignificant. Two reproduction tactics were detected, representing the balanced-mortality hypothesis and the bet-hedging hypothesis. Despite their differential life history strategies and reproductive tactics, these mosquito populations apparently counterbalanced any shortcomings in traits to produce similar population growth. Maintaining optimal population density is essential for Aedes mosquitos to increase the probability of encountering mates and reduce the Allee effect.
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Maïga H, Mamai W, Bimbilé Somda NS, Wallner T, Poda BS, Salvador-Herranz G, Argiles-Herrero R, Yamada H, Bouyer J. Assessment of a Novel Adult Mass-Rearing Cage for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles arabiensis (Patton). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110801. [PMID: 33202973 PMCID: PMC7697024 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Successful implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes albopictus and Anopheles arabiensis relies on a continuous supply of sterile males. To meet this requirement, optimization of the mass-rearing techniques is needed. This study, therefore, aims to assess a new mass-rearing cage (MRC) in terms of egg production efficiency and egg hatch rate (quality). In addition, adult survival was evaluated based on a cage adult-index for Ae. albopictus. Moreover, the cage's suitability for use in mass An. arabiensis egg production was compared to that of the FAO/IAEA Anopheles reference cage. In Ae. albopictus rearing, the new MRC produced 1,112,110 eggs per cage following six blood meals, with minimum loss of eggs in the egging water. Furthermore, the adult index gave a good proxy of daily mortality rates in Ae. albopictus. In An. arabiensis rearing, about 130,000 eggs per egg batch were collected both from the new and the reference MRC. These findings suggest that the new MRC prototype is efficient in terms of egg production and can be used for mass-rearing in SIT programs targeting Ae. albopictus as well as An. arabiensis. The adult index was also positively validated for the detection of unusual mortality rates in Ae. albopictus mass-rearing facilities. Overall, the new MRC has shown several advantages; however, further improvements are necessary to minimize escapes during the egg collection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Maïga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, P.O. Box 2123 Yaounde, Cameroun
| | - Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;
| | - Thomas Wallner
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Bèwadéyir Serge Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso;
| | - Gustavo Salvador-Herranz
- Technical School of Design, Architecture and Engineering, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, C/San Bartolomé 55, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rafael Argiles-Herrero
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (W.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (R.A.-H.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
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Maïga H, Mamai W, Bimbilé Somda NS, Konczal A, Wallner T, Herranz GS, Herrero RA, Yamada H, Bouyer J. Reducing the cost and assessing the performance of a novel adult mass-rearing cage for the dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika vector, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007775. [PMID: 31553724 PMCID: PMC6779276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The widespread emergence of resistance to insecticides used to control adult Aedes mosquitoes has made traditional control strategies inadequate for the reduction of various vector populations. Therefore, complementary vector control methods, such as the Sterile Insect Technique, are needed to enhance existing efforts. The technique relies on the rearing and release of large numbers of sterile males, and the development of efficient and standardized mass-rearing procedures and tools is essential for its application against medically important mosquitoes. Methods In the effort to reduce the cost of the rearing process, a prototype low-cost plexiglass mass-rearing cage has been developed and tested for egg production and egg hatch rate in comparison to the current Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) stainless-steel cage. Additionally, an adult-index was validated and used as a proxy to estimate the mosquito survival rates by counting the number of male and female mosquitoes that were resting within each of the 6 squares at a given point of time each day in the cage. Results The study has shown that the prototype mass-rearing cage is cheap and is as efficient as the FAO/IAEA stainless-steel cage in terms of egg production, with even better overall egg hatch rate. The mean numbers of eggs per cage, after seven cycles of blood feeding and egg collection, were 969,789 ± 138,101 and 779,970 ± 123,042, corresponding to 81 ± 11 and 65 ± 10 eggs per female over her lifespan, in the prototype and the stainless-steel-mass-rearing cages, respectively. The longevity of adult male and female mosquitoes was not affected by cage type and, the adult-index could be considered as an appropriate proxy for survival. Moreover, the mass-rearing cage prototype is easy to handle and transport and improves economic and logistic efficiency. Conclusion The low-cost mass-rearing prototype cage can be recommended to produce Ae. aegypti in the context of rear and release techniques. The proposed adult-index can be used as a quick proxy of mosquito survival rates in mass-rearing settings. Dengue, among other arboviral infections, is a neglected disease and a major health issue that is re-emerging in tropical countries due to the poor efficacy of conventional vector control methods. Therefore, there is a growing need for more sustainable techniques to control Aedes mosquito species, while reducing the dependence on insecticides. The sterile insect technique, which relies on the mass-production of sterile males, can be used as part of area- wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes to reduce the vector population below the disease transmission threshold. Therefore, innovations in mosquito mass-rearing techniques including the development of low-cost adult holding cages are essential in the quest to promote an economical and logistically efficient mass -rearing system for the vectors of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Maïga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, Bobo‑Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Nanwintoum Séverin Bimbilé Somda
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest, Bobo‑Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Konczal
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wallner
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustavo Salvador Herranz
- Technical School of Design, Architecture and Engineering, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Argiles Herrero
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Baleba SBS, Masiga D, Torto B, Weldon CW, Getahun MN. Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:222. [PMID: 31077236 PMCID: PMC6511121 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In insects, oviposition decisions may lead to egg deposition in substrates with different larval density and nutritional levels. Individuals developing in such substrates may present plasticity in their phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of two factors related to oviposition decisions, namely larval density and substrate quality, on the wing size and wing shape of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Methods We reared S. calcitrans larvae at different densities (5, 15 and 25) and on different substrates (camel, cow, donkey and sheep dung). For each fly that emerged, we recorded body weight, and detached, slide-mounted and photographed the right wing. Next, we collected 15 landmarks on each photographed wing, and applied geometric morphometric analysis to assess variation in wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans across the different larval densities and substrate types. Results We observed that wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans were affected by larval density and the nature of the developmental substrate. Flies reared in a group of 5 had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading compared with those reared in a group of 25. Also, flies developed in donkey and sheep dung had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading in comparison with those grown in camel and cow dung. Canonical variate analysis followed by discriminant analysis revealed significant wing shape variation in S. calcitrans across the different densities and substrates. Wing size had a significant but weak positive effect on wing shape. Conclusions This study demonstrates the high sensitivity of S. calcitrans wings to variation in larval density and developmental substrate, and that use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis could improve our understanding of how flies of veterinary importance respond to environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve B S Baleba
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Merid N Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Erguler K, Pontiki I, Zittis G, Proestos Y, Christodoulou V, Tsirigotakis N, Antoniou M, Kasap OE, Alten B, Lelieveld J. A climate-driven and field data-assimilated population dynamics model of sand flies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2469. [PMID: 30792449 PMCID: PMC6385250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sand flies are responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease claiming more than 50,000 lives annually. Leishmaniasis is an emerging health risk in tropical and Mediterranean countries as well as temperate regions in North America and Europe. There is an increasing demand for predicting population dynamics and spreading of sand flies to support management and control, yet phenotypic diversity and complex environmental dependence hamper model development. Here, we present the principles for developing predictive species-specific population dynamics models for important disease vectors. Based on these principles, we developed a sand fly population dynamics model with a generic structure where model parameters are inferred using a surveillance dataset collected from Greece and Cyprus. The model incorporates distinct life stages and explicit dependence on a carefully selected set of environmental variables. The model successfully replicates the observations and demonstrates high predictive capacity on the validation dataset from Turkey. The surveillance datasets inform about biological processes, even in the absence of laboratory experiments. Our findings suggest that the methodology can be applied to other vector species to predict abundance, control dispersion, and help to manage the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Erguler
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Irene Pontiki
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Zittis
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiannis Proestos
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsirigotakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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Zhang D, Li Y, Sun Q, Zheng X, Gilles JRL, Yamada H, Wu Z, Xi Z, Wu Y. Establishment of a medium-scale mosquito facility: tests on mass production cages for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:189. [PMID: 29554945 PMCID: PMC5859650 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass egg production is an important component of Aedes albopictus mosquito control programs, such as the sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique, which requires the releases of large number of sterile males. Developing standard operating procedures and optimized cages for adult maintenance of Ae. albopictus can improve the mass rearing efficiency. METHODS Three different sex ratios of females to males with a total number of 4,000 mosquitoes were tested by evaluating the insemination rate, egg production (total number of eggs per cage), female fecundity and egg hatch rate in small cage (30 × 30 × 30 cm). Blood meals with adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 0.05 g/ml), cage structures (Big cage A: 90 × 30 × 30 cm; Big cage B: 90 × 30 × 50 cm or 90 × 50 × 30 cm) and rearing densities (12,000, 16,000 and 20,000 mosquitoes, corresponding to 0.9 cm2/mosquito, 0.675 cm2/mosquito and 0.54 cm2/mosquito, respectively) were also tested and evaluated on the basis of egg production, female fecundity and egg hatch rate. An adult rearing unit holding 15 of Big cage A with optimal egg production was designed to produce 10 million eggs per rearing cycle in a 1.8 m2 space. RESULTS Female to male ratios at 3:1 in small cages resulted in higher egg production but did not affect insemination rate, female fecundity and egg hatch rate. A concentration of 0.05 g/ml of ATP added to blood meals improved the blood-feeding frequency and thus increased the overall egg production per cage. Cage structures affected the egg production per cage, but not egg hatch rate. A medium rearing density at 0.675 cm2/mosquito (16,000 mosquitoes) resulted in higher egg production compared to both low and high densities. An adult rearing unit for Ae. albopictus on the basis of Big cage A has been developed with the capacity of producing 10 million eggs within 15 days. CONCLUSIONS Our results have indicated that the adult rearing methods and adult maintenance unit are recommended for Ae. albopictus mass rearing in support of the establishment of a medium-sized mosquito factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjing Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Jeremie R. L. Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
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Lorenz C, Almeida F, Almeida-Lopes F, Louise C, Pereira SN, Petersen V, Vidal PO, Virginio F, Suesdek L. Geometric morphometrics in mosquitoes: What has been measured? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:205-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Outomuro D, Johansson F. A potential pitfall in studies of biological shape: Does size matter? J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1447-1457. [PMID: 28699246 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of published studies using geometric morphometrics (GM) for analysing biological shape has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, covering multiple research areas such as ecology, evolution, development, taxonomy and palaeontology. Unfortunately, we have observed that many published studies using GM do not evaluate the potential allometric effects of size on shape, which normally require consideration or assessment. This might lead to misinterpretations and flawed conclusions in certain cases, especially when size effects explain a large part of the shape variation. We assessed, for the first time and in a systematic manner, how often published studies that have applied GM consider the potential effects of allometry on shape. We reviewed the 300 most recent published papers that used GM for studying biological shape. We also estimated how much of the shape variation was explained by allometric effects in the reviewed papers. More than one-third (38%) of the reviewed studies did not consider the allometric component of shape variation. In studies where the allometric component was taken into account, it was significant in 88% of the cases, explaining up to 87.3% of total shape variation. We believe that one reason that may cause the observed results is a misunderstanding of the process that superimposes landmark configurations, i.e. the Generalized Procrustes Analysis, which removes isometric effects of size on shape, but not allometric effects. Allometry can be a crucial component of shape variation. We urge authors to address, and report, size effects in studies of biological shape. However, we do not propose to always remove size effects, but rather to evaluate the research question with and without the allometric component of shape variation. This approach can certainly provide a thorough understanding of how much size contributes to the observed shaped variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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