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Torres-Bustamante M, Cantillo-Barraza O, Ko AI, Wunder EA, Quintero-Vélez JC. Eco-epidemiological study of seropositivity against Rickettsia and Leptospira agents in rural areas of Urabá, Colombia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3760267. [PMID: 38260656 PMCID: PMC10802693 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3760267/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Rickettsioses and leptospirosis are infectious diseases that are often underdiagnosed due to a lack of knowledge about their epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, among others. Objetive to characterize the seroprevalence and seroincidence of both Rickettsia and Leptospira agents and determine the risk factors for these outcomes in rural areas of Urabá, Antioquia. Methods a secondary data analysis using information on Rickettsia and Leptospira exposure from a prior prospective study that explored sociocultural and ecological aspects of Rickettsia infection in rural Urabá, Colombia. A multinomial mixed logistic regression model was employed to analyze factors linked to seroprevalent cases of Rickettsia, Leptospira and both, along with descriptive analyses of seroincident cases. Results the concomitant seroprevalence against Rickettsiaand Leptospira was 9.38% [95%CI 6.08%-13.37%] (56/597). The factors associated with this seroprevalence were age (ORa= 1.02 [95%CI 1.007-1.03]), male gender (ORa= 3.06 [95%CI 1.75-5.37]), fever history (ORa= 1.71 [95%CI 1.06-2.77]) the presence of breeding pigs (ORa= 2.29 [95%CI 1.36-3.88]), peridomicile yucca crops(ORa= 2.5 [95%CI 1.1-5.62]), and deforestation practices(ORa= 1.74 [95%CI 1.06-2.87]). The concomitant seroincidence against Rickettsia and Leptospira was 1.09% (3/274) [95%CI 0.29%-4.05%], three cases were female, with a median age of 31.83 years-old (IQR 8.69-56.99). At the household level, all the seroincident cases had households built partially or totally with soil floors, wooden walls, and zinc roofs. Two seroincident cases described the presence of equines, canines, and domestic chickens in intra or peri-domicile. Finally, two cases were exposed to synanthropic rodents, and one case to tick infestation. Conclusion there is evidence of seroprevalent and seroincident cases of seropositivity against both Rickettsia and Leptospira in rural areas of Urabá, Colombia. These findings can help improve public health surveillance systems in preventing, detecting, and attending to the different clinical cases caused by these pathogens.
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Santos VS, Siqueira TS, Silva JRS. Temporal trends and spatial distribution of Brazilian spotted fever in Brazil. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad116. [PMID: 37684722 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is a severe tick-borne disease in Brazil’s south and southeast regions. We examined temporal trends and spatial distribution of BSF cases and deaths. There were stable incidence and mortality rates, decreasing case fatality, and distinct spatial clusters, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Santos
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto 49400-000, Brazil
- Applied Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto 49400-000, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju 49060-676, Brazil
| | - Thayane S Siqueira
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju 49060-676, Brazil
| | - José R S Silva
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju 49107-230, Brazil
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Wilk-da-Silva R, Prist PR, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Laporta GZ, Mucci LF, Marrelli MT. The role of forest fragmentation in yellow fever virus dispersal. Acta Trop 2023:106983. [PMID: 37419378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The intense process of deforestation in tropical forests poses serious challenges for the survival of biodiversity, as well as for the human species itself. This scenario is supported by the increase in the incidence of epidemics of zoonotic origin observed over the last few decades. In the specific case of sylvatic yellow fever (YF), it has already been shown that an increase in the transmission risk of the causative agent (yellow fever virus - YFV) is associated with areas with a high degree of forest fragmentation, which can facilitate the spread of the virus. In this study we tested the hypothesis that areas with more fragmented landscapes and a higher edge density (ED) but a high degree of connectivity between forest patches favor YFV spread. To this end, we used YF epizootics in non-human primates (NHPs) in the state of São Paulo to build direct networks, and used a multi-selection approach to analyze which landscape features could facilitate YFV spread. Our results showed that municipalities with the potential to spread the virus exhibited a higher amount of forest edge. Additionally, the models with greater empirical support showed a strong association between forest edge density and the risk of occurrence of epizootic diseases, as well as the need for a minimum threshold of native vegetation cover to restrict their transmission. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that more fragmented landscapes with a higher degree of connectivity favor the spread of YFV, while landscapes with fewer connections tend to act as dead zones for the circulation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Antônio Ralph Medeiros-Sousa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Studies, Research and Innovation Center, FMABC University Center, ABC Foundation, Av. Laure Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Institute Pasteur, São Paulo State Department of Health, PA. Cal. Victorian 23, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fuhrmann G. Drug delivery as a sustainable avenue to future therapies. J Control Release 2023; 354:746-754. [PMID: 36690037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and the need for sustainable, technological developments are the greatest challenges facing humanity in the coming decades. To address these issues, in 2015 the United Nations have established 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Anthropogenic climate change will not only affect everyone personally in the coming years, it will also reinforce the need to become more sustainable within drug delivery research. In 2021, I was appointed professor for pharmaceutical biology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg. Our research is at the interface between developing biogenic therapies and understanding of bacterial infections. In this contribution to the Orations - New Horizons of the Journal of Controlled Release, I would like to underline the need for future sustainable approaches in our research area, by highlighting selected examples from the fields of infection research, natural product characterisation and extracellular vesicles. My aim is to put into perspective current issues for these research topics, but also encourage our current student-training framework to contribute to education for sustainable development. This contribution is a personal statement to increase the overall awareness for sustainability challenges in drug delivery and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Fuhrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Mader AD, Waters NA, Kawazu EC, Marvier M, Monnin N, Salkeld DJ. Messaging Should Reflect the Nuanced Relationship between Land Change and Zoonotic Disease Risk. Bioscience 2022; 72:1099-1104. [PMID: 36325104 PMCID: PMC9618275 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the media publicity surrounding COVID-19 has been the message that land change causes zoonotic diseases to spill over from wild animals to humans. The secondary peer-reviewed literature sends a similar message. However, as indicated in the primary peer-reviewed literature, the complexity of interacting variables involved in zoonotic disease spillover makes it unlikely for such a claim to be universally applicable. The secondary peer-reviewed literature and the mainstream media also differ markedly from the primary peer-reviewed literature in their lack of nuance in messaging about the relationship between land change and spillover risk. We advocate accurate, nuanced messaging for the sake of the local communities at greatest risk from zoonotic disease, for the sake of scientific credibility, and so that proportionate attention may be given to other possible drivers of spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André D Mader
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies , Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Neil A Waters
- University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
| | - Erin C Kawazu
- Global Environmental Strategies , Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Noémie Monnin
- University College London , London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Salkeld
- Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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Onyiche TE, Labruna MB, Saito TB. Unraveling the epidemiological relationship between ticks and rickettsial infection in Africa. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.952024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging and re-emerging diseases of public health concern caused by over 30 species of Rickettsia. Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods with over 700 species of Ixodid ticks known worldwide. The escalating geographical dispersal of tick vectors and concomitant increase in the incidences of tick-borne diseases have fueled interest in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens. This review focuses on aspects of the Rickettsia pathogen, including biology, taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic diversity, epidemiology of the disease, and the role of vertebrate host in the perpetuation of rickettsioses in Africa. Our review also highlights some of the species of Rickettsia that are responsible for disease, the role of tick vectors (both hard and soft ticks) and the species of Rickettsia associated with diverse tick species across the continent. Additionally, this article emphasizes the evolutionary perspective of rickettsiae perpetuation and the possible role of amplifying vertebrate host and other small mammals, domestic animals and wildlife in the epidemiology of Rickettsia species. We also specifically, discussed the role of avian population in the epidemiology of SFG rickettsiae. Furthermore, we highlighted tick-borne rickettsioses among travelers due to African tick-bite fever (ATBF) and the challenges to surveillance of rickettsial infection, and research on rickettsiology in Africa. Our review canvasses the need for more rickettsiologists of African origin based within the continent to further research towards understanding the biology, characterization, and species distribution, including the competent tick vectors involved in their transmission of rickettsiae across the continent in collaboration with established researchers in western countries. We further highlighted the need for proper funding to encourage research despite competing demands for resources across the various sectors. We finalize by discussing the similarities between rickettsial diseases around the world and which steps need to be taken to help foster our understanding on the eco-epidemiology of rickettsioses by bridging the gap between the growing epidemiological data and the molecular characterization of Rickettsia species.
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Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics of Ticks on Ring-Tailed Coatis Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in Two Urban Areas from Midwestern Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030293. [PMID: 35158617 PMCID: PMC8833741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The knowledge of the dynamics of ticks in wild animals is essential for surveillance of tick-borne diseases. Coatis (Nasua nasua) are mammals that easily adapt to anthropized areas, favoring close contact with domestic animals and humans, favoring the exchange of ticks and tick-borne agents. The present study aimed to investigate the tick diversity on coatis from forest urban areas of midwestern Brazil, as well as the dynamics of ticks during the seasons of the year and the correlation between tick species and gender and age of the sampled coatis. Three tick species were identified parasitizing coatis from forested urban fragments, namely A. dubitatum nymphs, A. sculptum adults and nymphs, and A. ovale adults. After analyzing the obtained results, it is likely that coatis from anthropized areas present tick species diversity lower than those from natural landscapes. The mean intensity and prevalence of Amblyomma larvae and nymphs is similar among males and females as well as in immature and mature animals, which might reflect the gregarious behavior of coatis, since adult males live together with females and offspring outside and inside the mating season, forming large groups of individuals. Abstract Understanding the diversity and ecology of ectoparasites in wild animals is essential for surveillance of vector-borne diseases. Coatis (Nasua nasua) easily adapt to anthropized areas, favoring close contact with domestic animals and humans, with the possibility of exchange of ectoparasites and pathogens. The present study aimed to identify the diversity of ticks parasitizing coatis from forest urban areas of midwestern Brazil, to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of ticks during the seasons of the year, and to assess the correlation between tick species and gender and age of the sampled coatis. For this purpose, 103 coatis were captured in two Conservation areas, both located in Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Midwestern Brazil. The animals’ entire body was inspected for the presence of ectoparasites, and ticks were removed for taxonomic identification. In total, 168 captures were performed in both areas during the observational study considering the first capture and recaptures. In total, 2242 ticks were collected: 838 Amblyomma larvae, 1241 A. sculptum nymphs, and 150 A. dubitatum nymphs. Thirteen adult ticks were identified as three males and five females of A. sculptum and two males and three females of A. ovale. While a quantity of Amblyomma larvae was observed in the first months of the year (January, April and May), Amblyomma nymphs showed a higher quantity during the months of July, August, October and November. No statistical difference was observed when comparing mean intensity and prevalence of Amblyomma larvae, nymphs of A. sculptum and A. dubitatum between the two sampled areas, males vs. females and immature vs. mature animals. In conclusion, three tick species were identified parasitizing coatis from forested urban fragments in midwestern Brazil, namely A. dubitatum nymphs, A. sculptum adults and nymphs, and A. ovale adults. Coatis from anthropized areas seem to present tick species diversity lower than those from natural areas. The lack of statistical difference regarding mean intensity and prevalence of Amblyomma larvae and nymphs between males vs. females and immature vs. mature animals might have reflected the gregarious behavior of coatis, since adult males live together with females and offspring outside and inside the mating season, forming large groups of individuals.
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Pinter A, Prist PR, Marrelli MT. Biodiversity and public health interface. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Alongside modernity, the human activity has been a key factor in global environmental risks, with worldwide anthropic modification being the cause of the emergence of diseases for wild and livestock animals, and even humans. In special, the increase in the spatial distribution and in the incidence of some emerging infectious diseases (EID) are directly associated to deforestation and global climate changes. Moreover, the arise of new EID agents, such as the SARS-COV-2 have been reported for the last 30 years. On the other hand, biodiversity has been shown to be a key indicator for ecosystem health, and to pose a role to increase the promotion of human public health. In neotropical regions, and in special, in Brazil, several infectious diseases have been demonstrated to be directly affected for the biodiversity loss, such as malaria, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, yellow fever, urban arboviruses, spotted fever, amongst other. To better understand the ecosystem capacity of regulation of infectious diseases, FAPESP BIOTA program have supported researchers and research projects to increase knowledge about Brazilian biodiversity and the ecosystems, such as diversity of bird bioagents, venomous animals biodiversity, diversity of mosquitos species in forest patches inside urban areas, propagation of the yellow fever virus over fragmented forest territories, loss of ecological corridors and occurrence of spotted fever and malaria, amongst others. It is noteworthy that FAPESP BIOTA is a successful program and must be expanded as an important tool for present and future public health promotion.
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Kmetiuk LB, Martins TF, Bach RVW, Martins CM, de Barros-Filho IR, Lipinski LC, Fávero GM, Dos Santos AP, Biondo AW. Risk factors associated with ticks and Rickettsia spp. exposure in wild boars ( Sus scrofa), hunting dogs, and hunters of Brazil. Vet World 2021; 14:2745-2749. [PMID: 34903935 PMCID: PMC8654740 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2745-2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Wild boars have recently been implicated as the maintainers and carriers of Amblyomma spp. ticks, which are essential for Rickettsia spp. transmission. Consequently, wild boar hunting may increase the risk of tick exposure and subsequent human tick-borne infection and disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for ticks and Rickettsia spp. exposure in wild boars, hunting dogs, and hunters in Brazilian biomes. Materials and Methods: The statistical relationship of Rickettsia spp. antibodies were evaluated using the Chi-square test in 80 wild boars, 170 hunting dogs, and 49 hunters. Results: The only statistically significant difference in seropositivity found in this study was between male and female wild boars (p=0.034), probably associated with in-park exposure to Amblyomma brasiliense infected with Rickettsia spp. Conclusion: The absence of statistical differences in the associated risk factors for hunting dogs and hunters may indicate a random exposure to Rickettsia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos Avenue, 100, Curitiba, Paraná State, 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago Fernandes Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Orlando de Paiva Street, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508 270, Brazil
| | - Renato van Wilpe Bach
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Carlos Cavalcante Avenue, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Carlos Cavalcante Avenue, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Ivan Roque de Barros-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Funcionários Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paraná State, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cavalcante Lipinski
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Carlos Cavalcante Avenue, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Giovani Marino Fávero
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Harrison Street, 725, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2027, USA
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos Avenue, 100, Curitiba, Paraná State, 81531-970, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Funcionários Street, 1540, Curitiba, Paraná State, 80035-050, Brazil
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Binder LC, Ramírez-Hernández A, Serpa MCDA, Moraes-Filho J, Pinter A, Scinachi CA, Labruna MB. Domestic dogs as amplifying hosts of Rickettsia rickettsii for Amblyomma aureolatum ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101824. [PMID: 34520994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, which is transmitted by different tick species. Due to deleterious effects caused on ticks, the horizontal transmission of R. rickettsii through amplifying hosts is crucial for its maintenance in tick populations among BSF-endemic areas. The tick Amblyomma aureolatum is the main vector of R. rickettsii in the São Paulo metropolitan area; nevertheless, it is not known which vertebrate could act as an amplifying host for this tick species. Herein, we evaluated the potential of domestic dogs - primary hosts for A. aureolatum adults in BSF-endemic areas - to act as amplifying hosts. For this purpose, A. aureolatum non-infected adults were allowed to feed on two groups of dogs: the control group (G1), composed of one dog not exposed to R. rickettsii; and, the infected group (G2), composed of three dogs infected with R. rickettsii via tick parasitism. All G2-dogs became ill, seroconverted to R. rickettsii, and rickettsial DNA was detected in 87% of the engorged females that fed on them. Transovarial transmission rate was estimated to be 25% and infected larvae successfully transmitted R. rickettsii to guinea-pigs, confirming transovarial transmission and vector competence. No rickettsial DNA was detected in individual samples of eggs or larvae, which precluded the estimation of filial infection rate, but implies that it was low. Our results suggest that domestic dogs act as amplifying hosts of R. rickettsii for A. aureolatum ticks in BSF-endemic areas in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina C Binder
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Grupo Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Maria Carolina de Azevedo Serpa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas Moraes-Filho
- Mestrado em Medicina e Bem-estar Animal, Doutorado com ênfase em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Pinter
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia A Scinachi
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Amblyomma aureolatum Genetic Diversity and Population Dynamics Are Not Related to Spotted Fever Epidemiological Scenarios in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091146. [PMID: 34578178 PMCID: PMC8469259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional differences in tick-borne disease epidemiology may be related to biological variations between vector populations. Amblyomma aureolatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae), a neotropical tick, is known from several regions in Brazil. However, only in the metropolitan area of São Paulo (SP) state are there studies that establish its role as a vector of a pathogenic rickettsia (Rickettsia rickettsii). The aim of the study was to analyze the genetic diversity, population dynamics, and rickettsia infection in A. aureolatum populations from different spotted fever scenarios in Brazil. Samples were subjected to DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of 12S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit II and D-loop mitochondrial markers for tick population analyses, and gltA, htrA, ompA, and ompB genes for rickettsia researches. Of the 7–17 tick haplotypes identified, 5–13 were exclusive to each population and 2–12 for each epidemiological scenario, as well as three haplotypes shared by all populations. Amblyomma aureolatum populations are expanding, and do not appear to be genetically structured vis-a-vis the different epidemiological scenarios studied. Rickettsia bellii (in SP) and Rickettsia felis (in Santa Catarina) were identified as infecting A. aureolatum. No relationship between tick haplotypes and rickettsia types were observed.
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Souza Z, Moraes B, Krawczak F, Zulzke L, Carvalho T, Sousa A, Agopian R, Marcili A, Labruna M, Moraes-Filho J. Detecção de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia rickettsii em cães residentes em área negligenciada no município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), descrita inicialmente nos Estados Unidos como febre maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas, é uma antropozoonose relatada apenas no continente americano e causada pela bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii. No Brasil a transmissão ocorre sobretudo pela picada de carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma spp. A doença foi inicialmente descrita como de transmissão em áreas rurais e silvestres, no entanto áreas periurbanas e urbanas vêm apresentando casos, principalmente relacionados com a presença de humanos residindo em pequenos fragmentos de mata ciliar. O presente estudo teve por objetivo elucidar a dispersão da FMB nas proximidades dos reservatórios Guarapiranga e Billings, na cidade de São Paulo, SP. Para tanto, a presença de anticorpos anti-R. rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri e Rickettsia bellii foi avaliada em cães atendidos nas campanhas de esterilização cirúrgica e residentes ao redor dos reservatórios. Foram coletadas amostras de 393 cães, e as amostras de soro foram analisadas pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), com ponto de corte de 1:64. Os títulos para R. rickettsii variaram de 256 a 4096, com positividade de 3,3% (13/393); para R. bellii, de 128 a 1024 e 4,1% (16/393) de positivos, e um único animal (0,25%) foi soropositivo para R. parkeri, com título de 128. Os achados permitem concluir que a região de estudo apresenta condições de se tornar uma possível área com casos de FMB, pois comporta fragmentação de Mata Atlântica, condições essas ideais para a manutenção do vetor do gênero Amblyomma já descrito na região, bem como para a presença da Rickettsia rickettsii circulante entre os cães, confirmada pela existência de anticorpos. Condutas referentes à conscientização da população por meio de trabalhos educacionais devem ser implantadas para a prevenção da doença na população da área.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B.V. Moraes
- Universidade Santo Amaro, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Marcili
- Universidade Santo Amaro, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - J. Moraes-Filho
- Universidade Santo Amaro, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Ribeiro CM, Costa VM, Carvalho JLB, Mendes RG, Bastos PADS, Katagiri S, Amaku M. Brazilian spotted fever: A spatial analysis of human cases and vectors in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:629-636. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Satie Katagiri
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Barra do Garças Brazil
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14
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White RJ, Razgour O. Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land-use change. Mamm Rev 2020; 50:336-352. [PMID: 32836691 PMCID: PMC7300897 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans are a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these pathogens and risk of transmission accelerate with recent anthropogenic land-use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, and agricultural intensification, factors that are expected to increase in the future due to human population expansion and increasing demand for resources.We systematically review the literature on anthropogenic LUC and zoonotic diseases, highlighting the most prominent mammalian reservoirs and pathogens, and identifying avenues for future research.The majority of studies were global reviews that did not focus on specific taxa. South America and Asia were the most-studied regions, while the most-studied LUC was urbanisation. Livestock were studied more within the context of agricultural intensification, carnivores with urbanisation and helminths, bats with deforestation and viruses, and primates with habitat fragmentation and protozoa.Research into specific animal reservoirs has improved our understanding of how the spread of zoonotic diseases is affected by LUC. The behaviour of hosts can be altered when their habitats are changed, impacting the pathogens they carry and the probability of disease spreading to humans. Understanding this has enabled the identification of factors that alter the risk of emergence (such as virulence, pathogen diversity, and ease of transmission). Yet, many pathogens and impacts of LUC other than urbanisation have been understudied.Predicting how zoonotic diseases emerge and spread in response to anthropogenic LUC requires more empirical and data synthesis studies that link host ecology and responses with pathogen ecology and disease spread. The link between anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment and the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to understand how anthropogenic LUC affects the risk of spillover to humans and spread of zoonotic diseases originating in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J White
- Biosciences University of Exeter Living Systems Institute Exeter EX4 4QD UK.,Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Orly Razgour
- Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK.,Biosciences University of Exeter Hatherly Laboratories Exeter EX4 4PS UK
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15
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Satjanadumrong J, Robinson MT, Hughes T, Blacksell SD. Distribution and Ecological Drivers of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia in Asia. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:611-626. [PMID: 30993545 PMCID: PMC6910891 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Spotted fever group and related rickettsia (SFGR) are a neglected group of pathogens that belong to the genus Rickettsia. SFGR are zoonotic and are transmitted by arthropod vectors, primarily ticks, fleas and mites to accidental hosts. These emerging and re-emerging infections are widely distributed throughout the world. Land-use change and increasing human-wildlife conflict compound the risk of SFGR infection to local people in endemic areas and travelers to these regions. In this article, we discuss the rickettsial organisms causing spotted fever and related diseases, their arthropod vectors in Asia and the impact of land-use change on their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Satjanadumrong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Matthew T Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Tom Hughes
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
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16
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Savani ESMM, Costa FB, Silva EA, Couto ACF, Gutjahr M, Alves JNMO, Santos FCP, Labruna MB. Fatal Brazilian Spotted Fever Associated with Dogs and Amblyomma aureolatum Ticks, Brazil, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2322-2323. [PMID: 31742533 PMCID: PMC6874244 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.191146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, Amblyomma aureolatum ticks are the main vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Brazilian spotted fever. In 2013, a boy in São Paulo died of Brazilian spotted fever associated with household dogs and A. aureolatum ticks. Prompt recognition and treatment of this illness might prevent deaths.
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17
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Lopes MG, Muñoz-Leal S, de Lima JTR, Fournier GFDSR, Acosta IDCL, Martins TF, Ramirez DG, Gennari SM, Labruna MB. Ticks, rickettsial and erlichial infection in small mammals from Atlantic forest remnants in northeastern Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:380-385. [PMID: 30370217 PMCID: PMC6199183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated infection by Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp in small mammals and their ticks from two Atlantic forest conservation areas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. A total of 39 small mammals were captured during 2012–2013, encompassing 33 marsupials (29 Didelphis albiventris, four Monodelphis domestica), three Cricetidae rodents (two Necromys lasiurus, one Rattus rattus), one Caviomorpha rodent (Thrichomys apereoides) and two armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus). The ticks Amblyomma auricularium, Ixodes loricatus, and Ornithodoros mimon were collected from D. albiventris, whereas only A. auricularium was collected from armadillos. Through immunofluorescence assay with Rickettsia spp. antigens, 6/28 (21%) D. albiventris and the single R. rattus specimen reacted to at least one rickettsial antigen, with highest seroprevalence and endpoint titers to Rickettsia amblyommatis. A total of 150 ticks (126 A. auricularium, nine I. loricatus, 15 O. mimon) was tested for rickettsial infection by PCR, which detected only R. amblyommatis in most of the A. auricularium ticks. Lung and spleen samples were collected from small mammals (two N. lasiurus, six D. albiventris, three M. domestica, one T. apereoides, one R. rattus) and were tested by PCR for Anaplasmataceae agents. The spleen from one D. albiventris contained a new ehrlichial agent, here named as Ehrlichia sp. strain Natal. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the dsb gene of Ehrlichia spp. indicates that this novel agent is potentially a new species. Future studies should monitor the possible role of rickettsial and/or ehrlichial microorganisms as agents of emerging diseases in these degraded areas of Atlantic forest, just as has occurred with other agents in degraded areas of this biome in southeastern Brazil. Amblyomma auricularium, Ixodes loricatus and Ornithodoros mimon ticks were found. Infection by Rickettsia amblyommatis was detected in A. auricularium ticks. Wild small mammals presented serological evidence of R. amblyommatis infection. A potentially novel Ehrlichia species infected the opossum Didelphis albiventris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Lopes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia T Ribeiro de Lima
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gislene Fatima da S Rocha Fournier
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor da Cunha L Acosta
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego G Ramirez
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange M Gennari
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Mestrado em Medicina e Bem estar animal, Universidade Santo Amaro, Av. Prof. Eneas de Siqueira Neto, 340, São Paulo, 04529-300, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Starzynski R, Simões SJC, Soares PV, Mendes TSG. Demographic pressure in Serra do Mar State Park and its buffer zone, southeastern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:511. [PMID: 30097732 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Serra do Mar State Park forms a green corridor that connects significant remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, a region that presents great biodiversity. However, the mounting pressure exerted on it by disorderly urban expansion around conservation unit areas is a cause for concern. Thereby, this paper aims to analyze a geographical and demographic characterization of Serra do Mar State Park and its buffer zone in order to identify regions under the greatest pressure and provide subsidies for developing public policies. The study is based on a cartographic representation using a geographic information system associated with the 2010 Census demographic data, which has been conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE in Portuguese acronym). The study area covers the territory of 32 municipalities and it was found that almost 25,000 inhabitants live inside the park while approximately 712,000 residents live inside its buffer zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Starzynski
- Department of State Parks and Reserves, Forest Institute, Rua do Horto, 931, Horto Florestal, São Paulo, SP, 02377-000, Brazil.
| | - Silvio Jorge Coelho Simões
- Environmental Engineering Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 137,8, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-004, Brazil
| | - Paulo Valladares Soares
- School of Engineering of Guaratinguetá, Department of Civil Engineering, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333. Portal das Colinas, 12, Guaratinguetá, SP, 516-410, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sussel Gonçalves Mendes
- Environmental Engineering Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 137,8, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-004, Brazil
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19
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Records of ticks on humans in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1296-1301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Salerno J, Ross N, Ghai R, Mahero M, Travis DA, Gillespie TR, Hartter J. Human-Wildlife Interactions Predict Febrile Illness in Park Landscapes of Western Uganda. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:675-690. [PMID: 29181611 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fevers of unknown origin complicate treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and are a global health burden. We examined risk factors of self-reported fever-categorized as "malarial" and "nonmalarial"-in households adjacent to national parks across the Ugandan Albertine Rift, a biodiversity and emerging infectious disease hotspot. Statistical models fitted to these data suggest that perceived nonmalarial fevers of unknown origin were associated with more frequent direct contact with wildlife and with increased distance from parks where wildlife habitat is limited to small forest fragments. Perceived malarial fevers were associated with close proximity to parks but were not associated with direct wildlife contact. Self-reported fevers of any kind were not associated with livestock ownership. These results suggest a hypothesis that nonmalarial fevers in this area are associated with wildlife contact, and further investigation of zoonoses from wildlife is warranted. More generally, our findings of land use-disease relationships aid in hypothesis development for future research in this social-ecological system where emerging infectious diseases specifically, and rural public health provisioning generally, are important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Salerno
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ria Ghai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Community, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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Quintero V. JC, Paternina T. LE, Uribe Y. A, Muskus C, Hidalgo. M, Gil. J, Cienfuegos G. AV, Osorio Q. L, Rojas A. C. Eco-epidemiological analysis of rickettsial seropositivity in rural areas of Colombia: A multilevel approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005892. [PMID: 28922404 PMCID: PMC5619838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsiosis is a re-emergent infectious disease without epidemiological surveillance in Colombia. This disease is generally undiagnosed and several deadly outbreaks have been reported in the country in the last decade. The aim of this study is to analyze the eco-epidemiological aspects of rickettsial seropositivity in rural areas of Colombia where outbreaks of the disease were previously reported. A cross-sectional study, which included 597 people living in 246 households from nine hamlets in two municipalities of Colombia, was conducted from November 2015 to January 2016. The survey was conducted to collect sociodemographic and household characteristics (exposure) data. Blood samples were collected to determine the rickettsial seropositivity in humans, horses and dogs (IFA, cut-off = 1/128). In addition, infections by rickettsiae were detected in ticks from humans and animals by real-time PCR targeting gltA and ompA genes. Data was analyzed by weighted multilevel clog-log regression model using three levels (person, household and hamlets) and rickettsial seropositivity in humans was the main outcome. Overall prevalence of rickettsial seropositivity in humans was 25.62% (95%CI 22.11–29.12). Age in years (PR = 1.01 95%CI 1.01–1.02) and male sex (PR = 1.65 95%CI 1.43–1.90) were risk markers for rickettsial seropositivity. Working outdoors (PR = 1.20 95%CI 1.02–1.41), deforestation and forest fragmentation for agriculture use (PR = 1.75 95%CI 1.51–2.02), opossum in peridomiciliary area (PR = 1.56 95%CI 1.37–1.79) and a high proportion of seropositive domestic animals in the home (PR20-40% vs <20% = 2.28 95%CI 1.59–3.23 and PR>40% vs <20% = 3.14 95%CI 2.43–4.04) were associated with rickettsial seropositivity in humans. This study showed the presence of Rickettsia antibodies in human populations and domestic animals. In addition, different species of rickettsiae were detected in ticks collected from humans and animals. Our results highlighted the role of domestic animals as sentinels of rickettsial infection to identify areas at risk of transmission, and the importance of preventive measures aimed at curtailing deforestation and the fragmentation of forests as a way of reducing the risk of transmission of emergent and re-emergent pathogens. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one of the main diseases transmitted by tick bites in Colombia. Studies examining rickettsial seropositivity in humans, potential vectors and amplifying hosts in regions where previous outbreaks occurred are necessary to highlight this disease in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndromes and to implement epidemiological surveillance programs. This study reveals several factors associated with rickettsial seropositivity, including working outdoors, practices related to deforestation and forest fragmentation, and the potential contact between humans and wild animals, such as opossums, that could be involved in the transmission cycle. In addition, it reveals the importance of domestic animals as sentinels of infection as well as the tick species acting as potential vectors of rickettsiae in human and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Quintero V.
- Grupo de Ciencias Veterinarias - Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alexander Uribe Y.
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales -PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales -PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marylin Hidalgo.
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juliana Gil.
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Astrid V. Cienfuegos G.
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lisardo Osorio Q.
- Grupo de Investigación Salud y Ambiente, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Rojas A.
- Grupo de Epidemiología, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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