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Enríquez S, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, Duque P, Herrera V, Vaca F, Sánchez M, Roldán M, Ron-Garrido L, Molina CA. Indicators sandflies and environment associated to spatial landscaping change in Chocó Biosphere Reserve UNESCO. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:236-242. [PMID: 38922658 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_52_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Sandflies are vector insects associated with terrestrial forest ecosystems; in the Ecuadorian Andes, they participate in the transmission of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. This geographical area represents an opportunity to evaluate the role of sandflies as bioindicators of the degree of intervention of tropical humid forest ecosystems (THF) associated with changes in the ecology of the local landscape. METHODS CDC-light traps were used for collecting adult sandflies in February 2020 in a humid tropical forest within the Chocó Biosphere Reserve. All species were identified using morphological keys. Analysis data about abundance, richness, species accumulation, diversity index, species composition communities, species sex proportion, spatial sandflies environmental, Renyi's Diversity Profile were performed to compare six spatial habitats in Mashpi locality, Ecuador. RESULTS Sandflies were collected (n-1435); the main species are represented by Trichophoromyia reburra, Nyssomyia trapidoi, Psathyromyia aclydifera, Psychodopygus panamensis and Lutzomyia hartmanni. Only Th. reburra is associated with not intervened forest, while the other three species are associated with intervened forest within Mashpi in the Choco Biosphere Reserve. The secondary forest has major sandflies' richness, while the primary forest exhibits major abundance. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION Th. reburra is a sandfly restricted to the Andean Forest and is a bioindicator of the high environmental health quality of the forest, while Ny. trapidoi and Pa. aclydifera are bioindicators of environmental disturbances in the forest. Additionally, Ps. panamensis, Lu. hartmanni and Ny. trapidoi are bioindicators of human impact and the risk of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Enríquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ-UCE), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Jazzmín Arrivillaga-Henríquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ-UCE), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Paul Duque
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Vanessa Herrera
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Franklin Vaca
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ-UCE), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Marco Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Mateo Roldán
- Departamento de Investigación y Biología (I&B), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - C Alfonso Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Mashpi Lodge, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Coba-Males MA, Medrano-Vizcaíno P, Enríquez S, Brito-Zapata D, Martin-Solano S, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Carrillo-Bilbao GA, Narváez W, Salas JA, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, González-Suárez M, Poveda A. From roads to biobanks: Roadkill animals as a valuable source of genetic data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290836. [PMID: 38060478 PMCID: PMC10703236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To protect biodiversity we must understand its structure and composition including the bacteria and microparasites associated with wildlife, which may pose risks to human health. However, acquiring this knowledge often presents challenges, particularly in areas of high biodiversity where there are many undescribed and poorly studied species and funding resources can be limited. A solution to fill this knowledge gap is sampling roadkill (animals that die on roads as a result of collisions with circulating vehicles). These specimens can help characterize local wildlife and their associated parasites with fewer ethical and logistical challenges compared to traditional specimen collection. Here we test this approach by analyzing 817 tissue samples obtained from 590 roadkill vertebrate specimens (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia) collected in roads within the Tropical Andes of Ecuador. First, we tested if the quantity and quality of recovered DNA varied across roadkill specimens collected at different times since death, exploring if decomposition affected the potential to identify vertebrate species and associated microorganisms. Second, we compared DNA stability across taxa and tissues to identify potential limitations and offer recommendations for future work. Finally, we illustrate how these samples can aid in taxonomic identification and parasite detection. Our study shows that sampling roadkill can help study biodiversity. DNA was recovered and amplified (allowing species identification and parasite detection) from roadkill even 120 hours after death, although risk of degradation increased overtime. DNA was extracted from all vertebrate classes but in smaller quantities and with lower quality from amphibians. We recommend sampling liver if possible as it produced the highest amounts of DNA (muscle produced the lowest). Additional testing of this approach in areas with different environmental and traffic conditions is needed, but our results show that sampling roadkill specimens can help detect and potentially monitor biodiversity and could be a valuable approach to create biobanks and preserve genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Coba-Males
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Medrano-Vizcaíno
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Grupo de Investigación Población y Ambiente, Tena, Ecuador
- Red Ecuatoriana para el Monitoreo de Fauna Atropellada-REMFA, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Enríquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Brito-Zapata
- Red Ecuatoriana para el Monitoreo de Fauna Atropellada-REMFA, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto iBIOTROP, Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel Alberto Carrillo-Bilbao
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Wilmer Narváez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime Antonio Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Carrera de Biología, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jazzmín Arrivillaga-Henríquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuela González-Suárez
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Poveda
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Bezemer JM, Merckx J, Freire Paspuel BP, Calvopiña M, de Vries HJC, Schallig HDFH, Leeflang MMG, Dendukuri N. Diagnostic accuracy of qPCR and microscopy for cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural Ecuador: A Bayesian latent class analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011745. [PMID: 38019756 PMCID: PMC10686511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is hampered by under-ascertainment of direct microscopy. METHODS This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of qPCR on DNA extracted from filter paper to the accuracy of direct smear slide microscopy in participants presenting with a cutaneous lesion suspected of leishmaniasis to 16 rural healthcare centers in the Ecuadorian Amazon and Pacific regions, from January 2019 to June 2021. We used Bayesian latent class analysis to estimate test sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR), and predictive values (PV) with their 95% credible intervals (95%CrI). The impact of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on predictive values was assessed as a secondary objective. RESULTS Of 320 initially included participants, paired valid test results were available and included in the diagnostic accuracy analysis for 129 from the Amazon and 185 from the Pacific region. We estimated sensitivity of 68% (95%CrI 49% to 82%) and 73% (95%CrI 73% to 83%) for qPCR, and 51% (95%CrI 36% to 66%) and 76% (95%CrI 65% to 86%) for microscopy in the Amazon and Pacific region, respectively. In the Amazon, with an estimated disease prevalence among participants of 73%, negative PV for qPCR was 54% (95%CrI 5% to 77%) and 44% (95%CrI 4% to 65%) for microscopy. In the Pacific, (prevalence 88%) the negative PV was 34% (95%CrI 3% to 58%) and 37% (95%CrI 3% to 63%). The addition of qPCR parallel to microscopy in the Amazon increases the observed prevalence from 38% to 64% (+26 (95%CrI 19 to 34) percentage points). CONCLUSION The accuracy of either qPCR on DNA extracted from filter paper or microscopy for CL diagnosis as a stand-alone test seems to be unsatisfactory and region-dependent. We recommend further studies to confirm the clinically relevant increment found in the diagnostic yield due to the addition of qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Bezemer
- Hospital Shell, Fundación Misión Cristiana de Salud, Shell, Pastaza, Ecuador
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna Merckx
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Byron P. Freire Paspuel
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- OneHealth Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Henry J. C. de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Sexual Health, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk D. F. H. Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska M. G. Leeflang
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nandini Dendukuri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bezemer JM, Freire-Paspuel BP, Schallig HDFH, de Vries HJC, Calvopiña M. Leishmania species and clinical characteristics of Pacific and Amazon cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador and determinants of health-seeking delay: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:395. [PMID: 37308815 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) affects up to 5.000 people in Ecuador each year. L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis are the most common of the eight CL-causing Leishmania species. Earlier CL research concentrated on the easily accessible Pacific region. This study aims to describe the Leishmania species in Pacific and Amazon ecoregions, to analyze regional differences in CL patient clinical presentation, and to identify determinants of health-seeking delay. METHODS All cases in this cross-sectional study were diagnosed using smear slide microscopy, PCR, or both. Cytochrome B gene sequencing was used to identify the causative Leishmania species in qPCR-positive samples. RESULTS This study included 245 patients, with 154 (63%) infected in the Pacific region and 91 (37%) infected in the Amazon. Causative Leishmania species were identified in 135 patients (73% of qPCR positives). L. guyanensis was identified in 76% (102/135) of the samples and L. braziliensis in 19% (26/135). The Pacific region had a low prevalence of 6% (5/89) of L. braziliensis. For the first time, we report L. guyanensis from the central Amazon, L. braziliensis from the northern Pacific, and L. lainsoni from both the central Amazon and northern Pacific. Amazon cases had a longer median health-seeking delay in months (2.0, IQR 3.0) than Pacific cases (1.0, IQR 1.5). Prolonged health-seeking delay was associated with older age, Amerindian ethnicity, infection at lower altitudes, non-ulcerative lesions, and lesions on the lower limbs. CONCLUSIONS In the Pacific region, health-seeking delay is relatively short and L. braziliensis prevalence remains low. Limited access to health care and stigma might explain the prolonged health-seeking delay in the Amazon. We recommend larger studies on the distribution of Leishmania species in Amazon CL cases and additional regional research into diagnostic test accuracy. Furthermore, the determinants of health-seeking delay in Ecuador should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Bezemer
- Fundación Misión Cristiana de Salud, Hospital Shell, Shell, Pastaza, Ecuador.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Byron P Freire-Paspuel
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J C de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of dermatology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Public Health Service, Center for Sexual Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, OneHealth Research Group, Quito, Ecuador
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Recent advances on the piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical biosensors for the detection of protozoan pathogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hoyos J, Rosales-Chilama M, León C, González C, Gómez MA. Sequencing of hsp70 for discernment of species from the Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis complex from endemic areas in Colombia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:406. [PMID: 36329517 PMCID: PMC9635106 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombia is ranked very high among countries with the highest numbers of endemic Leishmania species (n = 9) causing human disease. Although much effort has been devoted to generating simple and specific tools for Leishmania species identification, challenges remain in the discrimination of species belonging to the Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis complex: L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis. METHODS A set of seven reference strains of species belonging to the L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) subgenera, clinical strains from human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL; n = 26) and samples collected from sylvatic mammals and sand flies (n = 7) from endemic areas in Colombia were analyzed in this study. The heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) was amplified by PCR from DNA extracted from logarithmic-phase promastigotes or tissue samples, and the PCR products were sequenced. Sequence alignment was performed against a set of previously published and curated sequences, and phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches was conducted. Haplotype diversity among strains and species of the L. (V.) guyanensis complex was explored using a median-joining network. RESULTS Sequencing of the hsp70 gene for L. (Viannia) spp. typing was comparable to species identification using isoenzyme electrophoresis or monoclonal antibodies. Complete species matching was found, except for one sylvatic sample with an identity yet unsolved. Among the L. (V.) panamensis clinical strains, two distinctive phylogenetic clusters were found to correlate with two different zymodemes: L. (V.) panamensis Z2.2 and Z2.3. Analysis of samples from sylvatic environments identified novel records of naturally infected wild mammal and sand fly species. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the adequacy of hsp70 gene sequencing as a single-locus approach for discrimination of L. (Viannia) spp., as well as for exploring the genetic diversity within the L. (V.) guyanensis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hoyos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología Y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, D.C Colombia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento E Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Campus de la Universidad Icesi (Edificio O), Cali, Colombia
- Present Address: Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mariana Rosales-Chilama
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento E Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Campus de la Universidad Icesi (Edificio O), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cielo León
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología Y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, D.C Colombia
| | - Camila González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología Y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, D.C Colombia
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento E Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Campus de la Universidad Icesi (Edificio O), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Bezemer JM, Hinojosa MC, Zabala AEC, Pérez FO, Román VCV, Schallig HDFH, de Vries HJC. Quality of life of cutaneous leishmaniasis suspected patients in the Ecuadorian Pacific and Amazon regions: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:748. [PMID: 36153487 PMCID: PMC9509548 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yearly, up to 1 million patients worldwide suffer from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In Ecuador, CL affects an estimated 5000 patients annually. CL leads to reduced Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) as a result of stigma in the Asian and Mediterranean contexts, but research is lacking for Ecuador. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of CL suspected lesions on the quality of life of patients in the Pacific and Amazon regions. Methods Patients for this study were included in the Amazonian Napo, Pastaza, and Morona Santiago provinces and the Pacific region of the Pichincha province. Participating centers offered free of charge CL treatment. All patients suspected of CL and referred for a cutaneous smear slide microscopy examination were eligible. This study applied the Skindex-29 questionnaire, a generic tool to measure HRQL in patients with skin diseases. All statistical analysis was done with SPSS Statistics version 28. Results The skindex-29 questionnaire was completed adequately by 279 patients who were included in this study. All patient groups from the Amazon scored significantly (P < 0.01) higher (indicating worse HRQL) on all the dimensions of the Skindex-29 questionnaire than Mestizo patients from the Pacific region. The percentage of patients with health seeking delay of less than a month was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the Amazon region (38%) than in the Pacific (66%). Conclusions The present study revealed that the influence of suspected CL lesions on the HRQL of patients in the Ecuadorian Amazon and Pacific depends on the geographic region more than on patient characteristics such as gender, age, number of lesions, lesion type, location of lesions, health seeking delay, or posterior confirmation of the Leishmania parasite. The health seeking delay in the Amazon might result from a lack of health infrastructure or related stigma. Together, the impaired HRQL and prolonged health seeking delay in the Amazon lead to prolonged suffering and a worse health outcome. Determinants of health seeking delay should be clarified in future studies and CL case finding must be improved. Moreover, HRQL analysis in other CL endemic regions could improve local health management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07733-4.
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Bezemer JM, Meesters K, Naveda CL, Machado PRL, Calvopiña M, Leeflang MMG, Schallig HDFH, de Vries HJC. Clinical criteria for Mucosal Leishmaniasis diagnosis in rural South America: A systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010621. [PMID: 35947553 PMCID: PMC9365133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML), a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites, impairs the quality of life of under-resourced populations in South America. If not treated promptly, this disease progresses to facial deformities and death. The low sensitivity of microscopy results and the unavailability of other accurate tests hamper the diagnosis. As clinical criteria are readily available in any setting, these may be combined in a syndromic algorithm, which in turn can be used as a diagnostic tool. We explore potential clinical criteria for a syndromic diagnostic algorithm for ML in rural healthcare settings in South America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The protocol for this systematic review was pre-registered in PROSPERO with the number: CRD42017074148. In patients with ML, described in case series identified through a systematic retrieval process, we explored the cumulative ML detection rates of clinical criteria. Participants: all patients with active mucosal disease from an endemic area in South America. Any original, non-treatment study was eligible, and case reports were excluded. PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCIELO, and LILACS databases were searched without restrictions. The risk of bias was assessed with the JBI checklist for case series. We included 10 full texts describing 192 ML patients. Male gender had the highest detection rate (88%), followed by ulcer of the nasal mucosa (77%), age >15 (69%), and symptom duration >4 months (63%). SIGNIFICANCE Within this selection of patients, we found that the male gender, ulcer of the nasal mucosa, age >15, and symptom duration >4 months lead to the highest detection rates. However, higher detection comes -naturally- with a higher rate of false positives as well. As we only included ML patients, this could not be verified. Therefore, the criteria that we found to be most promising should be validated in a well-designed prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Bezemer
- Fundación Misión Cristiana de Salud, Shell, Pastaza, Ecuador
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Meesters
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Paulo R. L. Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- OneHealth Research Group, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mariska M. G. Leeflang
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk D. F. H. Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J. C. de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute for infection and Immunity (AII), Infectious Diseases Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Sexual Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Moya-Salazar J, Contreras-Pulache H, Pasco IA, Cañari B. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Associated With the Level of Poverty of the Andean Rural Population: A Five-Year Single-Center Study. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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11
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Kato H, Cáceres AG, Gomez EA, Tabbabi A, Mizushima D, Yamamoto DS, Hashiguchi Y. Prevalence of Genetically Complex Leishmania Strains With Hybrid and Mito-Nuclear Discordance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625001. [PMID: 33732663 PMCID: PMC7959773 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 Leishmania species are known to cause cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral disorders in humans. Identification of the causative species in infected individuals is important for appropriate treatment and a favorable prognosis because infecting species are known to be the major determinant of clinical manifestations and may affect treatments for leishmaniasis. Although Leishmania species have been conventionally identified by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, genetic analysis targeting kinetoplast and nuclear DNA (kDNA and nDNA, respectively) is now widely used for this purpose. Recently, we conducted countrywide epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis in Ecuador and Peru to reveal prevalent species using PCR-RFLP targeting nDNA, and identified unknown hybrid parasites in these countries together with species reported previously. Furthermore, comparative analyses of kDNA and nDNA revealed the distribution of parasites with mismatches between these genes, representing the first report of mito-nuclear discordance in protozoa. The prevalence of an unexpectedly high rate (~10%) of genetically complex strains including hybrid strains, in conjunction with the observation of mito-nuclear discordance, suggests that genetic exchange may occur more frequently than previously thought in natural Leishmania populations. Hybrid Leishmania strains resulting from genetic exchanges are suggested to cause more severe clinical symptoms when compared with parental strains, and to have increased transmissibility by vectors of the parental parasite species. Therefore, it is important to clarify how such genetic exchange influences disease progression and transmissibility by sand flies in nature. In addition, our aim was to identify where and how the genetic exchange resulting in the formation of hybrid and mito-nuclear discordance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Abraham G Cáceres
- Sección de Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrión" y Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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12
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Differentiation of Leishmania ( L.) infantum, Leishmania ( L.) amazonensis and Leishmania ( L.) mexicana Using Sequential qPCR Assays and High-Resolution Melt Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060818. [PMID: 32486117 PMCID: PMC7355826 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania protozoa are the etiological agents of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In specific geographical regions, such as Latin America, several Leishmania species are endemic and simultaneously present; therefore, a diagnostic method for species discrimination is warranted. In this attempt, many qPCR-based assays have been developed. Recently, we have shown that L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis can be distinguished through the comparison of the Cq values from two qPCR assays (qPCR-ML and qPCR-ama), designed to amplify kDNA minicircle subclasses more represented in L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis, respectively. This paper describes the application of this approach to L. (L.) mexicana and introduces a new qPCR-ITS1 assay followed by high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis to differentiate this species from L. (L.) amazonensis. We show that L. (L.) mexicana can be distinguished from L. (L.) infantum using the same approach we had previously validated for L. (L.) amazonensis. Moreover, it was also possible to reliably discriminate L. (L.) mexicana from L. (L.) amazonensis by using qPCR-ITS1 followed by an HRM analysis. Therefore, a diagnostic algorithm based on sequential qPCR assays coupled with HRM analysis was established to identify/differentiate L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) mexicana and Viannia subgenus. These findings update and extend previous data published by our research group, providing an additional diagnostic tool in endemic areas with co-existing species.
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13
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Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EA, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Kubo M, Mimori T, Hashiguchi K, Kato H. Anthropophilic phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia species and search for the natural Leishmania infections in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105287. [PMID: 31790649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By employing protected human bait landing and modified Shannon light trap, a total of 1924 phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia spp. were captured in an area from which L. (V.) guyanensis was reported as the causative parasite of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The sand flies captured alive were dissected and identified at species level, based mainly on their spermathecae. At the same time, the sand flies dissected were searched for the Leishmania parasites by microscopic-test, and later on by PCR-test. No positive sand flies were detected by both tests, while considerable numbers of anthropophilic sand fly species of the genus Lutzomyia were observed as probable vectors of the Leishmania parasite in the areas. Those were eight species, Lu. robusta, Lu. trapidoi, Lu. maranonensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. shannoni, Lu. migonei, Lu. punctigeniculata and Lu. spathotrichia. Among them, the first two species Lu. robusta and Lu. trapidoi were most dominant, suggesting probable vectors of the Leishmania parasite prevailing in the area. Lu. punctigeniculata and Lu. spathotrichia were for the first time recorded for the Manabí province, Ecuador. These findings provide basic information useful for future planning of the control and management of the disease in the areas, though further study to incriminate the vector sand fly remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Lenin N Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Villegas
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Division of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kazue Hashiguchi
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Hashiguchi Y, Hashiguchi K, Zambrano FC, Parraga FD, Martillo VP, Torres EX, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Gomez EA, Kato H. Natural Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection and biting activity of anthropophilic sand fly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis in the Ecuadorian Andes. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105321. [PMID: 31877283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the transmission mode of Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL), natural Leishmania infection and biting activity of sand flies were tested in a selected sylvatic focus of the endemic area of the Ecuadorian Andes. Monthly sand fly collections and dissections were conducted during 12 months from July 2018 to June 2019. The Leishmania positive specimens/slides with innumerable amounts of actively mobile flagellates made us easy to detect positive sand flies. The promastigotes observed located in the anterior and posterior midgut, without the hindgut localization. The parasite isolated was identified as L. (L.) mexicana by cytochrome b gene analysis. No other Leishmania or flagellate species parasitic in sand flies was observed in the area. Only Lu. ayacuchensis was caught throughout. Monthly microscopic examination of Lu. ayacuchensis revealed 0.75-8.33% of natural L. (L.) mexicana infection rates. Higher Leishmania infection months were present at the end of the wet season of the Andes, while higher sand fly numbers occurred during the dry season. Diurnal biting (blood meal seeking) activity of sand flies started around 17:30 before sunset, increased between 18:00 and 19:30, and thereafter decreased drastically probably because of low temperature (15-18 °C) in the area. The results provide information important for the planning of vector control strategy and management of the disease in the Andean-CL endemic area of Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Kazue Hashiguchi
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Flavio C Zambrano
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | | | - Viriginia P Martillo
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Edison X Torres
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Lenin N Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Villegas
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Lauthier JJ, Ruybal P, Barroso PA, Hashiguchi Y, Marco JD, Korenaga M. Development of a Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Pan-Leishmania. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105189. [PMID: 31580847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the Leishmania genus, its identification and organization have been a challenge. A high number of molecular markers have been developed to resolve phylogenetic differences at the species level and for addressing key epidemiological and population genetics questions. Based on Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes have been developed using different gene candidates. From 38 original gene targets proposed by other authors, 27 of them were chosen. In silico selection was made by analyzing free access genomic sequence data of 33 Leishmania species, one Paraleishmania representative, and one outgroup, in order to select the best 15 loci. De novo amplifications and primers redesign of these 15 genes were analyzed over a panel of 20 reference strains and isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was made at every step. Two MLST schemes were selected. The first one was based on the analysis of three-gene fragments, and it is suitable for species assignment as well as basic phylogenetic studies. By the addition of seven-genes, an approach based on the analysis of ten-gene fragments was also proposed. This is the first work that two optimized MLST schemes have been suggested, validated against a phylogenetically diverse panel of Leishmania isolates. MLST is potentially a powerful phylogenetic approach, and most probably the new gold standard for Leishmania spp. characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Lauthier
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Facultad de Medicina. Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA (1121). Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta / CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan; Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta / CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
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Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007698. [PMID: 31697673 PMCID: PMC6837287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, represents an important health problem in many regions of the world. Lack of effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests applicable in resources-limited endemic areas is a critical barrier to effective treatment and control of leishmaniasis. The development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has provided a new tool towards the development of a POC diagnostic test based on the amplification of pathogen DNA. LAMP does not require a thermocycler, is relatively inexpensive, and is simple to perform with high amplification sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the current technical developments, applications, diagnostic performance, challenges, and future of LAMP for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of Leishmania parasites. Studies employing the LAMP assay to diagnose human leishmaniasis have reported sensitivities of 80% to 100% and specificities of 94% to 100%. These observations suggest that LAMP offers a good molecular POC technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and is also readily applicable to screening at-risk populations and vector sand flies for Leishmania infection in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
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Morales D, Paredes M, Morales-Butler EJ, Cruz-Aponte M, Arriola L, Cevallos V, Ponce P, Mubayi A. Data scarcity and ecological complexity: the cutaneous leishmaniasis dynamics in Ecuador. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190141. [PMID: 31455165 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by species of Phlebotominae sand flies. CL is responsible for more than 1000 reported cases per year in Ecuador. Vector collection studies in Ecuador suggest that there is a strong association between the ecological diversity of an ecosystem, the presence of potential alternative or reservoir hosts and the abundance of sand fly species. Data collected from a coastal community in Ecuador showed that Leishmania parasites may be circulating in diverse hosts, including mammalian and potentially avian species, and these hosts may serve as potential hosts for the parasite. There has been limited reporting of CL cases in Ecuador because the disease is non-fatal and its surveillance system is passive. Hence, the actual incidence of CL is unknown. In this study, an epidemic model was developed and analysed to understand the complexity of CL transmission dynamics with potential non-human hosts in the coastal ecosystem and to estimate critical epidemiological quantities for Ecuador. The model is fitted to the 2010 CL outbreak in the town of Valle Hermoso in the Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas province of Ecuador and parameters such as CL transmission rates in different types of hosts (primary and alternative), and levels of case reporting in the town are estimated. The results suggest that the current surveillance in this region fails to capture 38% (with 95% CI (29%, 47%)) of the actual number of cases under the assumption that alternative hosts are dead-end hosts and that the mean CL reproduction number in the town is 3.9. This means that on the average 3.9 new human CL cases were generated by a single infectious human in the town during the initial period of the 2010 outbreak. Moreover, major outbreaks of CL in Ecuador in coastal settings are unavoidable until reporting through the surveillance system is improved and alternative hosts are managed properly. The estimated infection transmission probabilities from alternative hosts to sand flies, and sand flies to alternative hosts are 27% and 32%, respectively. The analysis highlights that vector control and alternative host management are two effective programmes for Ecuador but need to be implemented concurrently to avoid future major outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marlio Paredes
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Universidad Francisco Gavidia, San Salvador, El Salvador.,Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Mayteé Cruz-Aponte
- Department of Mathematics-Physics, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736, USA
| | - Leon Arriola
- Mathematics Department, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Varsovia Cevallos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Quito, Ecuador.,Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Patricio Ponce
- Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.,Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Anuj Mubayi
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Kato H, Gomez EA, Seki C, Furumoto H, Martini-Robles L, Muzzio J, Calvopiña M, Velez L, Kubo M, Tabbabi A, Yamamoto DS, Hashiguchi Y. PCR-RFLP analyses of Leishmania species causing cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis revealed distribution of genetically complex strains with hybrid and mito-nuclear discordance in Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007403. [PMID: 31059516 PMCID: PMC6522058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analyses targeting multiple nuclear genes were established for the simple and practical identification of Leishmania species without using expensive equipment. This method was applied to 92 clinical samples collected at 33 sites in 14 provinces of Ecuador, which have been identified at the species level by the kinetoplast cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequence analysis, and the results obtained by the two analyses were compared. Although most results corresponded between the two analyses, PCR-RFLP analyses revealed distribution of hybrid strains between Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis and between L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis, of which the latter was firstly identified in Ecuador. Moreover, unexpected parasite strains having the kinetoplast cyt b gene of L. (V.) braziliensis and nuclear genes of L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, or a hybrid between L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis were identified. This is the first report of the distribution of a protozoan parasite having mismatches between kinetoplast and nuclear genes, known as mito-nuclear discordance. The result demonstrated that genetically complex Leishmania strains are present in Ecuador. Since genetic exchanges such as hybrid formation were suggested to cause higher pathogenicity in Leishmania and may be transmitted by more species of sand flies, further country-wide epidemiological studies on clinical symptoms, as well as transmissible vectors, will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eduardo A. Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Chisato Seki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hayato Furumoto
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Luiggi Martini-Robles
- Hospital de Especialidades Guayaquil “Dr. Abel Gilberto Pinton”, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Muzzio
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Insitituto de Investigacion de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad De Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Division of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke S. Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in north-central Pacific region of Ecuador: A clinico-epidemiological feature. Acta Trop 2018; 185:204-211. [PMID: 29852129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The current four year study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and epidemiological features of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis infections in Valle Hermoso, Santo Domingo de Los Tsachilas province, north-central Pacific areas of Ecuador. A total of 155 parasitologically confirmed (Leishmania-amastigote-positive) clinical cases diagnosed at a rural health center during January 2014-December 2017 were analyzed thoroughly. Molecular characterization of the causative Leishmania parasites from different endemic sites within the study areas was performed by PCR amplification of cytochrome b (cyt b) sequencing. All the FTA-card and/or smear impregnated materials tested were characterized, and identified as L. (V.) guyanensis, without detecting any other Leishmania species. The following features were described: 1) the majority of patients were suffered from a single ulcer lesion (simple and mild to chronic), followed by multiple lesions, including recidiva cutis-"like" and Chiclero's ulcer-"like" clinical forms; 2) the majority (65.70%) of lesions were less than 10 mm in size, and distributed mainly on the upper body regions (arm, forearm, face, and neck including ear and head); 3) about 30% (29.68%) of the subjects tested were less than 10 years of age, strongly suggesting the intra- and/or peri-domestic transmission of the disease in the areas. The current clinico-epidemiological feature detected emphasizes the need for further such investigations of the L. (V.) guyanensis infections prevalent at different Pacific ecoregions of Ecuador, including Amazon regions.
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Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EA. Importance of Leishmania Species and Vector Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Identification. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:773-774. [PMID: 29659935 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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21
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Lydy SL, Lascano MS, Garcia-Perez JE, Williams-Newkirk AJ, Grijalva MJ. Seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with Bartonella bacilliformis in Loja province, Ecuador. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:115. [PMID: 29941982 PMCID: PMC6018114 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The seroprevalence and epidemiology of Bartonella bacilliformis infection in the Andean highlands of Ecuador is largely unknown. We conducted a sero-epidemiologic survey of 319 healthy children aged 1-15 years living in six rural, mountain communities in Loja Province, Ecuador. Blood was collected by finger stick onto filter paper and dried, and the eluted sera analyzed for antibodies to B. bacilliformis by rPap31 ELISA. Demographic, entomologic, and household variables were assessed to investigate associated risk factors for antibody seropositivity to B. bacilliformis. Seroprevalence of 28% was found among children in the study communities. Increased risk of seropositivity was associated with the presence of lumber piles near houses. Decreased risk of seropositivity was observed with the presence of animal waste and incremental 100 meter increases in elevation. Although investigation of clinical cases of Carrion's disease was not within the scope of this study, our serology data suggest that infection of children with B. bacilliformis is prevalent in this region of Ecuador and is largely unrecognized and undiagnosed. This study highlights the need to further investigate the prevalence, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and disease impact of this pathogen in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari L Lydy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mauricio S Lascano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Athens, OH, USA
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Quito, Ecuador
- Organization for Tropical Studies-North American Branch, Tropical Diseases, Environmental Change and Human Health Program, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Quito, Ecuador
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Amanda J Williams-Newkirk
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Enteric Disease Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Athens, OH, USA
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Quito, Ecuador
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22
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Regueira-Neto MDS, Tintino SR, Rolón M, Coronal C, Vega MC, de Queiroz Balbino V, de Melo Coutinho HD. Antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis and plant resin of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L) Taub. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:215-221. [PMID: 29665415 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The treatment for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease can be hard and painful, such that many patients give up on the treatment. In order to find an alternative path for the treatment of these diseases, researchers are using natural products to fight these parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiprotozoan and cytotoxic activities of red propolis samples collected from different Brazilian states and seasons whilst searching for possible activity differences. We also compared the red propolis results with the ones obtained for the plant resin extract collected from Dalbergia ecastaphyllum trees. The hydroethanolic red propolis extracts from Pernambuco and Alagoas, and the D. ecastaphyllum resin were evaluated regarding their antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activity. All extracts showed antiprotozoan and cytotoxic activity. RP-PER showed to be more cytotoxic against protozoan parasites and fibroblast cells. All propolis extracts showed a higher cytotoxic activity when compared to resin extracts. The propolis sample collected in Pernambuco during the rainy season killed the parasites with lower concentrations than the sample collected in the dry season. The IC50 observed against the parasites could be used without high fibroblast cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Brazil
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro para el Dessarollo de la Investigación Cientifica (CEDIC), Fundacion Moisés Bertoni/Labortórios Díaz Gill, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Cathia Coronal
- Centro para el Dessarollo de la Investigación Cientifica (CEDIC), Fundacion Moisés Bertoni/Labortórios Díaz Gill, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Maria C Vega
- Centro para el Dessarollo de la Investigación Cientifica (CEDIC), Fundacion Moisés Bertoni/Labortórios Díaz Gill, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, UFPE, Brazil
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23
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Guimarães AC, Nogueira PM, Silva SDO, Sadlova J, Pruzinova K, Hlavacova J, Melo MN, Soares RP. Lower galactosylation levels of the Lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania (Leishmania) major-like strains affect interaction with Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018. [PMID: 29513819 PMCID: PMC5853761 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania major is an Old World species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus duboscqi. In Brazil, two isolates from patients who never left the country were characterised as L. major-like (BH49 and BH121). Using molecular techniques, these isolates were indistinguishable from the L. major reference strain (FV1). OBJECTIVES We evaluated the lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) of the strains and their behaviour in Old and New World sand fly vectors. METHODS LPGs were purified, and repeat units were qualitatively evaluated by immunoblotting. Experimental in vivo infection with L. major-like strains was performed in Lutzomyia longipalpis (New World, permissive vector) and Ph. papatasi (Old World, restrictive or specific vector). FINDINGS The LPGs of both strains were devoid of arabinosylated side chains, whereas the LPG of strain BH49 was more galactosylated than that of strain BH121. All strains with different levels of galactosylation in their LPGs were able to infect both vectors, exhibiting colonisation of the stomodeal valve and metacyclogenesis. The BH121 strain (less galactosylated) exhibited lower infection intensity compared to BH49 and FV1 in both vectors. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific variation in the LPG of L. major-like strains occur, and the different galactosylation levels affected interactions with the invertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agna Cristina Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Pruzinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hlavacova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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24
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Hashiguchi Y, Gomez L. EA, Cáceres AG, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Hashiguchi K, Mimori T, Uezato H, Kato H. Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador: the vector Lutzomyia sand flies and reservoir mammals. Acta Trop 2018; 178:264-275. [PMID: 29224978 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vector Lutzomyia sand flies and reservoir host mammals of the Leishmania parasites, causing the Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador were thoroughly reviewed, performing a survey of literatures including our unpublished data. The Peruvian L. (V.) peruviana, a principal Leishmania species causing Andean-CL in Peru, possessed three Lutzomyia species, Lu. peruensis, Lu. verrucarum and Lu. ayacuchensis as vectors, while the Ecuadorian L. (L.) mexicana parasite possessed only one species Lu. ayacuchensis as the vector. Among these, the Ecuadorian showed a markedly higher rate of natural Leishmania infections. However, the monthly and diurnal biting activities were mostly similar among these vector species was in both countries, and the higher rates of infection (transmission) reported, corresponded to sand fly's higher monthly-activity season (rainy season). The Lu. tejadai sand fly participated as a vector of a hybrid parasite of L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana in the Peruvian Andes. Dogs were considered to be principal reservoir hosts of the L. (V.) peruviana and L. (L.) mexicana parasites in both countries, followed by other sylvatic mammals such as Phyllotis andium, Didelphis albiventris and Akodon sp. in Peru, and Rattus rattus in Ecuador, but information on the reservoir hosts/mammals was extremely poor in both countries. Thus, the Peruvian disease form demonstrated more complicated transmission dynamics than the Ecuadorian. A brief review was also given to the control of vector and reservoirs in the Andes areas. Such information is crucial for future development of the control strategies of the disease.
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Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EAL, Cáceres AG, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Hashiguchi K, Mimori T, Uezato H, Kato H. Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador: the causative Leishmania parasites and clinico-epidemiological features. Acta Trop 2018; 177:135-145. [PMID: 29017878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study provides comprehensive information on the past and current status of the Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador, mainly focusing on the causative Leishmania parasites and clinico-epidemiological features. Available information and data including our unpublished works were analyzed thoroughly. Endemic regions of the Andean-CL (uta) in Peru run from the north Piura/Cajamarca to the south Ayacucho at a wide range of the Pacific watersheds of the Andes through several departments, while in Ecuador those exist at limited and spotted areas in the country's mid-southwestern two provinces, Azuay and Chimborazo. The principal species of the genus Leishmania are completely different at subgenus level, L. (Viannia) peruviana in Peru, and L. (Leishmania) mexicana and L. (L.) major-like (infrequent occurrence) in Ecuador. The Peruvian uta is now prevalent in different age and sex groups, being not clearly defined as found in the past. The precise reasons are not known and should be elucidated further, though probable factors, such as emergence of other Leishmania parasites, non-immune peoples' migration into the areas, etc., were discussed briefly in the text. The Andean-CL cases in Ecuador are more rural than before, probably because of a rapid development of the Leishmania-positive communities and towns, and the change of life-styles of the inhabitants, including newly constructed houses and roads in the endemic areas. Such information is helpful for future management of the disease, not only for Leishmania-endemic areas in the Andes but also for other endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Centro de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Eduardo A L Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Centro de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Abraham G Cáceres
- Seccion de Entomologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrion" y Departamento Academico de Microbiologia, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Lenin N Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Centro de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Villegas
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Centro de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Kazue Hashiguchi
- Leishmaniasis Project, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uezato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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26
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Quiroga C, Cevallos V, Morales D, Baldeón ME, Cárdenas P, Rojas-Silva P, Ponce P. Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) From Ecuador. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1704-1711. [PMID: 28981860 PMCID: PMC5850347 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The detection and identification of natural infections in sand flies by Leishmania protozoan species in endemic areas is a key factor in assessing the risk of leishmaniasis and in designing prevention and control measures for this infectious disease. In this study, we analyzed the Leishmania DNA using nuclear ribosomal internal transcript spacer (ITS) sequences. Parasite DNA was extracted from naturally infected, blood-fed sand flies collected in nine localities considered leishmaniasis-endemic foci in Ecuador. The species of parasites identified in sand flies were Leishmania major-like, Leishmania naiffi, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania lainsoni, and “Leishmania sp. siamensis”. Sand fly specimens of Brumptomyia leopoldoi, Mycropigomyia cayennensis, Nyssomyia yuilli yuilli, Nyssomyia trapidoi, Pressatia triacantha, Pressatia dysponeta, Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai, Psychodopygus panamensis, and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis were found positive for Leishmania parasite. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the disease in high-risk areas of Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quiroga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
| | - Varsovia Cevallos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
| | - Diego Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
| | - Manuel E Baldeón
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Ponce
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Biología, Quito, Ecuador
- Yachay Tech University, School of Biological Sciences and Engineering. Urcuquí, Ecuador
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27
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León CM, Muñoz M, Hernández C, Ayala MS, Flórez C, Teherán A, Cubides JR, Ramírez JD. Analytical Performance of Four Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real Time PCR (qPCR) Assays for the Detection of Six Leishmania Species DNA in Colombia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29046670 PMCID: PMC5632848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis comprises a spectrum of parasitic diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Molecular tools have been widely employed for the detection of Leishmania due to its high sensitivity and specificity. However, the analytical performance of molecular platforms as PCR and real time PCR (qPCR) including a wide variety of molecular markers has never been evaluated. Herein, the aim was to evaluate the analytical performance of 4 PCR-based assays (designed on four different targets) and applied on conventional and real-time PCR platforms. We evaluated the analytical performance of conventional PCR and real time PCR, determining exclusivity and inclusivity, Anticipated Reportable Range (ARR), limit of detection (LoD) and accuracy using primers directed to kDNA, HSP70, 18S and ITS-1 targets. We observed that the kDNA was the most sensitive but does not meet the criterion of exclusivity. The HSP70 presented a higher LoD in conventional PCR and qPCR in comparison with the other markers (1 × 101 and 1 × 10-1 equivalent parasites/mL respectively) and had a higher coefficient of variation in qPCR. No statistically significant differences were found between the days of the test with the four molecular markers. The present study revealed that the 18S marker presented the best performance in terms of analytical sensitivity and specificity for the qPCR in the species tested (species circulating in Colombia). Therefore, we recommend to explore the analytical and diagnostic performance in future studies using a broader number of species across America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cielo M León
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha S Ayala
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Flórez
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aníbal Teherán
- Residente de Medicina de Emergencias, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación COMPLEXUS, Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan R Cubides
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan D Ramírez
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
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