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Merckx J, Cooke S, El Tal T, Bitnun A, Morris SK, Yeh EA, Yea C, Gill P, Papenburg J, Lefebvre MA, Scuccimarri R, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Brenes-Chacon H, Yock-Corrales A, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Soriano-Fallas A, Mezerville MHD, Dewan T, Restivo L, Nateghian A, Aski BH, Manafi A, Dwilow R, Bullard J, Lopez A, Sadarangani M, Roberts A, Barton M, Petel D, Le Saux N, Bowes J, Purewal R, Lautermilch J, Tehseen S, Bayliss A, Wong JK, Leifso K, Foo C, Robinson J. Predictors of severe illness in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicentre cohort study. CMAJ 2022; 194:E513-E523. [PMID: 35410860 PMCID: PMC9001008 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We sought to investigate risk factors for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and explored changes in disease severity over time. METHODS We obtained data from chart reviews of children younger than 18 years with confirmed or probable MIS-C who were admitted to 15 hospitals in Canada, Iran and Costa Rica between Mar. 1, 2020, and Mar. 7, 2021. Using multivariable analyses, we evaluated whether admission date and other characteristics were associated with ICU admission or cardiac involvement. RESULTS Of 232 children with MIS-C (median age 5.8 yr), 130 (56.0%) were male and 50 (21.6%) had comorbidities. Seventy-three (31.5%) patients were admitted to the ICU but none died. We observed an increased risk of ICU admission among children aged 13-17 years (adjusted risk difference 27.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3% to 47.2%), those aged 6-12 years (adjusted risk difference 25.2%, 95% CI 13.6% to 36.9%) or those with initial ferritin levels greater than 500 μg/L (adjusted risk difference 18.4%, 95% CI 5.6% to 31.3%). Children admitted to hospital after Oct. 31, 2020, had numerically higher rates of ICU admission (adjusted risk difference 12.3%, 95% CI -0.3% to 25.0%) and significantly higher rates of cardiac involvement (adjusted risk difference 30.9%, 95% CI 17.3% to 44.4%). At Canadian sites, the risk of ICU admission was significantly higher for children admitted to hospital between December 2020 and March 2021 than those admitted between March and May 2020 (adjusted risk difference 25.3%, 95% CI 6.5% to 44.0%). INTERPRETATION We observed that age and higher ferritin levels were associated with more severe MIS-C. We observed greater severity of MIS-C later in the study period. Whether emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose different risks of severe MIS-C needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Merckx
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Suzette Cooke
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Tala El Tal
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ari Bitnun
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Shaun K Morris
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Carmen Yea
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Peter Gill
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marie-Astrid Lefebvre
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rosie Scuccimarri
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Helena Brenes-Chacon
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Adriana Yock-Corrales
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Gabriela Ivankovich-Escoto
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alejandra Soriano-Fallas
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marcela Hernandez-de Mezerville
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Tammie Dewan
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Lea Restivo
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Behzad Haghighi Aski
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ali Manafi
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rachel Dwilow
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jared Bullard
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alison Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Michelle Barton
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Dara Petel
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Nicole Le Saux
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jennifer Bowes
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rupeena Purewal
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Janell Lautermilch
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Sarah Tehseen
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ann Bayliss
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jacqueline K Wong
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Kirk Leifso
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Cheryl Foo
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Joan Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
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