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Merckx J, Cooke S, El Tal T, Bitnun A, Morris SK, Yeh EA, Yea C, Gill P, Papenburg J, Lefebvre MA, Scuccimarri R, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Brenes-Chacon H, Yock-Corrales A, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Soriano-Fallas A, Mezerville MHD, Dewan T, Restivo L, Nateghian A, Aski BH, Manafi A, Dwilow R, Bullard J, Lopez A, Sadarangani M, Roberts A, Barton M, Petel D, Le Saux N, Bowes J, Purewal R, Lautermilch J, Tehseen S, Bayliss A, Wong JK, Leifso K, Foo C, Robinson J. Predictors of severe illness in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicentre cohort study. CMAJ 2022; 194:E513-E523. [PMID: 35410860 PMCID: PMC9001008 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We sought to investigate risk factors for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and explored changes in disease severity over time. METHODS We obtained data from chart reviews of children younger than 18 years with confirmed or probable MIS-C who were admitted to 15 hospitals in Canada, Iran and Costa Rica between Mar. 1, 2020, and Mar. 7, 2021. Using multivariable analyses, we evaluated whether admission date and other characteristics were associated with ICU admission or cardiac involvement. RESULTS Of 232 children with MIS-C (median age 5.8 yr), 130 (56.0%) were male and 50 (21.6%) had comorbidities. Seventy-three (31.5%) patients were admitted to the ICU but none died. We observed an increased risk of ICU admission among children aged 13-17 years (adjusted risk difference 27.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3% to 47.2%), those aged 6-12 years (adjusted risk difference 25.2%, 95% CI 13.6% to 36.9%) or those with initial ferritin levels greater than 500 μg/L (adjusted risk difference 18.4%, 95% CI 5.6% to 31.3%). Children admitted to hospital after Oct. 31, 2020, had numerically higher rates of ICU admission (adjusted risk difference 12.3%, 95% CI -0.3% to 25.0%) and significantly higher rates of cardiac involvement (adjusted risk difference 30.9%, 95% CI 17.3% to 44.4%). At Canadian sites, the risk of ICU admission was significantly higher for children admitted to hospital between December 2020 and March 2021 than those admitted between March and May 2020 (adjusted risk difference 25.3%, 95% CI 6.5% to 44.0%). INTERPRETATION We observed that age and higher ferritin levels were associated with more severe MIS-C. We observed greater severity of MIS-C later in the study period. Whether emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose different risks of severe MIS-C needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Merckx
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Suzette Cooke
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Tala El Tal
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ari Bitnun
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Shaun K Morris
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Carmen Yea
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Peter Gill
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marie-Astrid Lefebvre
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rosie Scuccimarri
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Helena Brenes-Chacon
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Adriana Yock-Corrales
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Gabriela Ivankovich-Escoto
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alejandra Soriano-Fallas
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marcela Hernandez-de Mezerville
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Tammie Dewan
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Lea Restivo
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Behzad Haghighi Aski
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ali Manafi
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rachel Dwilow
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jared Bullard
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Alison Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Michelle Barton
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Dara Petel
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Nicole Le Saux
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jennifer Bowes
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Rupeena Purewal
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Janell Lautermilch
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Sarah Tehseen
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ann Bayliss
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Jacqueline K Wong
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Kirk Leifso
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Cheryl Foo
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Joan Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology (Merckx), Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Cooke, Dewan, Restivo), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (El Tal, Bitnun, Morris, Yeh, Yea, Gill), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Papenburg, Lefebvre, Scuccimarri), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Ulloa-Gutierrez, Brenes-Chacon, Yock-Corrales, Ivankovich-Escoto, Soriano-Fallas, Hernandez-de Mezerville), Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Pediatrics (Nateghian, Haghighi Aski, Manafi), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (Dwilow, Bullard), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Pediatrics (Lopez, Sadarangani, Roberts), University of British Columbia; Vaccine Evaluation Center (Sadarangani), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Barton, Petel), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Le Saux, Bowes), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Purewal, Lautermilch, Tehseen), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Pediatrics (Bayliss), Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Wong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Leifso), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Foo), Memorial University, St John's, NL; Department of Pediatrics (Robinson), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
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Tarailo-Graovac M, Shyr C, Ross CJ, Horvath GA, Salvarinova R, Ye XC, Zhang LH, Bhavsar AP, Lee JJY, Drögemöller BI, Abdelsayed M, Alfadhel M, Armstrong L, Baumgartner MR, Burda P, Connolly MB, Cameron J, Demos M, Dewan T, Dionne J, Evans AM, Friedman JM, Garber I, Lewis S, Ling J, Mandal R, Mattman A, McKinnon M, Michoulas A, Metzger D, Ogunbayo OA, Rakic B, Rozmus J, Ruben P, Sayson B, Santra S, Schultz KR, Selby K, Shekel P, Sirrs S, Skrypnyk C, Superti-Furga A, Turvey SE, Van Allen MI, Wishart D, Wu J, Wu J, Zafeiriou D, Kluijtmans L, Wevers RA, Eydoux P, Lehman AM, Vallance H, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Sinclair G, Wasserman WW, van Karnebeek CD. Exome Sequencing and the Management of Neurometabolic Disorders. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2246-55. [PMID: 27276562 PMCID: PMC4983272 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1515792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-exome sequencing has transformed gene discovery and diagnosis in rare diseases. Translation into disease-modifying treatments is challenging, particularly for intellectual developmental disorder. However, the exception is inborn errors of metabolism, since many of these disorders are responsive to therapy that targets pathophysiological features at the molecular or cellular level. METHODS To uncover the genetic basis of potentially treatable inborn errors of metabolism, we combined deep clinical phenotyping (the comprehensive characterization of the discrete components of a patient's clinical and biochemical phenotype) with whole-exome sequencing analysis through a semiautomated bioinformatics pipeline in consecutively enrolled patients with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic phenotypes. RESULTS We performed whole-exome sequencing on samples obtained from 47 probands. Of these patients, 6 were excluded, including 1 who withdrew from the study. The remaining 41 probands had been born to predominantly nonconsanguineous parents of European descent. In 37 probands, we identified variants in 2 genes newly implicated in disease, 9 candidate genes, 22 known genes with newly identified phenotypes, and 9 genes with expected phenotypes; in most of the genes, the variants were classified as either pathogenic or probably pathogenic. Complex phenotypes of patients in five families were explained by coexisting monogenic conditions. We obtained a diagnosis in 28 of 41 probands (68%) who were evaluated. A test of a targeted intervention was performed in 18 patients (44%). CONCLUSIONS Deep phenotyping and whole-exome sequencing in 41 probands with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic abnormalities led to a diagnosis in 68%, the identification of 11 candidate genes newly implicated in neurometabolic disease, and a change in treatment beyond genetic counseling in 44%. (Funded by BC Children's Hospital Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Casper Shyr
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Colin J Ross
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Gabriella A Horvath
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Xin C Ye
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Lin-Hua Zhang
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Amit P Bhavsar
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jessica J Y Lee
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Britt I Drögemöller
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Mena Abdelsayed
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Linlea Armstrong
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Patricie Burda
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Mary B Connolly
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jessie Cameron
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Michelle Demos
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Tammie Dewan
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Janis Dionne
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - A Mark Evans
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jan M Friedman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ian Garber
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Suzanne Lewis
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jiqiang Ling
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Andre Mattman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Margaret McKinnon
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Aspasia Michoulas
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Daniel Metzger
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Oluseye A Ogunbayo
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Bojana Rakic
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jacob Rozmus
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Peter Ruben
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Bryan Sayson
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Saikat Santra
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Kathryn Selby
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Paul Shekel
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Sandra Sirrs
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Cristina Skrypnyk
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Margot I Van Allen
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - David Wishart
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Jiang Wu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - John Wu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Dimitrios Zafeiriou
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Leo Kluijtmans
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Ron A Wevers
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Patrice Eydoux
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Anna M Lehman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Hilary Vallance
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Sylvia Stockler-Ipsiroglu
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Graham Sinclair
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
| | - Clara D van Karnebeek
- From the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, X.C.Y., L.-H.Z., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., I.G., W.W.W., C.D.K.), the Departments of Medical Genetics (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., X.C.Y., J.J.Y.L., L.A., J.M.F., S.L., M.M., M.I.V.A., A.M.L., W.W.W.), Pediatrics (C.J.R., G.A.H., R.S., L.-H.Z., A.P.B., B.I.D., M.B.C., M.D., T.D., J.D., A. Michoulas, D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., John Wu, S.S.-I., C.D.K.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.R., P.E., H.V., G.S.), the Child and Family Research Institute (M.T.-G., C. Shyr, C.J.R., G.A.H., X.C.Y., A.P.B., J.J.Y.L., B.I.D., L.A., M.B.C., M.D., J.D., J.M.F., I.G., S.L., M.M., D.M., J.R., K.R.S., K.S., S.E.T., M.I.V.A., John Wu, P.E., A.M.L., H.V., S.S.-I., G.S., W.W.W., C.D.K.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic (A. Mattman, S. Sirrs), University of British Columbia, and the Divisions of Biochemical Diseases (G.A.H., R.S., B.S., S.S.-I., C.D.K.), Pediatric Neurology (M.B.C., M.D., A. Michoulas, K.S.), Pediatric Nephrology (J.D.), Pediatric Endocrinology (D.M.), and Immunology (S.E.T.) and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program (J.R., K.R.S., John Wu), BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (J.C.), the Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta (R.M., D.W.), and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (D.W.), Edmonton, AB, and the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (M. Abdelsayed, P.R.) - all in Canada; the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M. Alfadhel); the Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich (M.R.B., P.B.), and the Departmen
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