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Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH. Recent epidemiologic and clinical Toxoplasma gondii infections in wild canids and other carnivores: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 290:109337. [PMID: 33476902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, diagnosis, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in wild canids and other carnivores for the past decade. Seroprevalence estimates of T. gondii worldwide were tabulated for each host. Seroprevalence in wild foxes was very high compared with farmed Arctic foxes. Economic and public health aspects of some of the carnivore species raised for fur and meat (raccoon dogs, mink) are discussed. Diagnostic efficacies of different serological methods and PCR methods are discussed. Clinical toxoplasmosis was observed mainly in carnivores concurrently infected with immunosuppressive Canine Distemper Virus infection. Abortion and blindness were noted in mink. Genetic diversity of isolates using DNA derived from 162 (89 viable T. gondii isolates and 73 DNA extracted from tissues) of wild carnivores from several countries is discussed. However, 69 of the 162 T. gondii isolates were strains from USA and these were genetically diverse with predominance of ToxoDB genotypes #4 and #5 (haplogroup 12). Only limited information is available concerning genotyping of T. gondii isolates from other countries; none of the 93 T. gondii isolates from other countries (Brazil, China, France, Grenada) were haplogroup 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
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Qin SY, Chu D, Sun HT, Wang D, Xie LH, Xu Y, Li JH, Cui DY, You F, Cai Y, Jiang J. Prevalence and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Raccoon Dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Northern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:231-235. [PMID: 31589566 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of protozoan parasites resulting in zoonosis, which can infect nearly all of warm-blooded hosts, including humans and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). However, related reports on prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gondii strains in raccoon dogs were few in China. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gondii strains in domestic raccoon dogs from Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei provinces, northern China. During April 2016 to November 2017, a total of 337 tissue samples collected from domestic raccoon dogs were detected with B1 gene using a nested PCR. And the positive samples were genotyped at 11 genetic markers (SAG1, 5'-and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8, c29-2, and Apico) using multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology. Sixteen out of 337 sika deer (4.75%) were positive with B1 gene by nest PCR. Furthermore, four positive DNA samples were completely typed through further being genotyped, in which three samples were identified as ToxoDB Genotype #9, and one sample was confirmed as ToxoDB Genotype #10. The results of molecular detection not only revealed the existence of T. gondii in domestic raccoon dogs in Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei for the first time, but also provided the information of genetic diversity. This study also indicated that ToxoDB Genotype #9 as a kind of potential reservoir for T. gondii transmission, may be main genotype in domestic raccoon dogs in China, posing a risk of infection in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China.,General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chu
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Hong Xie
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hao Li
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yang Cui
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Feng You
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Liaoning Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
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Liu MT, Jiang WX, Gui BZ, Jin YC, Yi JN, Li F, Zheng WB, Liu GH. Molecular Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Birds in Hunan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:378-383. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xing Jiang
- Hunan Wild Animal Rescue and Reproduction Center, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Ze Gui
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chun Jin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ning Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Ren WX, Zhang XX, Long CY, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Ma JG, Xu P, Hou G, Ni HB. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Horses in Three Provinces of China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:703-707. [PMID: 30912712 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Horse meat and milk are an important source of nutrition for many Chinese. Previous studies have shown a fairly high prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in horses. However, there is no data concerning the molecular characterization of T. gondii in horses in China. The present study tested 231 cervical lymph node samples of horses from northern China (97 from Jilin, 54 from Liaoning, and 80 from Xinjiang) for the presence of the T. gondii B1 gene by seminested PCR. The B1-positive samples were genotyped at nine nuclear loci, that is, SAG1, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, c22-8, GRA6, c29-2, PK1, and an apicoplast locus, using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. A total of 14 (6.06%) out of 231 samples were T. gondii positive. The overall prevalence of T. gondii in the horses was 5.15% (5/97) for Jilin Province, 5.55% (3/54) for Liaoning Province, and 7.50% (6/80) for Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Of the 14 positive samples, only 2 were successfully genotyped at all loci, 5 were successfully genotyped at 5-8 loci, and all typed samples belong to ToxoDB genotype no. 9. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of the T. gondii isolates from horses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Yu Long
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
| | - Tian Cheng
- Alashankou Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Alashankou, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- College of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
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Moura MQD, Macedo MRPD, Terto WDDS, Avila LFDC, Leivas Leite FP, Scaini CJ, Pinto NB, Capella GDA, Strothmann AL, Villela MM, Berne MEA. Detection of Toxocara canis DNA in tissues of experimentally infected mice. Acta Trop 2018; 187:51-56. [PMID: 30053384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The main etiological agent of toxocariasis is the helminth Toxocara canis. Several difficulties are found in the diagnosis of this disease, because of nonspecific clinical signs and possible cross-reactions that may occur in the available test, the indirect ELISA. Therefore, molecular diagnosis has been indicated as an alternative to conventional diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the identification of T. canis in tissues of experimentally infected mice. To this end, nine mice were inoculated with 1500 embryonated eggs and were divided into two groups, the first euthanized 48 h (G1) and the other 30 days post inoculation (G2). Lungs, brain, liver and blood were collected from all the animals for DNA Extraction and tissue digestion, also was collected blood samples for DNA extraction and ELISA test (serum). Toxocara canis DNA was identified in all the inoculated animals using the ITS-2 target gene. The PCR test successfully identified the parasite in the brain, lung and liver of the animals euthanized 48 h PI and 30 days PI. This technique yielded good results in the identification of the parasite in the brain, being more sensitive than the method for the recovery of larvae, in the group with acute infection (48 h PI). The infection was confirmed by PCR within 48 h after infection, while the ELISA indicated serological conversion occurred only 14 days after inoculation. This study demonstrates the ability of PCR to identify T. canis in the liver, lungs and brain during acute and chronic infection.
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Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging pigs in Northeastern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:110-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in donkey meat slaughtered for human consumption in Shandong province, eastern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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