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Thomaz-Soccol V, Gonçalves AL, Baggio RA, Bisetto Jr. A, Celestino A, Hospinal-Santiani M, de Souza A, Mychalizen M, Borges ME, Piechnik CA. One piece of the puzzle: Modeling vector presence and environment reveals seasonality, distribution, and prevalence of sandflies and Leishmania in an expansion area. One Health 2023; 17:100581. [PMID: 37332885 PMCID: PMC10273283 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent geographic spread of Leishmania infantum along the borders of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay has been highlighted. In our previous study, Lutzomyia longipalpis was found in 55 of 123 patches surveyed, and in some patches, sandflies were found at higher densities, forming hotspots. Based on the One Health approach, we investigated the seasonality of the vector, the presence of parasite DNA, and the environmental factors that contribute to vector and parasite dispersal in these previously described hotspots in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Entomological surveys were conducted monthly for one year. Fourteen hotspots peridomicile and six intradomicile were sampled. PCR was used to assess the prevalence of Leishmania DNA in sandflies. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to determine the association of micro- and mesoscale environmental variables with the occurrence and abundance of the three most abundant sandfly species sampled. A total of 3543 species were captured, with Lutzomyia longipalpis being the predominant species (71.78%) of the 13 species found. Evandromyia edwardsi, Expapillata firmatoi, Micropygomyia ferreirana and Pintomyia christenseni were reported for the first time in the region. NDVI, distance to water, precipitation, west-to-east wind, wind speed, maximum and minimum relative humidity, and sex were significant variables associated with vector presence/abundance in the environment. Vector presence/abundance in the peridomicile was associated with precipitation, altitude, maximum temperature, minimum and maximum relative humidity, west-to-east wind, wind speed, and sex. Leishmania DNA was detected in an average of 21% of Lu. longipalpis throughout the year. Vector abundance is concentrated in urban and peri-urban areas, with some specimens present in different parts of the city and some sites with high vector abundance. This distribution suggests that the risk of actual contact between humans and parasite vectors in urban areas during the epidemic period is associated with patches of peri-urban vegetation and then extends into urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gonçalves
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Antunes Baggio
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alceu Bisetto Jr.
- SESA- Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná and the Ninth Health Region, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adão Celestino
- SESA- Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná and the Ninth Health Region, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Manuel Hospinal-Santiani
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - André de Souza
- Foz do Iguaçu City Hall, Zoonosis Control Center, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Mario Mychalizen
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Eduardo Borges
- Biological Interactions, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), P.O. Box 19073, 81531-890 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Andrade do Rosário A, Dias-Lima AG, Lambert SM, Souza BMPDS, Bravo F. Identification and molecular characterization of Wolbachia strains and natural infection for Leishmania sp. in neotropical Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) species, Leishmaniasis vectors. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Andreo V, Rosa J, Ramos K, Salomón OD. Ecological characterization of a cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak through remotely sensed land cover changes. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2022; 17. [PMID: 35532020 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2022.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work we assessed the environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of a cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) outbreak during 2015-2016 in north-eastern Argentina to understand its typical or atypical eco-epidemiological pattern. We combined locations of human CL cases with relevant predictors derived from analysis of remote sensing imagery in the framework of ecological niche modelling and trained MaxEnt models with cross-validation for predictors estimated at different buffer areas relevant to CL vectors (50 and 250 m radii). To account for the timing of biological phenomena, we considered environmental changes occurring in two periods, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The remote sensing analysis identified land cover changes in the surroundings of CL cases, mostly related to new urbanization and flooding. The distance to such changes was the most important variable in most models. The weighted average map denoted higher suitability for CL in the outskirts of the city of Corrientes and in areas close to environmental changes. Our results point to a scenario consistent with a typical CL outbreak, i.e. changes in land use or land cover are the main triggering factor and most affected people live or work in border habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Andreo
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales Mario Gulich, UNC-CONAE, Falda del Cañete, Córdoba; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
| | - Juan Rosa
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco.
| | - Karina Ramos
- Programa de Leishmaniasis, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Corrientes, Corrientes.
| | - O Daniel Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS CG Malbrán, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones.
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Moya SL, Szelag EA, Manteca-Acosta M, Quintana MG, Salomón OD. Update of the Phlebotominae Fauna with New Records for Argentina and Observations on Leishmaniasis Transmission Scenarios at a Regional Scale. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:311-323. [PMID: 34936066 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotominae are small insects distributed in the Americas from Canada to Argentina and Uruguay, counting with more than 500 neotropical species. Some of them have a vectorial role in the transmission of Leishmania Ross, the causative agent of leishmaniases, a group of worldwide distributed diseases with different clinical manifestations and transmission cycles. Our aim was to update the Phlebotominae fauna of Argentina and to make observations on the American Cutaneous (ACL) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) transmission scenarios, according to the distribution of proven or suspected Leishmania vector species and recent changes in land use. Primary data (entomological captures) and secondary data (review of 65 scientific publications with Phlebotominae records) were used. With 9 new records, 46 Phlebotominae species are now recorded through the area comprising 14 political jurisdictions and 6 phytogeographic provinces. Distribution maps were constructed for the 5 proven or incriminated Leishmania vector species, and the evidence supporting the vectorial incrimination of these species is discussed. Three main ACL transmission scenarios are described in the phytogeographic provinces of the Yungas, Chaco, and Paranaense, associated with deforestation processes, while the transmission scenarios of AVL are urban outbreaks and scattered cases in rural areas. We update the available knowledge on the Phlebotominae fauna present in Argentina, emphasizing its epidemiological relevance in the current context of the increasing frequency of ACL outbreaks and geographic spread of AVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Lorián Moya
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Red de Investigación de La Leishmaniasis en Argentina (ReDILA), Resistencia, Argentina.
| | - Enrique Alejandro Szelag
- Red de Investigación de La Leishmaniasis en Argentina (ReDILA), Resistencia, Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Mariana Manteca-Acosta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Red de Investigación de La Leishmaniasis en Argentina (ReDILA), Resistencia, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico E Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Quintana
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Red de Investigación de La Leishmaniasis en Argentina (ReDILA), Resistencia, Argentina
- Instituto Superior de Entomología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Red de Investigación de La Leishmaniasis en Argentina (ReDILA), Resistencia, Argentina
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Carvalho-Silva R, Ribeiro-da-Silva RC, Cruz LNPD, Oliveira MDSD, Amoedo PM, Rebêlo JMM, Guimarães-e-Silva AS, Pinheiro VCS. Predominance of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis DNA in Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from an endemic area for leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e32. [PMID: 35544910 PMCID: PMC9084467 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious public health concern in the Northeastern region of Brazil, where the sand fly fauna is well studied, although few species have been identified as competent vectors. The detection of Leishmania spp. parasites in wild-caught sand flies could help sanitary authorities draw strategies to avoid the transmission of the parasites and, therefore, the incidence of leishmaniases. We detected Leishmania DNA in wild-caught sand flies and correlated that data with aspects of sand fly ecology in the Caxias municipality, Maranhao State, Brazil. The sand flies were sampled in the peridomicile (open areas in the vicinity of human residences) and intradomicile (inside the residences) from July/2019 to March/2020. Leishmania DNA was detected in females, targeting a fragment of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1) from ribosomal DNA. Among the fourteen species of sand flies identified, five (Lutzomyia longipalpis, Nyssomyia whitmani, Evandromyia evandroi, Micropygomyia trinidadensis, and Micropygomyia quinquefer) harbored DNA of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The most abundant species in rural (Ny. whitmani: 35.2% and Ev. evandroi: 32.4%) and urban areas (Lu. longipalpis: 89.8%) are the permissive vectors of L. (L.) amazonensis, especially Ny. whitmani, a known vector of causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although Lu. longipalpis is the vector of L. (L.) infantum, which was not detected in this study, its permissiveness for the transmission of L. (L.) amazonensis has been reported. We suspect that visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis are caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, and the transmission may be occurring through Lu. longipalpis, at least in the urban area.
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ROSA JUANR, MOYA SOFÍAL, SZELAG ENRIQUEA, QUINTANA MARÍAG, SALOMÓN OSCARD. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Migonemyia migonei and Cortelezzii complex (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from Chaco, Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - SOFÍA L. MOYA
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G Malbrán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - MARÍA G. QUINTANA
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G Malbrán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - OSCAR D. SALOMÓN
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
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Pinheiro MPG, Silva-Inacio CL, Silva MMDM, Araújo PSFD, Ximenes MDFFDM. Potential vectors of Leishmania spp. in an Atlantic Forest conservation unit in northeastern Brazil under anthropic pressure. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:38. [PMID: 33430944 PMCID: PMC7798338 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomines are a group of insects which include vectors of the Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), diseases primarily affecting populations of low socioeconomic status. VL in Brazil is caused by Leishmania infantum, with transmission mainly attributed to Lutzomyia longipalpis, a species complex of sand fly, and is concentrated mainly in the northeastern part of the country. CL is distributed worldwide and occurs in five regions of Brazil, at a higher incidence in the north and northeast regions, with etiological agents, vectors, reservoirs and epidemiological patterns that differ from VL. The aim of this study was to determine the composition, distribution and ecological relationships of phlebotomine species in an Atlantic Forest conservation unit and nearby residential area in northeastern Brazil. METHODS Centers for Disease Control and Shannon traps were used for collections, the former at six points inside the forest and in the peridomestic environment of surrounding residences, three times per month for 36 months, and the latter in a forest area, once a month for 3 months. The phlebotomines identified were compared with climate data using simple linear correlation, Pearson's correlation coefficient and cross-correlation. The estimate of ecological parameters was calculated according to the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, standardized index of species abundance and the dominance index. RESULTS A total of 75,499 phlebotomines belonging to 11 species were captured in the CDC traps, the most abundant being Evandromyia walkeri, Psychodopygus wellcomei and Lu. longipalpis. Evandromyia walkeri abundance was most influenced by temperature at collection time and during the months preceding collection and rainfall during the months preceding collection. Psychodopygus wellcomei abundance was most affected by rainfall and relative humidity during the collection month and the month immediately preceding collection time. Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance showed a correlation with temperature and the rainfall during the months preceding collection time. The Shannon trap contained a total of 3914 phlebotomines from these different species. Psychodopygus wellcomei, accounting for 91.93% of the total, was anthropophilic and active mainly at night. CONCLUSIONS Most of the species collected in the traps were seasonal and exhibited changes in their composition and population dynamics associated with local adaptions. The presence of vectors Ps. wellcomei and Lu. longipalpis underscore the epidemiological importance of these phlebotomines in the conservation unit and surrounding anthropized areas. Neighboring residential areas should be permanently monitored to prevent VL or CL transmission and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo Gomes Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Cássio Lázaro Silva-Inacio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcel Miranda de Medeiros Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Fagundes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Fernández MS, Manteca-Acosta M, Cueto GR, Cavia R, Salomón OD. Variation of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Assemblage in Response to Land Use Changes in an Endemic Area of Leishmania Transmission in Northeast Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1735-1747. [PMID: 32463079 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a global health problem and in Argentina are considered emerging diseases. The new transmission scenarios of tegumentary leishmaniasis are especially important given that large areas of forest are being transformed into rural and urban systems. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the construction of a large public building and a neighborhood on the assemblage of Phlebotominae in a rural area with forest remnants and to correlate the changes observed in the species assemblage with characteristics of the environment. Entomological surveys with light traps were conducted on the construction campus in the northeastern region of Argentina at six sites representing different environmental situations. Structural environmental characteristics and meteorological conditions were recorded and analyzed. At least 16 species of Phlebotominae sand flies were collected, the most prevalent being Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho), followed by the genus Brumptomyia (França & Parrot) and Migonemyia migonei (França). Our study provides evidence of how the structure of the assemblages and prevalent species respond to anthropogenic disturbances. As the construction progressed, both Ny. whitmani and the genus Brumptomyia were favored. The genus Brumptomyia was favored at sites surrounded by high proportions of forest, within patches of remnant vegetation, and relatively far from anthropogenic disturbances, while Ny. whitmani, the main vector of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the region, increases their abundant at short and intermediate distances from vegetation margins and areas close to anthropogenic disturbances, therefore increasing the risk of human exposure to vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Manteca-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo R Cueto
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regino Cavia
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar D Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud, y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú , Argentina
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Quintana MG, Santini MS, Cavia R, Martínez MF, Liotta DJ, Fernández MS, Pérez AA, Mancini JMD, Moya SL, Giuliani MG, Salomón OD. Multiscale environmental determinants of Leishmania vectors in the urban-rural context. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:502. [PMID: 33008441 PMCID: PMC7532651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are emerging diseases, expanding in the border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Outbreaks of CL were reported since the 1990s, with Nyssomyia whitmani as the main vector in this region. Regarding VL, urban reports started in 2010 with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the main vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental determinants related to the main vectors of leishmaniasis, to contribute to the prevention and control response to the emergence of VL and CL in the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border region. Methods The cross-sectional survey includes two cities and two close rural areas in the Argentinean Northeast Region, between November 2014 and January 2015, with a total of 95 sampling sites. REDILA-BL traps were set for three consecutive nights, and a total of 68 meso- and microscale environmental and landscape characteristics were surveyed. The association between vector abundance with different variables was evaluated using a generalized linear model with zero-inflated negative binomial distribution. We analyzed females for detection of Leishmania DNA. Results The analysis for Lu. longipalpis indicates an excess of absences when the mean NDWI around the sites were higher. The abundance of Lu. longipalpis at mesoscale level was higher when more urban services were present, and when blood sources such as chickens or dogs at the microscale level were present. For Ny. whitmani, no variable was found to be associated with the absences, while its abundance increased in association with the following variables: percentage of tree cover, presence of garbage collection service, hosted people and, at microscale, the presence of poultry. Leshmania infantum DNA was detected in 2/49 (4%) Lu. longipalpis. Conclusions The abundance of both species is influenced by variables at different scales, their influence probably has a hierarchy and they are acting on different aspects of the biology of these vectors. The urban spatial segregation of Lu. longipalpis and the peri-urban and rural segregation of N. whitmani increase the risk of VL and CL. The selection of the better variables for each scale will allow the design of appropriate control strategies depending on species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Quintana
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. .,Instituto Superior de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regino Cavia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Florencia Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Domingo Javier Liotta
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Alicia Pérez
- Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Manuel Direni Mancini
- Instituto Superior de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Lorian Moya
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magalí Gabriela Giuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (REDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Molecular identification of Leishmania in free-ranging black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105534. [PMID: 32450135 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitological surveys of non-human primates provides an important opportunity to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics and emergence risk of anthropozoonoses such as leishmaniasis, which affect human populations in several regions accross South America. Our study area, in northeastern Argentina, can be considered a southern marginal region for the presence of leishmaniases and includes the habitat of black and gold howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya. To evaluate if A. caraya serve as potential hosts in the Leishmania cycle, we used molecular methods to examine infection by Leishmania spp. in 109 howler monkeys of different ages captured between July and August 2010. External ear tissue samples were subjected to PCR amplification for the Leishmania ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) and a RFLP assay with the Hae III restriction enzyme, and finally confirmed by sequencing. Nine howler monkeys (8.3%) were infected with Le. braziliensis (2.8%), Le. amazonensis (2.8%) and/or Le. infantum (3.7%). The results also suggest a case of co-infection between Le. braziliensis and Le. amazonensis. Further, we report the first observation of Le. amazonensis in the northeastern region of Argentina. The detection of Leishmania spp. in free-ranging howler monkeys gives rise to questions about the actual prevalence of the parasite in the wild, as well as if the number of infected wild monkeys detected may present a risk of leishmaniasis emergence in surronding human populations. Anyway, the presence of Leishmania spp. in A. caraya suggests the possible importance of these monkeys in the sylvatic and periurban transmission.
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Hoyos J, González R, Cuellar ME, León C. Ecology of Sand Flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and Natural Infection of Pintomyia townsendi With Leishmania amazonensis in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1653-1658. [PMID: 32222761 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans have influenced the epidemiological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis by habitat disturbance, which has led to the emergence of new transmission foci. In these transmission areas, detecting natural infection of sand fly species with Leishmania parasites is of prime importance in epidemiological studies. In this study, we examined the species composition, spatial distribution, seasonality, and natural infection with Leishmania of the sand fly fauna in an emergent leishmaniasis focus located in Colombia. Sand flies were collected from September 2014 to June 2015 using CDC light traps located in indoor, peridomestic, and outdoor habitats within areas with confirmed clinical patients. In total, 13,488 sand flies of 12 species and seven genera were collected. Among these, Pintomyia townsendi (Ortiz) was the most abundant species comprising 76.3% of total flies collected. The sand fly richness and abundance were influenced by habitat and weather conditions. Outdoor areas harbored the greatest diversity of sand flies. Rainfall negatively affected abundance, whereas increased temperature showed a low positive effect. We detected Leishmania amazonensis parasites in Pi. townsendi for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hoyos
- Grupo de investigaciones entomológicas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro de investigación en microbiología y parasitología tropical, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ranulfo González
- Grupo de investigaciones entomológicas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria E Cuellar
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cielo León
- Centro de investigación en microbiología y parasitología tropical, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Salvioni Recalde OD, Pereira Brunelli J, Rolon MS, Rojas de Arias A, Aldama O, Gómez CV. First Molecular Report of Leishmania ( Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania ( Viannia) guyanensis in Paraguayan Inhabitants Using High-Resolution Melt-PCR. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:780-788. [PMID: 31407656 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic anthropozoonosis undergoing expansion on the American continent. The disease is caused by several Leishmania species and it is manifested as cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In this study, we evaluate the viability of high-resolution melt polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) analysis to differentiate four closely related Leishmania species as a routine tool for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. For this purpose, biopsy specimens from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions were taken from 132 individuals from endemic and non-endemic areas for leishmaniasis. Each sample was processed for parasitological, histopathological, and molecular analysis. Positive biopsy samples were analyzed by HRM-PCR of a 144-bp heat-shock protein (hsp70) gene fragment, and new cases were confirmed by sequencing. Of the 132 samples analyzed, 36 (27%) were positive for Leishmania spp., of which 86% were from cutaneous lesions and 14% from mucocutaneous lesions. We identified Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (84%), Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (13%), and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (3%) in cutaneous lesions, and L. (V.) braziliensis (40%), L. (L.) infantum (20%), L. (L.) amazonensis (20%), and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (20%) in mucocutaneous lesions. The main purpose of this research was to report for the first time in Paraguay the presence of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions, using the HRM-PCR technique. In addition, we report the presence of additional new cases of L. (L.) infantum in cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pereira Brunelli
- Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas - Programa Nacional de Control de la Lepra, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Olga Aldama
- Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas - Programa Nacional de Control de la Lepra, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Celeste Vega Gómez
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Paraguay
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13
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Copa GN, Almazán MC, Aramayo LV, Krolewiecki AJ, Cajal SP, Juarez M, Lauthier JJ, Korenaga M, Barroso P, Nasser JR, Marco JD, Gil JF. Tegumentary leishmaniasis and sand flies in a border area between Argentina and Bolivia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:91-100. [PMID: 30418628 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some sand flies are of medical importance because they are vectors of Leishmania parasites that are responsible for leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to make a retrospective epidemiological analysis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), to identify Leishmania spp. from patient isolates and to describe the diversity of sand flies from a border area between Bolivia and Argentina. Methods TL cases included in the study were diagnosed in an endemic area of the north of Argentina from 1985 to 2017. The parasites isolated were characterized by the cytochrome B method. Sand flies were captured with Centers for Disease Control traps in Aguas Blancas and Media Luna-Algarrobito localities. Results A total of 118 cases of TL were analysed. Eight isolates were characterized as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 1291 sand flies were captured, including Nyssomyia neivai, Cortelezzii complex, Evandromyia sallesi, Migonemyia migonei and Micropygomyia quinquefer. Within the area, sand flies were found in the backyards of houses. Conclusions In this region there exists the possibility of peridomestic transmission of TL in the neighbourhoods peripheral to the urban area and in rural environments as well as the risk of transmission to travellers that pass through the customs offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda N Copa
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530.,Cátedra de Química Biológica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - María C Almazán
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530.,Cátedra de Química Biológica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - Lorena V Aramayo
- Cátedra de Química Biológica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - Alejandro J Krolewiecki
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530
| | - Silvana P Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530
| | - Juan J Lauthier
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Paola Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental (IPE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - Julio R Nasser
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530.,Cátedra de Química Biológica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - Jorge D Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental (IPE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
| | - José F Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Sede Regional Orán, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Alvarado 751 - San Ramón de la Nueva Orán-C.P.4530.,Instituto de Investigación en Energía No Convencional (INENCO-CONICET), Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150 - CP
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Cardoso MS, Bento GA, de Almeida LV, de Castro JC, Reis-Cunha JL, Barbosa VDA, de Souza CF, Brazil RP, Valdivia HO, Bartholomeu DC. Detection of multiple circulating Leishmania species in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of Governador Valadares, southeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211831. [PMID: 30721272 PMCID: PMC6363391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis encompasses a group of diverse clinical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. This disease is a major public health problem in the New World affecting people exposed in endemic regions. The city of Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais/Brazil) is a re-emerging area for visceral leishmaniasis, with 191 human cases reported from 2008 to 2017 and a lethality rate of 14.7%. The transmission of the parasite occurs intensely in this region with up to 22% of domestic dogs with positive serology for the visceral form. Lu. longipalpis is one of the most abundant sand fly species in this area. Despite this scenario, so far there is no information regarding the circulating Leishmania species in the insect vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in this focus. We collected 616 female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies between January and September 2015 in the Vila Parque Ibituruna neighborhood (Governador Valadares/MG), which is located on a transitional area between the sylvatic and urban environments with residences built near a preserved area. After DNA extraction of individual sand flies, the natural Leishmania infections in Lu. longipalpis were detected by conventional PCR, using primers derived from kDNA sequences, specific for L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) subgenus. The sensitivity of these PCR reactions was 0.1 pg of DNA for each Leishmania subgenus and the total infection rate of 16.2% (100 positive specimens). Species-specific PCR detected the presence of multiple Leishmania species in infected Lu. longipalpis specimens in Governador Valadares, including L. amazonensis (n = 3), L. infantum (n = 28), L. (Viannia) spp. (n = 20), coinfections with L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp. (n = 5), and L. (Leishmania) spp (n = 44). Our results demonstrate that multiple Leishmania species circulate in Lu. longipalpis in Governador Valadares and reveal a potential increasing risk of transmission of the different circulating parasite species. This information reinforces the need for epidemiological and entomological surveillance in this endemic focus, and the development of effective control strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Ariadine Bento
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laila Viana de Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joseane Camilla de Castro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Marcondes M, Day MJ. Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:261-272. [PMID: 30708238 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latin America encompasses diverse geographical, cultural and socio-economic conditions, which are reflected in the challenges for infectious disease control in the region. One of the most significant regional infectious diseases for humans and domestic dogs is leishmaniasis, occurring as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) transmitted by sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and with a canine reservoir, and the more common cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involving multiple Leishmania spp. (particularly L. braziliensis), sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts. VL is spreading within Latin America for reasons related to mass migration of human and canine populations, with incursion into novel environments (e.g. related to deforestation) coupled with a background of poverty and poor public health infrastructure. The challenges for control of VL also include: (1) the accurate identification of infected dogs (particularly subclinically infected dogs) with the current reliance on serological rather than molecular diagnostic methods, (2) controversy surrounding the ethics and efficacy of culling of seropositive dogs, (3) the limited efficacy of currently available canine vaccines and their potential to interfere with interpretation of serological testing, (4) the expense associated with distribution of insecticidal dog collars, which may prove to be the most valuable control method, and (5) the cost and therefore accessibility of licensed medical treatment for canine leishmaniasis by the general population. Resolution of these isssues will necessitate a 'One Health' approach to co-ordination of resources between human and veterinary healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marcondes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, 16050-680 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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16
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Lavitschka CDO, Ceretti-Junior W, Marrelli MT. Occurrences of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Potentially Associated with Leishmaniasis Transmission in Urban Parks in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2018; 34:151-153. [PMID: 31442156 DOI: 10.2987/18-6735.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study of the phlebotomine sand flies was carried out between October 2011 and June 2013 in municipal parks in the city of São Paulo. A total of 173 specimens of 5 species were collected (Psychodopygus lloydi, Pintomyia fischeri, Lutzomyia amarali, Nyssomyia whitmani, and Migonemyia migonei). Three of these species may be involved in the transmission of the causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Surveillance and monitoring phlebotomine species from these areas are crucial as measure of prevention and control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Ceretti-Junior
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Hidden danger: Unexpected scenario in the vector-parasite dynamics of leishmaniases in the Brazil side of triple border (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006336. [PMID: 29624586 PMCID: PMC5906028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year about 3 million tourists from around the world visit Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay´s triple border region where the Iguaçu Falls are located. Unfortunately, in recent years an increasing number of autochthonous canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases have been reported. The parasite is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and it is transmitted by sand flies (Phlebotominae). To assess the risk factors favorable for the establishment and spread of potential vectors the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap (CDC-light trap) collections were made in the Foz do Iguaçu (FI) and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI) townships and along two transects between them. Our study determined the Phlebotominae fauna, the factors that affect the presence and abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani, the presence of L. infantum in different sand fly species and which Leishmania species are present in this region. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the prevalent species and its distribution was related to the abundance of dogs. Leishmaniainfantum was found in Lu. longipalpis, Ny. whitmani, Ny. neivai and a Lutzomyia sp. All the results are discussed within the Stockholm Paradigm and focus on their importance in the elaboration of public health policies in international border areas. This region has all the properties of stable VL endemic foci that can serve as a source of the disease for neighboring municipalities, states and countries. Most of the urban areas of tropical America are propitious for Lu. longipalpis establishment and have large dog populations. Pan American Health Organization´s initiative in supporting the public health policies in the border areas of this study is crucial and laudable. However, if stakeholders do not act quickly in controlling VL in this region, the scenario will inevitable become worse. Moreover, L. (Viannia) braziliensis found in this study supports the need to develop public health policies to avoid the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The consequences of socioeconomic attributes, boundaries and frontiers on the spread of diseases cannot be neglected. For an efficient control, it is essential that urban planning is articulated with the neighboring cities. Every year about 3 million tourists from around the world visit Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay´s triple border region where the Iguaçu Falls are located. Unfortunately, in recent years an increasing number of autochthonous canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases have been reported in this area. Our study determined the Phlebotominae fauna of the region, the factors that affect the presence and abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani; the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in different sand fly species and what Leishmania species are present. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the prevalent species and its distribution was related to the abundance of dogs. Leishmania (L.) infantum was found in Lu. longipalpis, Ny. whitmani, Ny. neivai and Lutzomyia sp. All the results are discussed within the Stockholm Paradigm and focus on their importance in the elaboration of public health policies in international border areas.
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