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Gendron T, Lanfranchi DA, Wenzel NI, Kessedjian H, Jannack B, Maes L, Cojean S, Müller TJJ, Loiseau PM, Davioud-Charvet E. Chemoselective Synthesis and Anti-Kinetoplastidal Properties of 2,6-Diaryl-4 H-tetrahydro-thiopyran-4-one S-Oxides: Their Interplay in a Cascade of Redox Reactions from Diarylideneacetones. Molecules 2024; 29:1620. [PMID: 38611899 PMCID: PMC11013284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
2,6-Diaryl-4H-tetrahydro-thiopyran-4-ones and corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives were designed to lower the major toxicity of their parent anti-kinetoplatidal diarylideneacetones through a prodrug effect. Novel diastereoselective methodologies were developed and generalized from diarylideneacetones and 2,6-diaryl-4H-tetrahydro-thiopyran-4-ones to allow the introduction of a wide substitution profile and to prepare the related S-oxides. The in vitro biological activity and selectivity of diarylideneacetones, 2,6-diaryl-4H-tetrahydro-thiopyran-4-ones, and their S-sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and various Leishmania species in comparison with their cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts hMRC-5. The data revealed that the sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones, in which the Michael acceptor sites are temporarily masked, are less toxic against mammal cells while the anti-trypanosomal potency was maintained against T. b. brucei, T. cruzi, L. infantum, and L. donovani, thus confirming the validity of the prodrug strategy. The mechanism of action is proposed to be due to the involvement of diarylideneacetones in cascades of redox reactions involving the trypanothione system. After Michael addition of the dithiol to the double bonds, resulting in an elongated polymer, the latter-upon S-oxidation, followed by syn-eliminations-fragments, under continuous release of reactive oxygen species and sulfenic/sulfonic species, causing the death of the trypanosomal parasites in the micromolar or submicromolar range with high selectivity indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Gendron
- UMR7042 Université de Strasbourg–CNRS–UHA, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.G.); (D.A.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- UMR7042 Université de Strasbourg–CNRS–UHA, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.G.); (D.A.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Nicole I. Wenzel
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Biochemie-Zentrum, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.I.W.)
| | - Hripsimée Kessedjian
- UMR7042 Université de Strasbourg–CNRS–UHA, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.G.); (D.A.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Beate Jannack
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Biochemie-Zentrum, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.I.W.)
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Sandrine Cojean
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, BioCIS, UMR 8076 Université Paris-Saclay-CNRS 17, Rue des Sciences, F-91400 Orsay, France; (S.C.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätFakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, BioCIS, UMR 8076 Université Paris-Saclay-CNRS 17, Rue des Sciences, F-91400 Orsay, France; (S.C.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR7042 Université de Strasbourg–CNRS–UHA, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.G.); (D.A.L.); (H.K.)
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Limbachiya P, Patel V, Rami G, Vora J. Chitosan-dibenzylideneacetone based Schiff base: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and L-132. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126268. [PMID: 37567544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study holds significant importance as it explores the synthesis and characterization of two chitosan dibenzylideneacetone Schiff bases. Various analytical techniques, such as UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM, and elemental analysis, were employed to thoroughly examine these derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of the chitosan derivatives was evaluated against a range of bacterial and fungal strains, while cytotoxicity tests were conducted on MCF-7, L-132, and VERO cell lines. In the antimicrobial tests, the chitosan derivatives exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against S. aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as potent antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The cytotoxicity assessment revealed that the dibenzylideneacetone chitosan Schiff base (CHDBA) showed significant effectiveness against the L-132 cell line, surpassing the efficacy of doxorubicin by 2.44 times. Moreover, it exhibited substantial activity against the L-132 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 55.29 μg/mL and 185.8 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, none of the chitosan derivatives demonstrated cytotoxicity towards the normal cell line, indicating their non-toxic nature and safe usability. Based on these findings, it is evident that CHDBA holds promise for further development as a potential treatment option for breast cancer and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthviraj Limbachiya
- Department of Chemistry, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vipul Patel
- Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kopargaon 423603, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurang Rami
- Department of Chemistry, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Jabali Vora
- Department of Chemistry, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
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3
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Pereira PML, Fernandes BT, dos Santos VR, Cabral WRC, Lovo-Martins MI, Alonso L, Lancheros CAC, de Paula JC, Camargo PG, Suzukawa HT, Alonso A, Macedo F, Nakamura CV, Tavares ER, de Lima Ferreira Bispo M, Yamauchi LM, Pinge-Filho P, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Antiprotozoal Activity of Benzoylthiourea Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi: Insights into Mechanism of Action. Pathogens 2023; 12:1012. [PMID: 37623972 PMCID: PMC10457850 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, only two nitroheterocyclic drugs have been used as therapeutic agents for Chagas disease. However, these drugs present limited effectiveness during the chronic phase, possess unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, and induce severe adverse effects, resulting in low treatment adherence. A previous study reported that N-(cyclohexylcarbamothioyl) benzamide (BTU-1), N-(tert-butylcarbamothioyl) benzamide (BTU-2), and (4-bromo-N-(3-nitrophenyl) carbamothioyl benzamide (BTU-3) present selective antiprotozoal activity against all developmental forms of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of these compounds through microscopy and biochemical analyses. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed nuclear disorganization, changes in the plasma membrane with the appearance of blebs and extracellular arrangements, intense vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, and formation of myelin-like structures. Biochemical results showed changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species content, lipid peroxidation, and plasma membrane fluidity. In addition, the formation of autophagic vacuoles was observed. These findings indicate that BTU-1, BTU-2, and BTU-3 induced profound morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical alterations in epimastigote forms, triggering an autophagic-dependent cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Morais Lopes Pereira
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Bruna Terci Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Vitória Ribeiro dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Weslei Roberto Correia Cabral
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Maria Isabel Lovo-Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Lais Alonso
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (L.A.); (A.A.)
| | | | | | - Priscila Goes Camargo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Molecules Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.G.C.); (M.d.L.F.B.)
| | - Helena Tiemi Suzukawa
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Antônio Alonso
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (L.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Fernando Macedo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Molecules Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.G.C.); (M.d.L.F.B.)
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringa 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Molecules Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.G.C.); (M.d.L.F.B.)
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (P.M.L.P.); (B.T.F.); (W.R.C.C.); (H.T.S.); (P.P.-F.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (V.R.d.S.); (E.R.T.)
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Oliveira TZ, Fonseca DP, Dos Santos AH, da Silva TR, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Din ZU, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV, Rodrigues-Filho E, Ueda-Nakamura T. Synthetic dibenzylideneketones as promising anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 agents. Arch Virol 2023; 168:153. [PMID: 37140819 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
New antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, which causes a highly prevalent and incurable disease, are needed. Here, we report for the first time the in vitro anti-HSV-1 activity of two dibenzylideneketone compounds: DBK1 and DBK2. DBK1 demonstrated virucidal activity, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy showed that it caused morphological changes in the HSV-1 envelope. DBK2 was able to reduce HSV-1 plaque size in vitro. The DBKs are promising anti-HSV-1 candidates, as they exhibit low toxicity and exert an antiviral effect by acting at the early stages of HSV-1-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Zago Oliveira
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Dyenefer Pereira Fonseca
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Thays Rosa da Silva
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Zia Ud Din
- Laboratory of Micromolecular Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Prado Dias Filho
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- Laboratory of Micromolecular Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Ueda-Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
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5
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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6
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Machado PDA, Gomes PS, Carneiro MPD, Midlej V, Coimbra ES, de Matos Guedes HL. Effects of a Serine Protease Inhibitor N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone (TPCK) on Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania infantum. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071373. [PMID: 35890269 PMCID: PMC9320531 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have previously demonstrated the importance of serine proteases in Leishmania. A well-known serine protease inhibitor, TPCK, was used in the present study to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects and determine its mechanism of action. Despite slight toxicity against mammalian cells (CC50 = 138.8 µM), TPCK was selective for the parasite due to significant activity against L. amazonensis and L. infantum promastigote forms (IC50 = 14.6 and 31.7 µM for L. amazonensis PH8 and Josefa strains, respectively, and 11.3 µM for L. infantum) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 values = 14.2 and 16.6 µM for PH8 and Josefa strains, respectively, and 21.7 µM for L. infantum). Leishmania parasites treated with TPCK presented mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress, modifications in lipid content, flagellar alterations, and cytoplasmic vacuoles, all of which are factors that could be considered as contributing to the death of the parasites. Furthermore, BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis and treated with TPCK had a reduction in lesion size and parasite loads in the footpad and spleen. In BALB/c mice infected with L. infantum, TPCK also caused a reduction in the parasite loads in the liver and spleen. Therefore, we highlight the antileishmanial effect of the assessed serine protease inhibitor, proposing a potential therapeutic target in Leishmania as well as a possible new alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de A. Machado
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia (NUPEP), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Monique P. D. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Elaine S. Coimbra
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia (NUPEP), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.S.C.); or (H.L.d.M.G.)
| | - Herbert L. de Matos Guedes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.S.C.); or (H.L.d.M.G.)
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Pedra-Rezende Y, Macedo IS, Midlej V, Mariante RM, Menna-Barreto RFS. Different Drugs, Same End: Ultrastructural Hallmarks of Autophagy in Pathogenic Protozoa. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856686. [PMID: 35422792 PMCID: PMC9002357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites interact with a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, representing one of the most common causes of parasitic diseases and an important public health problem affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The current treatment for these parasitic diseases remains unsatisfactory and, in some cases, very limited. Treatment limitations together with the increased resistance of the pathogens represent a challenge for the improvement of the patient’s quality of life. The continuous search for alternative preclinical drugs is mandatory, but the mechanisms of action of several of these compounds have not been described. Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for the identification of drug targets in almost all cellular models. Interestingly, ultrastructural analysis showed that several classes of antiparasitic compounds induced similar autophagic phenotypes in trypanosomatids, trichomonadids, and apicomplexan parasites as well as in Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba spp. with the presence of an increased number of autophagosomes as well as remarkable endoplasmic reticulum profiles surrounding different organelles. Autophagy is a physiological process of eukaryotes that maintains homeostasis by the self-digestion of nonfunctional organelles and/or macromolecules, limiting redundant and damaged cellular components. Here, we focus on protozoan autophagy to subvert drug effects, discussing its importance for successful chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela S Macedo
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Mariante
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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