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Mandal A, Chatterjee K. 4D printing for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2985-3005. [PMID: 38436200 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
While three-dimensional (3D) printing excels at fabricating static constructs, it fails to emulate the dynamic behavior of native tissues or the temporal programmability desired for medical devices. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advanced additive manufacturing technology capable of fabricating constructs that can undergo pre-programmed changes in shape, property, or functionality when exposed to specific stimuli. In this Perspective, we summarize the advances in materials chemistry, 3D printing strategies, and post-printing methodologies that collectively facilitate the realization of temporal dynamics within 4D-printed soft materials (hydrogels, shape-memory polymers, liquid crystalline elastomers), ceramics, and metals. We also discuss and present insights about the diverse biomedical applications of 4D printing, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, in vitro models, and medical devices. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and emphasize the importance of an application-driven design approach to enable the clinical translation and widespread adoption of 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkodip Mandal
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
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2
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Pieri K, Felix BM, Zhang T, Soman P, Henderson JH. Printing Parameters of Fused Filament Fabrication Affect Key Properties of Four-Dimensional Printed Shape-Memory Polymers. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:279-288. [PMID: 37123528 PMCID: PMC10133972 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion-based (fused filament fabrication) three-dimensional (3D) printing of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) has the potential to rapidly produce highly customized smart-material parts. Yet, the effects of printing parameters on the shape-memory properties of printed SMPs remain poorly understood. To study the extent to which the 3D printing process affects the shape-memory properties of a printed SMP part, here temperature, extrusion rate multiplier, and fiber orientation were systematically varied, and their effect on shape-memory fixing and recovery ratios was evaluated. Fiber orientation, as determined by print path relative to the direction(s) of loading during shape-memory programming, was found to significantly impact the fixing ratio and the recovery ratio. Temperature and multiplier had little effect on either fixing ratio or recovery ratio. To facilitate the use of printed SMP parts in biomedical applications, a cell viability assay was performed on 3D-printed samples prepared using varied temperature and multiplier. Reduction in multiplier was found to increase cell viability. The results indicate that fiber orientation can critically impact the shape-memory functionality of 3D-printed SMP parts, and that multiplier can affect cytocompatibility of those parts. Thus, researchers and manufacturers employing SMPs in 3D-printed parts and devices could achieve improved part functionality if print paths are designed to align fiber direction with the axis(es) in which strain will be programmed and recovered and if the multiplier is optimized in biomedical applications in which a part will contact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Pieri
- Syracuse Biomaterials Innovation Facility, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Bailey M. Felix
- Syracuse Biomaterials Innovation Facility, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Teng Zhang
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Pranav Soman
- Syracuse Biomaterials Innovation Facility, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - James H. Henderson
- Syracuse Biomaterials Innovation Facility, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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3
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Wu F, Hu J, Yang S, Li G, Chen H, Fang H. High‐efficiency shape memory copolymers of
polycaprolactone
/
thermoplastic polyurethane
fabricated via in situ ring‐opening polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangjuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Jiahuan Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Shangda Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Guifeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Haoxiang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
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4
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Pineda-Castillo SA, Stiles AM, Bohnstedt BN, Lee H, Liu Y, Lee CH. Shape Memory Polymer-Based Endovascular Devices: Design Criteria and Future Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132526. [PMID: 35808573 PMCID: PMC9269599 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Devices for the endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) face limitations related to suboptimal rates of lasting complete occlusion. Incomplete occlusion frequently leads to residual flow within the aneurysm sac, which subsequently causes aneurysm recurrence needing surgical re-operation. An emerging method for improving the rates of complete occlusion both immediately after implant and in the longer run can be the fabrication of patient-specific materials for ICA embolization. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are materials with great potential for this application, owing to their versatile and tunable shape memory properties that can be tailored to a patient’s aneurysm geometry and flow condition. In this review, we first present the state-of-the-art endovascular devices and their limitations in providing long-term complete occlusion. Then, we present methods for the fabrication of SMPs, the most prominent actuation methods for their shape recovery, and the potential of SMPs as endovascular devices for ICA embolization. Although SMPs are a promising alternative for the patient-specific treatment of ICAs, there are still limitations that need to be addressed for their application as an effective coil-free endovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Pineda-Castillo
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Aryn M. Stiles
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Bradley N. Bohnstedt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Laboratory of Implantable Microsystems Research (LIMR), Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Jarrah HR, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. Finite element modeling of shape memory polyurethane foams for treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:383-399. [PMID: 34907490 PMCID: PMC8807438 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a thermo-mechanical analysis of shape memory polyurethane foams (SMPUFs) with aiding of a finite element model (FEM) for treating cerebral aneurysms (CAs) is introduced. Since the deformation of foam cells is extremely difficult to observe experimentally due to their small size, a structural cell-assembly model is established in this work via finite element modeling to examine all-level deformation details. Representative volume elements of random equilateral Kelvin open-cell microstructures are adopted for the cell foam. Also, a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) is developed based on a thermo-visco-elastic constitutive model for SMPUFs, and implemented in the ABAQUS software package. The model is able to capture thermo-mechanical responses of SMPUFs for a full shape memory thermodynamic cycle. One of the latest treatments of CAs is filling the inside of aneurysms with SMPUFs. The developed FEM is conducted on patient-specific basilar aneurysms treated by SMPUFs. Three sizes of foams are selected for the filling inside of the aneurysm and then governing boundary conditions and loadings are applied to the foams. The results of the distribution of stress and displacement in the absence and presence of the foam are compared. Due to the absence of similar results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to fill a gap in the state of the art of this problem and provide pertinent results that are instrumental in the design of SMPUFs for treating CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Jarrah
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - A Zolfagharian
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - M Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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6
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He Z, Shi Y, Feng X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Dai C, Wang P, Zhao L. Numerical Analysis of Space Deployable Structure Based on Shape Memory Polymers. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070833. [PMID: 34357243 PMCID: PMC8304941 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been applied in aerospace engineering as deployable space structures. In this work, the coupled finite element method (FEM) was established based on the generalized Maxwell model and the time–temperature equivalence principle (TTEP). The thermodynamic behavior and shape memory effects of a single-arm deployment structure (F-DS) and four-arm deployment structure (F-DS) based on SMPs were analyzed using the coupled FEM. Good consistency was obtained between the experimental data and simulation data for the tensile and S-DS recovery forces, verifying that the coupled FEM can accurately and reliably describe the thermodynamic behavior and shape memory effects of the SMP structure. The step-by-step driving structure is suitable for use as a large-scale deployment structure in space. This coupled FEM provides a new direction for future research on epoxy SMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng He
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing 100081, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yang Shi
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Xiangchao Feng
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhen Li
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chunai Dai
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; (Y.S.); (X.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (L.Z.)
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7
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Nonlinear Finite Element Modelling of Thermo-Visco-Plastic Styrene and Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer Foams. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents nonlinear finite element (FE) models to predict time- and temperature-dependent responses of shape memory polymer (SMP) foams in the large deformation regime. For the first time, an A SMP foam constitutive model is implemented in the ABAQUS FE package with the aid of a VUMAT subroutine to predict thermo-visco-plastic behaviors. A phenomenological constitutive model is reformulated adopting a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into thermal and mechanical parts considering visco-plastic SMP matrix and glass microsphere inclusions. The stress split scheme is considered by a Maxwell element in parallel with a hyper-elastic rubbery spring. The Eyring dashpot is used for modelling the isotropic resistance to the local molecular rearrangement such as chain rotation. A viscous flow rule is adopted to prescribe shear viscosity and stress. An evolution rule is also considered for the athermal shear strengths to simulate macroscopic post-yield strain-softening behavior. In order to validate the accuracy of the model as well as the solution procedure, the numerical results are compared to experimental responses of Styrene and Polyurethane SMP foams at different temperatures and under different strain rates. The results show that the introduced FE modelling procedure is capable of capturing the major phenomena observed in experiments such as elastic and elastic-plastic behaviors, softening plateau regime, and densification.
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8
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Di Bartolo A, Melchels FPW. Prolonged recovery of 3D printed, photo-cured polylactide shape memory polymer networks. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:036105. [PMID: 32844139 PMCID: PMC7442493 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymers are materials that are able to retain a deformed state until an external stimulus, most typically heat, triggers recovery to the original geometry. Whereas typically, shape memory polymers are required to recover fast (seconds to minutes), many applications, particularly in the medical field, would benefit from a slow recovery (days to weeks). In this work, we exploit the broad glass transition range of photo-cured poly(D,L-lactide) dimethacrylate networks to obtain recovery times of up to 2 weeks, at 11 °C below the peak glass transition temperature of 58 °C. Recovery times decreased considerably for higher recovery temperatures, down to ∼10 min at 55 °C. A large spread in glass transition values (53.3-61.0 °C) was observed between samples, indicating poor reproducibility in sample preparation and, hence, in predicting shape recovery kinetics for individual samples. Furthermore, a staged recovery was observed with different parts of the samples recovering at different times. The ability to prepare complex structures using digital light processing stereolithography 3D printing from these polymers was confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first experimental evidence of prolonged recovery of shape memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Di Bartolo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry P. W. Melchels
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Xiao R, Huang WM. Heating/Solvent Responsive Shape-Memory Polymers for Implant Biomedical Devices in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Current Status and Challenge. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000108. [PMID: 32567193 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is about the fundamentals and practical issues in applying both heating and solvent responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) for implant biomedical devices via minimally invasive surgery. After revealing the general requirements in the design of biomedical devices based on SMPs and the fundamentals for the shape-memory effect in SMPs, the underlying mechanisms, characterization methods, and several representative biomedical applications, including vascular stents, tissue scaffolds, occlusion devices, drug delivery systems, and the current R&D status of them, are discussed. The new opportunities arising from emerging technologies, such as 3D printing, and new materials, such as vitrimer, are also highlighted. Finally, the major challenge that limits the practical clinical applications of SMPs at present is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Min Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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10
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Yun CS, Sohn JS, Cha SW. Shape-Memory-Recovery Characteristics of Microcellular Foamed Thermoplastic Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020351. [PMID: 32041158 PMCID: PMC7077500 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the shape-recovery characteristics of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with a microcellular foaming process (MCP). Additionally, we investigated the correlation between changes in the microstructure and the shape-recovery characteristics of the polymers. TPU was selected as the base material, and the shape-recovery characteristics were confirmed using a universal testing machine, by manufacturing dog-bone-type injection-molded specimens. TPUs are reticular polymers with both soft and hard segments. In this study, we investigated the shape-memory mechanism of foamed polymers by maximizing the shape-memory properties of these polymers through a physical foaming process. Toward this end, TPU specimens were prepared by varying the gas pressure, foaming temperature, and type of foaming gas in the batch MCP. The effects of internal structural changes were investigated. These experimental variables affected the microstructure and shape-recovery characteristics of the foamed polymer. The generated cell density changed, which affected the shape-recovery characteristics. In general, a higher cell density corresponded to a higher shape-recovery ratio.
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11
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Hu J, Albadawi H, Oklu R, Chong BW, Deipolyi AR, Sheth RA, Khademhosseini A. Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901071. [PMID: 31168915 PMCID: PMC7014563 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive transcatheter embolization is a common nonsurgical procedure in interventional radiology used for the deliberate occlusion of blood vessels for the treatment of diseased or injured vasculature. A wide variety of embolic agents including metallic coils, calibrated microspheres, and liquids are available for clinical practice. Additionally, advances in biomaterials, such as shape-memory foams, biodegradable polymers, and in situ gelling solutions have led to the development of novel preclinical embolic agents. The aim here is to provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging technologies in endovascular embolization with respect to devices, materials, mechanisms, and design guidelines. Limitations and challenges in embolic materials are also discussed to promote advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Hu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Brian W Chong
- Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Amy R. Deipolyi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rahul A. Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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12
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Weems AC, Easley A, Roach SR, Maitland DJ. Highly Cross-Linked Shape Memory Polymers with Tunable Oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation Rates and Selected Products Based on Succinic Acid. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:454-463. [PMID: 32832879 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive medical devices are of great interest, with shape memory polymers (SMPs) representing one such possibility for producing these devices. Previous work with low density, highly porous SMPs has demonstrated oxidative degradation, while attempts to incorporate hydrolytic degradation have resulted in rapidly decreasing glass transition temperature (T g ), ultimately preventing strain fixity of the materials at clinically relevant temperatures. Through esterification of the amino alcohol triethanolamine, an alcohol containing network was synthesized and incorporated into SMPs. These ester networks were used to control the bulk morphology of the SMP, with the T g remaining above 37 °C when 50% of the alcohol was contributed by the ester network. This methodology also yielded SMPs that could degrade through both hydrolysis and oxidation; by oxidation, the SMPs degrade at a similar rate as the control materials (0.2%/day mass) for the first 30 days, at which point the rate changes to 3.5%/day until the samples become too fragile to examine at 80 days. By comparison, control materials have lost approximately 30% of mass by 140 days, at a constant rate of degradation, demonstrating that the ester SMPs are a promising material system for producing more rapidly degradable, soft, porous biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Weems
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Alexandra Easley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Sydney Reese Roach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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13
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Ecker M, Joshi-Imre A, Modi R, Frewin CL, Garcia-Sandoval A, Maeng J, Gutierrez-Heredia G, Pancrazio JJ, Voit WE. From softening polymers to multimaterial based bioelectronic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aaed58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Liu R, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Zhang P, Dai H. Nondegradable magnetic poly (carbonate urethane) microspheres with good shape memory as a proposed material for vascular embolization. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:9-17. [PMID: 29567531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, nondegradable poly (carbonate urethane) (PCU) and poly (carbonate urethane) incorporated variable Fe3O4 content microspheres (PCU/Fe3O4) were synthesized using pre-polymerization and suspension polymerization. Synthesis was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of Fe3O4 incorporation was investigated on crystalline, thermal, shape memory and degradation properties by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), compression test and degradation in vitro, respectively. Otherwise, the assessment of magnetic characteristics by vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) disclosed superparamagnetic behavior. The tunable superparamagnetic behavior depends on the amount of magnetic particles incorporated within the networks. The biological study results of as-synthesized polymers from the platelet adhesion test and the cell proliferation inhibition test indicated they were biocompatible in vitro. Fe3O4 incorporation was conductive to reducing platelet adhesion in blood contacting test and promotion of rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and growth. These nondegradable, superparamagnetic, biocompatible polymers, combined with their good shape memory properties may allow for their future exploitation in the biomedical field, such as, in cardiovascular implants, targeted tumor treatment, tissue engineering and artificial organ's engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
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15
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de Oliveira DC, Calixto LA, Fukuda IM, Saviano AM, Moreira AJ, Kawano Y, Mansano RD, de Jesus Andreoli Pinto T, Lourenço FR. Compatibility of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Medical Devices and Other Polymeric Materials with Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) and Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP) Sterilization Using a Quality by Design (QbD) Approach. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Peterson GI, Dobrynin AV, Becker ML. Biodegradable Shape Memory Polymers in Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28941154 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory materials have emerged as an important class of materials in medicine due to their ability to change shape in response to a specific stimulus, enabling the simplification of medical procedures, use of minimally invasive techniques, and access to new treatment modalities. Shape memory polymers, in particular, are well suited for such applications given their excellent shape memory performance, tunable materials properties, minimal toxicity, and potential for biodegradation and resorption. This review provides an overview of biodegradable shape memory polymers that have been used in medical applications. The majority of biodegradable shape memory polymers are based on thermally responsive polyesters or polymers that contain hydrolyzable ester linkages. These materials have been targeted for use in applications pertaining to embolization, drug delivery, stents, tissue engineering, and wound closure. The development of biodegradable shape memory polymers with unique properties or responsiveness to novel stimuli has the potential to facilitate the optimization and development of new medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- The University of Akron Department of Polymer Science Akron OH 44325‐3909 USA
| | - Andrey V. Dobrynin
- The University of Akron Department of Polymer Science Akron OH 44325‐3909 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- The University of Akron Department of Polymer Science Akron OH 44325‐3909 USA
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Hendrikson WJ, Rouwkema J, Clementi F, van Blitterswijk CA, Farè S, Moroni L. Towards 4D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering: exploiting 3D shape memory polymers to deliver time-controlled stimulus on cultured cells. Biofabrication 2017; 9:031001. [PMID: 28726680 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering needs innovative solutions to better fit the requirements of a minimally invasive approach, providing at the same time instructive cues to cells. The use of shape memory polyurethane has been investigated by producing 4D scaffolds via additive manufacturing technology. Scaffolds with two different pore network configurations (0/90° and 0/45°) were characterized by dynamic-mechanical analysis. The thermo-mechanical analysis showed a Tg at about 32 °C (Tg = T trans), indicating no influence of the fabrication process on the transition temperature. In addition, shape recovery tests showed a good recovery of the permanent shape for both scaffold configurations. When cells were seeded onto the scaffolds in the temporary shape and the permanent shape was recovered, cells were significantly more elongated after shape recovery. Thus, the mechanical stimulus imparted by shape recovery is able to influence the shape of cells and nuclei. The obtained results indicate that a single mechanical stimulus is sufficient to initiate changes in the morphology of adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmus J Hendrikson
- University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Tissue Regeneration, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Muschalek R, Nash L, Jones R, Hasan SM, Keller BK, Monroe MBB, Maitland DJ. Effects of Sterilization on Shape Memory Polyurethane Embolic Foam Devices. J Med Device 2017; 11:0310111-310119. [PMID: 29034056 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) foams have been developed for various embolic medical devices due to their unique properties in minimally invasive biomedical applications. These polyurethane materials can be stored in a secondary shape, from which they can recover their primary shape after exposure to an external stimulus, such as heat and water exposure. Tailored actuation temperatures of SMPs provide benefits for minimally invasive biomedical applications, but incur significant challenges for SMP-based medical device sterilization. Most sterilization methods require high temperatures or high humidity to effectively reduce the bioburden of the device, but the environment must be tightly controlled after device fabrication. Here, two probable sterilization methods (nontraditional ethylene oxide (ntEtO) gas sterilization and electron beam irradiation) are investigated for SMP medical devices. Thermal characterization of the sterilized foams indicated that ntEtO gas sterilization significantly decreased the glass transition temperature. Further material characterization was undertaken on the electron beam (ebeam) sterilized samples, which indicated minimal changes to the thermomechanical integrity of the bulk foam and to the device functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Muschalek
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 e-mail:
| | - Landon Nash
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Shape Memory Medical, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054 e-mail:
| | - Ryan Jones
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 e-mail:
| | - Sayyeda M Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Shape Memory Medical, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054 e-mail:
| | - Brandis K Keller
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 e-mail:
| | - Mary Beth B Monroe
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 e-mail:
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Shape Memory Medical, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054 e-mail:
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Nash LD, Docherty NC, Monroe MBB, Ezell KP, Carrow JK, Hasan SM, Gaharwar AK, Maitland DJ. Cold Plasma Reticulation of Shape Memory Embolic Tissue Scaffolds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1945-1951. [PMID: 27568830 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) foams are proposed for use as thrombogenic scaffolds to improve the treatment of vascular defects, such as cerebral aneurysms. However, gas blown SMP foams inherently have membranes between pores, which can limit their performance as embolic tissue scaffolds. Reticulation, or the removal of membranes between adjacent foam pores, is advantageous for improving device performance by increasing blood permeability and cellular infiltration. This work characterizes the effects of cold gas plasma reticulation processes on bulk polyurethane SMP films and foams. Plasma-induced changes on material properties are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, uniaxial tensile testing, goniometry, and free strain recovery experiments. Device specific performance is characterized in terms of permeability, platelet attachment, and cell-material interactions. Overall, plasma reticulated SMP scaffolds show promise as embolic tissue scaffolds due to increased bulk permeability, retained thrombogenicity, and favorable cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon D Nash
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nicole C Docherty
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mary Beth B Monroe
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kendal P Ezell
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - James K Carrow
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sayyeda M Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Hardy JG, Palma M, Wind SJ, Biggs MJ. Responsive Biomaterials: Advances in Materials Based on Shape-Memory Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5717-5724. [PMID: 27120512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are morphologically responsive materials with potential for a variety of biomedical applications, particularly as devices for minimally invasive surgery and the delivery of therapeutics and cells for tissue engineering. A brief introduction to SMPs is followed by a discussion of the current progress toward the development of SMP-based biomaterials for clinically relevant biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Matteo Palma
- The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Applied Physics and Applied Math, Columbia University, 1020 CEPSR, Mail Code: 8903, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Manus J Biggs
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Research Building, Newcastle Road, Dangan, Ireland
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21
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Liu R, Dai H, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Synthesis and characterization of shape-memory poly carbonate urethane microspheres for future vascular embolization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:1248-61. [PMID: 27193120 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1189379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of shape memory poly carbonate urethanes (PCUs) microspheres were synthesized by pre-polymerization and suspension polymerization, based on Polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as the soft segment, Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the hard segments and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain expanding agent. The structure, crystallinity, and thermal property of the two synthesized PCUs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), respectively. The results showed that the two types of PCUs exhibited high thermal stability with phase separation and semi-crystallinity. Also, the results of the compression test displayed that the shape fixity and the shape recovery of two PCUs were more than 90% compared to the originals, indicating their similar bio-applicability and shape-memory properties. The tensile strength, elongation at break was enhanced by introducing and increasing content of HDI. The water contact angles of PCUs decreased and their surface tension increased by surface modified with Bovine serum albumin (BSA). Furthermore, the biological study results of two types of PCUs from the platelet adhesion test and the cell proliferation inhibition test indicated they had some biocompatibilites. Hence, the PCU microspheres might represent a smart and shape-memory embolic agent for vascular embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Honglian Dai
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China.,b Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province , Wuhan , China
| | - Qian Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ping Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
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22
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Rychter P, Śmigiel-Gac N, Pamuła E, Smola-Dmochowska A, Janeczek H, Prochwicz W, Dobrzyński P. Influence of Radiation Sterilization on Properties of Biodegradable Lactide/Glycolide/Trimethylene Carbonate and Lactide/Glycolide/ε-caprolactone Porous Scaffolds with Shape Memory Behavior. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9010064. [PMID: 28787864 PMCID: PMC5456516 DOI: 10.3390/ma9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was the evaluation of gamma irradiation and electron beams for sterilization of porous scaffolds with shape memory behavior obtained from biodegradable terpolymers: poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) and poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ɛ-caprolactone). The impact of mentioned sterilization techniques on the structure of the scaffolds before and after the sterilization process using irradiation doses ranged from 10 to 25 kGy has been investigated. Treatment of the samples with gamma irradiation at 15 kGy dose resulted in considerable drop in glass transition temperature (Tg) and number average molecular weight (Mn). For comparison, after irradiation of the samples using an electron beam with the same dose, no significant changes in structure or properties of examined scaffolds have been noticed. Higher doses of irradiation via electron beam caused essential changes of the scaffolds' pores resulting in partial melting of their surface. Nevertheless, obtained results have revealed that sterilization with electron beam, when compared to gamma irradiation, is a better method because it does not affect significantly the physicochemical properties of the scaffolds. Both used methods of sterilization did not influence the shape memory behavior of the examined materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Av., Czestochowa 42-218, Poland.
| | - Natalia Śmigiel-Gac
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Av., Czestochowa 42-218, Poland.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowska 34 St., Zabrze 41-800, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Anna Smola-Dmochowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowska 34 St., Zabrze 41-800, Poland.
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowska 34 St., Zabrze 41-800, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Prochwicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Av., Czestochowa 42-218, Poland.
| | - Piotr Dobrzyński
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Av., Czestochowa 42-218, Poland.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowska 34 St., Zabrze 41-800, Poland.
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23
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Hasan SM, Nash LD, Maitland DJ. Porous shape memory polymers: Design and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyeda M. Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
| | - Landon D. Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
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24
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Hager MD, Bode S, Weber C, Schubert US. Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Rychter P, Pamula E, Orchel A, Posadowska U, Krok-Borkowicz M, Kaps A, Smigiel-Gac N, Smola A, Kasperczyk J, Prochwicz W, Dobrzynski P. Scaffolds with shape memory behavior for the treatment of large bone defects. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3503-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science; Jan Dlugosz University; Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave. Częstochowa Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pamula
- Department of Biomaterials; Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics; AGH University of Science and Technology; Mickiewicza 30 Ave. Kraków Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Orchel
- Chair and Department of Biopharmacy; SPLMS in Sosnowiec; Jedności 8 Str., SUM Poland
| | - Urszula Posadowska
- Department of Biomaterials; Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics; AGH University of Science and Technology; Mickiewicza 30 Ave. Kraków Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department of Biomaterials; Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics; AGH University of Science and Technology; Mickiewicza 30 Ave. Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Kaps
- Chair and Department of Biopharmacy; SPLMS in Sosnowiec; Jedności 8 Str., SUM Poland
| | - Natalia Smigiel-Gac
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science; Jan Dlugosz University; Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave. Częstochowa Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; Zabrze M.Curie-Sklodowska 34 Str. Poland
| | - Anna Smola
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; Zabrze M.Curie-Sklodowska 34 Str. Poland
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Chair and Department of Biopharmacy; SPLMS in Sosnowiec; Jedności 8 Str., SUM Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; Zabrze M.Curie-Sklodowska 34 Str. Poland
| | - Wojciech Prochwicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science; Jan Dlugosz University; Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave. Częstochowa Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrzynski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science; Jan Dlugosz University; Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave. Częstochowa Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; Zabrze M.Curie-Sklodowska 34 Str. Poland
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Bertoldi S, Farè S, Haugen HJ, Tanzi MC. Exploiting novel sterilization techniques for porous polyurethane scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:182. [PMID: 25893387 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Porous polyurethane (PU) structures raise increasing interest as scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. Understanding the effects of sterilization on their properties is mandatory to assess their potential use in the clinical practice. The aim of this work is the evaluation of the effects of two innovative sterilization techniques (i.e. plasma, Sterrad(®) system, and ozone) on the morphological, chemico-physical and mechanical properties of a PU foam synthesized by gas foaming, using water as expanding agent. In addition, possible toxic effects of the sterilization were evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Plasma sterilization did not affect the morphological and mechanical properties of the PU foam, but caused at some extent degradative phenomena, as detected by infrared spectroscopy. Ozone sterilization had a major effect on foam morphology, causing the formation of new small pores, and stronger degradation and oxidation on the structure of the material. These modifications affected the mechanical properties of the sterilized PU foam too. Even though, no cytotoxic effects were observed after both plasma and ozone sterilization, as confirmed by the good values of cell viability assessed by Alamar Blue assay. The results here obtained can help in understanding the effects of sterilization procedures on porous polymeric scaffolds, and how the scaffold morphology, in particular porosity, can influence the effects of sterilization, and viceversa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bertoldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Polymeric materials as artificial muscles: an overview. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:1-9. [PMID: 24700263 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The accurate selection of materials and the fine tuning of their properties represent a fundamental aspect in the realization of new active systems able to produce actuating forces, such as artificial muscles. In this regard, exciting opportunities for the design of new advanced systems are offered by materials belonging to the emerging class of functional polymers: exploiting their actuation response, specific devices can be realized. Along this direction, materials showing either shape-memory effect (SME) or shape-change effect (SCE) have been the subject of extensive studies aimed at designing of actuators as artificial muscles. Here, we concisely review active polymers in terms of properties and main applications in artificial muscle design. STRUCTURE The main aspects related to material properties in both shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and electroactive polymers (EAPs) are reviewed, based on recent scientific literature. SME in thermally activated SMPs is presented by preliminarily providing a definition that encompasses the new theories regarding their fundamental properties. EAPs are briefly presented, describing the working mechanisms and highlighting the main properties and drawbacks, in view of their application as actuators. For both classes of materials, some key examples of effective application in artificial muscles are offered. OUTLOOK The potential in polymer architecture design for the fabrication of actively moving systems is described to give a perspective on the main achievements and new research activities.
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Du LR, Lu XJ, Guan HT, Yang YJ, Gu MJ, Zheng ZZ, Lv TS, Yan ZG, Song L, Zou YH, Fu NQ, Qi XR, Fan TY. Development and evaluation of liquid embolic agents based on liquid crystalline material of glyceryl monooleate. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:285-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Wong Y, Kong J, Widjaja LK, Venkatraman SS. Biomedical applications of shape-memory polymers: how practically useful are they? Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-5061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Lendlein A, Behl M, Hiebl B, Wischke C. Shape-memory polymers as a technology platform for biomedical applications. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 7:357-79. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Ma G, Wang Z, Chen J, Yin R, Chen B, Nie J. Freeze-dried chitosan–sodium hyaluronate polyelectrolyte complex fibers as tissue engineering scaffolds. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Polymeric microstructures with shape-memory properties for biomedical use built by stereolithography. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2013; 10:280-6. [PMID: 23242877 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to design and build porous microstructures with shape memory behaviour using biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) dimethacrylate macromers. These microstructures could be advantageous for tissue engineering and other advanced biomedical applications. METHODS Porous structures with a gyroid pore network architecture showing average pore sizes of 930 µm and complete pore interconnectivity were prepared by stereolithography. Built structures were characterized by Micro-computed tomography (µ-CT). Shape recovery and shape fixity of microstructures after 40% and 70% compression were evaluated. RESULTS At 37 °C the flexible structures showed compression modulus values of 60 KPa and could be fully compressed. Thermal analysis showed that the built networks were amorphous with Tg values of 23 °C. After compression to 40 and 70%, shape fixity and shape recovery of the structures at respectively 0 °C and 37 °C was almost quantitative. CONCLUSIONS The well-defined pore network characteristics and the shape-memory properties of these structures allow their use as deployable tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Singhal P, Boyle A, Brooks ML, Infanger S, Letts S, Small W, Maitland DJ, Wilson TS. Controlling the Actuation Rate of Low-Density Shape-Memory Polymer Foams in Water. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013; 214:1204-1214. [PMID: 25530688 PMCID: PMC4268140 DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SMPs have been shown to actuate below their dry glass transition temperatures in the presence of moisture due to plasticization. This behavior has been proposed as a self-actuating mechanism of SMPs in water/physiological media. However, control over the SMP actuation rate, a critical factor for in vivo transcatheter device delivery applications, has not been previously reported. Here, a series of polyurethane SMPs with systematically varied hydrophobicity is described that permits control of the time for their complete shape recovery in water from under 2 min to more than 24 h. This control over the SMP actuation rate can potentially provide significant improvement in their delivery under conditions, which may expose them to high-moisture environments prior to actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singhal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Anthony Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Marilyn L Brooks
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Stephen Infanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Steve Letts
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Ward Small
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Thomas S Wilson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore CA-94550, USA
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Sauter T, Kratz K, Lendlein A. Pore-Size Distribution Controls Shape-Memory Properties on the Macro- and Microscale of Polymeric Foams. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hearon K, Singhal P, Horn J, Small W, Olsovsky C, Maitland KC, Wilson TS, Maitland DJ. Porous Shape Memory Polymers. POLYM REV 2013; 53:41-75. [PMID: 23646038 DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2012.751399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Porous shape memory polymers (SMPs) include foams, scaffolds, meshes, and other polymeric substrates that possess porous three-dimensional macrostructures. Porous SMPs exhibit active structural and volumetric transformations and have driven investigations in fields ranging from biomedical engineering to aerospace engineering to the clothing industry. The present review article examines recent developments in porous SMPs, with focus given to structural and chemical classification, methods of characterization, and applications. We conclude that the current body of literature presents porous SMPs as highly interesting smart materials with potential for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hearon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Zhang D, Petersen KM, Grunlan MA. Inorganic-organic shape memory polymer (SMP) foams with highly tunable properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:186-191. [PMID: 23227875 DOI: 10.1021/am302426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials that can return from a temporary to a permanent shape with the application of heat. Porous SMP foams exhibit unique properties versus solid, nonporous SMPs, enabling their utility in different applications, including some in the biomedical field. Reports on SMP foams have focused on those based on organic polymer systems. In this study, we have prepared inorganic-organic SMP foams comprising inorganic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) segments and organic poly(ε-caprolactone) PCL segments. The PCL segments served as switching segments to induce shape changing behavior whereas the length of the PDMS soft segment was systematically tuned. SMP foams were formed via the photochemical cure of acrylated (AcO) macromers AcO-PCL(40)-block-PDMS(m)-block-PCL(40)-OAc (m = 0, 20, 37, 66 and 130) using a revised solvent casting/particulate leaching (SCPL) method. By varying the PDMS segment length, PDMS-PCL foams having excellent shape memory behavior were obtained that exhibited highly tunable properties, including pore size, % porosity, compressive modulus, and degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Preparation and characterization of shape memory polymer scaffolds via solvent casting/particulate leaching. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10:119-26. [PMID: 23015372 PMCID: PMC6159812 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Porous Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) are ideal candidates for the fabrication of defect fillers, able to support tissue regeneration via minimally invasive approaches. In this regard, control of pore size, shape and interconnection is required to achieve adequate nutrient transport and cell ingrowth. Here, we assessed the feasibility of the preparation of SMP porous structures and characterized their chemico-physical properties and in vitro cell response. METHODS SMP scaffolds were obtained via solvent casting/particulate leaching of gelatin microspheres, prepared via oil/water emulsion. A solution of commercial polyether-urethane (MM-4520, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) was cast on compacted microspheres and leached-off after polymer solvent evaporation. The obtained structures were characterized in terms of morphology (SEM and micro-CT), thermo-mechanical properties (DMTA), shape recovery behavior in compression mode, and in vitro cytocompatibility (MG63 Osteoblast-like cell line). RESULTS The fabrication process enabled easy control of scaffold morphology, pore size, and pore shape by varying the gelatin microsphere morphology. Homogeneous spherical and interconnected pores have been achieved together with the preservation of shape memory ability, with recovery rate up to 90%. Regardless of pore dimensions, MG63 cells were observed adhering and spreading onto the inner surface of the scaffolds obtained for up to seven days of static in vitro tests. CONCLUSIONS A new class of SMP porous structures has been obtained and tested in vitro: according to these preliminary results reported, SMP scaffolds can be further exploited in the design of a new class of implantable devices.
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Sharifi S, Grijpma DW. Resilient Amorphous Networks Prepared by Photo-Crosslinking High-Molecular-Weight D
,L
-Lactide and Trimethylene Carbonate Macromers: Mechanical Properties and Shape-Memory Behavior. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1423-35. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of stimuli-sensitive materials that switch from a temporary shape back to their permanent shape upon exposure to heat. While the majority of SMPs have been fabricated in the solid form, porous SMP foams exhibit distinct properties and are better suited for certain applications, including some in the biomedical field. Like solid SMPs, SMP foams have been restricted to a limited group of organic polymer systems. In this study, we prepared inorganic-organic SMP foams based on the photochemical cure of a macromer comprised of inorganic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) segments and organic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) segments, diacrylated PCL(40)-block-PDMS(37)-block-PCL(40). To achieve tunable pore size with high interconnectivity, the SMP foams were prepared via a refined solvent-casting/particulate-leaching (SCPL) method. By varying design parameters such as degree of salt fusion, macromer concentration in the solvent and salt particle size, the SMP foams with excellent shape memory behavior and tunable pore size, pore morphology, and modulus were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
| | - William L. Burkes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
| | - Cody A. Schoener
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Melissa A. Grunlan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
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Rodriguez JN, Yu YJ, Miller MW, Wilson TS, Hartman J, Clubb FJ, Gentry B, Maitland DJ. Opacification of shape memory polymer foam designed for treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:883-97. [PMID: 22101759 PMCID: PMC3311707 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory polymer (SMP) foam possesses structural and mechanical characteristics that make them very promising as an alternative treatment for intracranial aneurysms. Our SMP foams have low densities, with porosities as high as 98.8%; favorable for catheter delivery and aneurysm filling, but unfavorable for attenuating X-rays. This lack of contrast impedes the progression of this material becoming a viable medical device. This paper reports on increasing radio-opacity by incorporating a high-Z element, tungsten particulate filler to attenuate X-rays, while conserving similar physical properties of the original non-opacified SMP foams. The minimal amount of tungsten for visibility was determined and subsequently incorporated into SMP foams, which were then fabricated into samples of increasing thicknesses. These samples were imaged through a pig's skull to demonstrate radio-opacity in situ. Quantification of the increase in image contrast was performed via image processing methods and standard curves were made for varying concentrations of tungsten doped solid and foam SMP. 4% by volume loading of tungsten incorporated into our SMP foams has proven to be an effective method for improving radio-opacity of this material while maintaining the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the original formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ya-Jen Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Matthew W. Miller
- Texas Institute for Preclinical Studies, Texas A&M University, MS 4478, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan Hartman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95825, USA
| | - Fred J. Clubb
- Cardiovascular Pathology Laboratory, Texas A&M University, MS 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brandon Gentry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, MS 3120, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Titanium Oxide Antibacterial Surfaces in Biomedical Devices. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:929-46. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Titanium oxide is a heterogeneous catalyst whose efficient photoinduced activity, related to some of its allotropic forms, paved the way for its widespread technological use. Here, we offer a comparative analysis of the use of titanium oxide as coating for materials in biomedical devices. First, we introduce the photoinduced catalytic mechanisms of TiO2 and their action on biological environment and bacteria. Second, we overview the main physical and chemical technologies for structuring suitable TiO2 coatings on biomedical devices. We then present the approaches for in vitro characterization of these surfaces. Finally, we discuss the main aspects of TiO2 photoactivated antimicrobial activity on medical devices and limitations for these types of applications.
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De Nardo L, Moscatelli M, Silvi F, Tanzi MC, Yahia L, Farè S. Chemico-physical modifications induced by plasma and ozone sterilizations on shape memory polyurethane foams. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:2067-2078. [PMID: 20407808 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated shape memory polyurethane foams are promising materials for minimally invasive surgical procedures. Understanding their physical and chemical properties, in vitro response and effects of sterilization is mandatory when evaluating their potential as biomaterials. In this work, we report on the characterization of two Cold Hibernated Elastic Memory (CHEM) foams before and after two novel low-temperature sterilization techniques (plasma and ozone). Foams have different transition temperatures (T(trans)), as determined by Tandelta peaks in DMA tests, that depend on their chemical composition: both foams possess excellent shape recovery ability (Recovery Rate up to 99%) in conventional shape recovery tests. Plasma sterilization (Sterrad sterilization system) resulted in a slight increase of open porosity, but no effects on bulk chemical and thermo-mechanical properties were observed. Ozone sterilization had a stronger effect on foams morphology, both in terms of an evident rupture of pore walls and surface oxidation. These modifications affected both thermomechanical and shape recovery behavior. Furthermore, plasma sterilized foams cytocompatibility was investigated with L929 fibroblast cell line in vitro, showing a good adhesion and proliferation, as confirmed by SEM observation and Alamar blue assay. The obtained results contribute to define the role of shape memory foams as biomaterials and open novel questions on the role of sterilization technique effects on cellular solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi De Nardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Small W, Singhal P, Wilson TS, Maitland DJ. Biomedical applications of thermally activated shape memory polymers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2010; 20:3356-3366. [PMID: 21258605 PMCID: PMC3023912 DOI: 10.1039/b923717h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can remember a primary shape and can return to this primary shape from a deformed secondary shape when given an appropriate stimulus. This property allows them to be delivered in a compact form via minimally invasive surgeries in humans, and deployed to achieve complex final shapes. Here we review the various biomedical applications of SMPs and the challenges they face with respect to actuation and biocompatibility. While shape memory behavior has been demonstrated with heat, light and chemical environment, here we focus our discussion on thermally stimulated SMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Small
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
| | - Pooja Singhal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Pei X, Wang Q, Wang T. Shape memory polyurethanes containing azo exhibiting photoisomerization function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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