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Alkattan R, Banerji S, Deb S. A multi-functional dentine bonding system combining a phosphate monomer with eugenyl methacrylate. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1030-1043. [PMID: 35473789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tooth-resin composite interface is frequently associated with failure because of microbial contamination, hydrolytic and collagenolytic degradation. Thus, designing a dentine bonding system (DBS) with an intrinsically antimicrobial polymerisable monomer is of significance especially if it can be used with self-etching primers enabling resistance to degradation of the interface. METHODS Experimental adhesives were developed incorporating eugenyl methacrylate (EgMA) at concentrations of 0,10 or 20 wt%, designated as EgMA0, EgMA10 and EgMA20, respectively, for use as a two-step self-etch DBS with the functional monomer bis[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] phosphate (BMEP) in the primer. The curing, thermal and wettability properties of the adhesives were determined, and hybrid layer formation was characterised by confocal laser scanning microscopy, microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) and nanoleakage by back-scattered SEM. In situ zymography was used to assess MMP inhibitory activity of the BMEP-EgMA DBS. RESULTS EgMA in the adhesives lowered the polymerisation exotherm and resulted in higher Tg, without negatively affecting degree of conversion. Water sorption and solubility were significantly lower with higher concentrations of EgMA in the adhesive. The formation of a distinct hybrid layer was evident from confocal images with the different adhesives, whilst EgMA20 yielded the highest µTBS post water storage challenges and lowest nanoleakage after 6 months. The experimental DBS exhibited minimal to no MMP activity at 3 months. SIGNIFICANCE The hydrophobic nature of EgMA and high cross-link density exerts considerable benefits in lowering water uptake and polymerisation exotherm. The application of EgMA, adhesives in conjunction with BMEP in a multi-functional self-etching DBS can resist MMP activity, hence, enhance longevity of the dentine-resin composite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Alkattan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subir Banerji
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Prosthodontics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sanjukta Deb
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Alrahlah A, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, Al-Kahtani A, Alkhtani FM, Al-Maflehi NS. Water Sorption, Water Solubility, and Rheological Properties of Resin-Based Dental Composites Incorporating Immobilizable Eugenol-Derivative Monomer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030366. [PMID: 35160354 PMCID: PMC8838676 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the properties of new dental formulations incorporating a new polymerizable-derivative of eugenol (EgGMA). The experimental composites were prepared (by weight) with 35% resin-based matrix (1:1, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and 65% reinforcing materials (4:3, hydroxyapatite/zirconium oxide). A portion of 0.0, 2.5, and 5.0% of the resins with respect to the total composite was replaced by EgGMA monomer to obtain TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5, respectively. The complex viscosity (at 25 and 37 °C), degree of conversion (DC), and water sorption (WSP) and water solubility (WSL) (3 cycles of sorption-desorption process) were investigated. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way and Tukey post-hoc tests. The results revealed a viscosity reduction with shear-thinning behavior as the EgGMA amount and temperature increased. The average complex viscosities at a lower frequency (ω = 1.0 rad/s) and at 25 °C were 234.7 ± 13.4, 86.4 ± 16.5, and 57.3 ± 17.1 (kPa·s) for TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5, respectively. The inclusion of EgGMA led to a lower DC and WSP but higher WSL, compared to those of the reference (TBEg0). However, no significant differences between TBEg2.5 and control were detected (p > 0.05). Therefore, the incorporation of EgGMA in a low quantity, e.g., up to 8.45 mol% of resins, within the matrix may enhance the composite’s performance, including handling and solubility properties without any apparent effect on DC and water sorption, making it a promising monomeric biomaterial for various applications including restorative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alrahlah
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.-B.A.-O.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.-B.A.-O.); (A.A.)
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad M. Alkhtani
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 13 11924, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nassr S. Al-Maflehi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
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Al-Odayni AB, Alotaibi DH, Saeed WS, Al-Kahtani A, Assiri A, Alkhtani FM, Alrahlah A. Eugenyl-2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate-Incorporated Experimental Dental Composite: Degree of Polymerization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020277. [PMID: 35054684 PMCID: PMC8781375 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of new dental formulations containing eugenyl-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (EgGMA) monomer, as restorative dental material, in terms of their degree of photopolymerization and cytotoxicity. The target model composites (TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5) were prepared by mixing 35% organic matrix (TEGDMA/BisGMA (50/50 wt%) of which 0, 2.5, and 5 wt%, respectively, were replaced with EgGMA monomer) with 65% filler (silanized hydroxyapatite (HA)/zinc oxide (ZnO2), 4:3 by weight). The vinylic double-bond conversion (DC) after light-curing was studied using Fourier transform infrared technique whereas cell viability was in vitro tested using primary human gingival fibroblasts cells over 7 days by means of AlamarBlue colorimetric assay. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. The results revealed no significant difference in DC between TBEg2.5 (66.49%) and control (TBEg0; 68.74%), whereas both differ significantly with TBEg5, likely due to the inhibitory effect of eugenol moiety at high concentration. The cell viability test indicated that all the composites are biocompatible. No significant difference was counted between TBEg2.5 and TBEg5, however, both differed significantly from the control (TBEg0). Thus, even though its apparent negative effect on polymerization, EgGMA is potentially safer than bisphenol-derived monomers. Such potential properties may encourage further investigations on term of EgGMA amount optimization, compatibility with other dental resins, and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dalal H. Alotaibi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdullah Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Assiri
- College of Dentistry Research Center (CDRC), College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad M. Alkhtani
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11924, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Alrahlah
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.S.); (A.A.)
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Zamora Lagos SI, Murillo Salas J, Valencia Zapata ME, Mina Hernandez JH, Valencia CH, Rojo L, Grande Tovar CD. Influence of the chitosan morphology on the properties of acrylic cements and their biocompatibility. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31156-31164. [PMID: 35520649 PMCID: PMC9056417 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylic bone cements (ABC) are materials widely used in orthopedics and biomedical applications. Several active compounds have been introduced to ABC formulations to improve their mechanical properties and bifunctionality. In this research, we studied the effect of the addition of chitosan (CS) microspheres and chitosan sheets on ABC formulations. For mechanical performance optimization, the compression strength was taken as a response variable using an extreme vertices mixing design with fraction by weight of CS and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the variable factors. According to the statistical analysis, the control samples (without CS), samples with 7% (wt.) of CS sheets, and samples with 17% (wt.) of CS spheres presented the best compression properties: 90.6 MPa and 95.6 MPa, respectively. The study of these formulations confirmed that CS spheres allow a higher amount of loading on the formulation, maintaining comparable compression strength. By 1H-NMR, it was observed that the residual monomer was similar in all wording. The hydrolytic degradation assay in simulated body fluid (SBF) determined that the sphere incorporation increased by 50% and 35% for the water uptake and weight loss values, respectively, when compared with the reported values with CS sheets. By morphological analysis via SEM, it was observed that the porosity increased considerably in the presence of CS spheres throughout the immersion time in SBF. The subdermal implant results demonstrated excellent compatibility between the cement studied and the biological environment. Acrylic bone cements (ABC) are materials widely used in orthopedics and biomedical applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Isabel Zamora Lagos
- Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No. 100-00 Santiago de Cali 760032 Colombia
| | - Jefferson Murillo Salas
- Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No. 100-00 Santiago de Cali 760032 Colombia
| | - Mayra Eliana Valencia Zapata
- Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No. 100-00 Santiago de Cali 760032 Colombia
| | - José Herminsul Mina Hernandez
- Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No. 100-00 Santiago de Cali 760032 Colombia
| | - Carlos Humberto Valencia
- Escuela de Odontología, Grupo biomateriales dentales, Universidad del Valle Calle 13 No. 100-00 Santiago de Cali Colombia
| | - Luis Rojo
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Bioméedica en red, CIBER-BBN Madrid 28029 Spain.,Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Carlos David Grande Tovar
- Programa de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Atlántico Carrera 30 Número 8-49 Puerto Colombia 081008 Colombia
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Valencia Zapata ME, Mina Hernandez JH, Grande Tovar CD, Valencia Llano CH, Diaz Escobar JA, Vázquez-Lasa B, San Román J, Rojo L. Novel Bioactive and Antibacterial Acrylic Bone Cement Nanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122938. [PMID: 31208091 PMCID: PMC6627441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylic bone cements (ABCs) have played a key role in orthopedic surgery mainly in arthroplasties, but their use is increasingly extending to other applications, such as remodeling of cancerous bones, cranioplasties, and vertebroplasties. However, these materials present some limitations related to their inert behavior and the risk of infection after implantation, which leads to a lack of attachment and makes necessary new surgical interventions. In this research, the physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of ABCs modified with chitosan (CS) and graphene oxide (GO) were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compression resistance, mechanical dynamic analysis (DMA), hydrolytic degradation, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with human osteoblasts (HOb), and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were used to characterize the ABCs. The results revealed good dispersion of GO nanosheets in the ABCs. GO provided an increase in antibacterial activity, roughness, and flexural behavior, while CS generated porosity, increased the rate of degradation, and decreased compression properties. All ABCs were not cytotoxic and support good cell viability of HOb. The novel formulation of ABCs containing GO and CS simultaneously, increased the thermal stability, flexural modulus, antibacterial behavior, and osteogenic activity, which gives it a high potential for its uses in orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Eliana Valencia Zapata
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos, Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali 76001, Colombia.
| | - José Herminsul Mina Hernandez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos, Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali 76001, Colombia.
| | - Carlos David Grande Tovar
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia.
| | | | - José Alfredo Diaz Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho, Avenida 6N # 28N - 102, Cali 76001, Colombia.
| | - Blanca Vázquez-Lasa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomedica en red, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio San Román
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomedica en red, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Rojo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomedica en red, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Jiménez M, Abradelo C, San Román J, Rojo L. Bibliographic review on the state of the art of strontium and zinc based regenerative therapies. Recent developments and clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1974-1985. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review brings up to date the state of the art of strontium and zinc based regenerative therapies, both having a promoting effect on tissue formation and a role inhibiting resorption in musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julio San Román
- Instituto de Ciencia y tecnología de Polímeros
- CSIC
- Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina Spain
| | - Luis Rojo
- Instituto de Ciencia y tecnología de Polímeros
- CSIC
- Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
- Biomateriales y Nanomedicina Spain
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Benito-Garzón L, Olmeda-Lozano M. In Situ Cross-Linkable Polymer Systems and Composites for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:327-355. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chen G, Feng J, Qiu W, Zhao Y. Eugenol-modified polysiloxanes as effective anticorrosion additives for epoxy resin coatings. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol-modified polysiloxane additives can significantly increase the performance of epoxy resin coatings in terms of thermal stability, hydrophobicity and resistance to water penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John’s
- Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Jinghan Feng
- Department of Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering
- Memorial University
- St. John’s
- Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering
- Memorial University
- St. John’s
- Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John’s
- Canada A1B 3X7
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Influence of a polymerizable eugenol derivative on the antibacterial activity and wettability of a resin composite for intracanal post cementation and core build-up restoration. Dent Mater 2016; 32:929-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Almaroof A, Rojo L, Mannocci F, Deb S. A resin composite material containing an eugenol derivative for intracanal post cementation and core build-up restoration. Dent Mater 2016; 32:149-60. [PMID: 26777114 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To formulate and evaluate new dual cured resin composite based on the inclusion of eugenyl methacrylate monomer (EgMA) with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin systems for intracanal post cementation and core build-up restoration of endodontically treated teeth. METHODS EgMA was synthesized and incorporated at 5% (BTEg5) or 10% (BTEg10) into dual-cure formulations. Curing properties, viscosity, Tg, radiopacity, static and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were determined and compared with Clearfil™DC Core-Plus, a commercial dual-cure, two-component composite. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with ANOVA and the Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS The experimental composites were successfully prepared, which exhibited excellent curing depths of 4.9, 4.7 and 4.2 mm for BTEg0, BTEg5 and BTEg10 respectively, which were significantly higher than Clearfil™DC. However, the inclusion of EgMA initially led to a lower degree of cure, which increased when measured at 24 h with values comparable to formulations without EgMA, indicating post-curing. The inclusion of EgMA also lowered the polymerization exotherm thereby reducing the potential of thermal damage to host tissue. Both thermal and viscoelastic analyses confirmed the ability of the monomer to reduce the stiffness of the composites by forming a branched network. The compressive strength of BTEg5 was significantly higher than the control whilst flexural strength increased significantly from 95.9 to 114.8 MPa (BTEg5) and 121.9 MPa (BTEg10). Radiopacity of the composites was equivalent to ∼3 mm Al allowing efficient diagnosis. SIGNIFICANCE The incorporation of EgMA within polymerizable formulations provides a novel approach to prepare reinforced resin composite material for intracanal post cementation and core build-up and the potential to impart antibacterial properties of eugenol to endodontic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Almaroof
- Division of Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - L Rojo
- Division of Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - F Mannocci
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - S Deb
- Division of Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Franco-Marquès E, Parra J, Pèlach MA, Méndez JA. Synthesis and characterization of self-curing hydrophilic bone cements for protein delivery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:992-1001. [PMID: 25209322 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New formulations of acrylic bone cements for bone defect reparation, based on self-hardening methyl methacrylate (MMA)/methacrylic acid (MAA), with a high capacity for protein delivery, have been developed. The self-curing formulations were prepared by partial substitution of solid phase PMMA microparticles by newly obtained PMAA microspheres. The PMAA microspheres were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization of their monomer and were cross-linked with N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) (10-15 wt %) to produce stable systems in contact with aqueous media. PMAA microspheres were loaded with hydrolyzed collagen (HC) as a model protein to simulate bone morphogenetic protein delivery useful for hard tissue reconstruction. Solid phase PMMA microparticles in the formulation were partially substituted by new PMAA-HC microspheres and were characterized to determine viability as an acrylic bone cement in minimally invasive surgery. The incorporation of PMAA-HC microspheres decreased peak temperature by 20°C, which minimized thermal necrotic risk after implantation. Mechanical compression tests revealed a behavior, under dry conditions, close to ISO 5833 standard requirements. However, a drastic drop in mechanical strength, ∼64%, was obtained after 15 days of immersion in simulated physiological conditions (37°C and pH 7.4) and was attributed to water absorption and a subsequent plasticizing effect. The increase in water uptake and retention enhanced the capability for controlled protein delivery. Finally, the biocompatibility of the cements was determined; some toxicity of the material during the first hours of culture incubation was observed. Later, toxicity was observed to decrease due to nonreacted monomer leaching, which ensured the low toxicity of the already polymerized phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Franco-Marquès
- LEPAMAP Group, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - J Parra
- Unidad Asociada de I+D al CSIC de Investigación Clínica y Biopatología Experimental, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (SACYL), Jesús del Gran Poder 42, 05003, Avila, Spain
| | - M A Pèlach
- LEPAMAP Group, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - J A Méndez
- LEPAMAP Group, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17071, Girona, Spain
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