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He X, Li Y, Zou D, Zu H, Li W, Zheng Y. An overview of magnesium-based implants in orthopaedics and a prospect of its application in spine fusion. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:456-478. [PMID: 38873086 PMCID: PMC11170442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to matching biomechanical properties and significant biological activity, Mg-based implants present great potential in orthopedic applications. In recent years, the biocompatibility and therapeutic effect of magnesium-based implants have been widely investigated in trauma repair. In contrast, the R&D work of Mg-based implants in spinal fusion is still limited. This review firstly introduced the general background for Mg-based implants. Secondly, the mechanical properties and degradation behaviors of Mg and its traditional and novel alloys were reviewed. Then, different surface modification techniques of Mg-based implants were described. Thirdly, this review comprehensively summarized the biological pathways of Mg degradation to promote bone formation in neuro-musculoskeletal circuit, angiogenesis with H-type vessel formation, osteogenesis with osteoblasts activation and chondrocyte ossification as an integrated system. Fourthly, this review followed the translation process of Mg-based implants via updating the preclinical studies in fracture fixation, sports trauma repair and reconstruction, and bone distraction for large bone defect. Furthermore, the pilot clinical studies were involved to demonstrate the reliable clinical safety and satisfactory bioactive effects of Mg-based implants in bone formation. Finally, this review introduced the background of spine fusion surgeryand the challenges of biological matching cage development. At last, this review prospected the translation potential of a hybrid Mg-PEEK spine fusion cage design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 North Huayuan Road, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Da Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 North Huayuan Road, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haiyue Zu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suchow University, PR China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 North Huayuan Road, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Comprehensive Scientific Research Building, Beijing, PR China
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2
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Liu C, Wang C, Yang J. PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca alloy composite and preliminary study of its osteogenesis property. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1218-1227. [PMID: 36169009 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent properties, magnesium alloys are widely used in bone tissue engineering. However, considerable work has been conducted to control the degradation rate and improve the cytocompatibility of magnesium alloys. In this study, low-cost production introduced a new bone repair composite (PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca), which was composed of nano-hydroxylapatite-collagen (nHAC), polycaprolactone (PCL) and Mg-Ca alloy substrate treated by micro- arc oxidation (MAO). The experimental results showed that compared with the Mg-Ca alloy treated by MAO alone, the PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca composite has a porous structure and a slower degradation rate. Cell experiments showed that the PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca composite had good biocompatibility and significantly enhanced the proliferation of the MC3T3-E1 cells. The rabbit skull defect model further proved that the PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca composite could regulate the degradation rate of the Mg-Ca alloy and promote the formation of bone tissue. Histological analyses showed that the PCL-nHAC/Mg-Ca composite had good stability in vivo and could better accelerate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, 154516Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, 154516Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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3
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Rajan ST, Arockiarajan A. A comprehensive review of properties of the biocompatible thin films on biodegradable Mg alloys. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36541465 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca85b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have attracted attention as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications owing to their mechanical properties being comparable to that of bone. Mg is a vital trace element in many enzymes and thus forms one of the essential factors for human metabolism. However, before being used in biomedical applications, the early stage or fast degradation of Mg and its alloys in the physiological environment should be controlled. The degradation of Mg alloys is a critical criterion that can be controlled by a surface modification which is an effective process for conserving their desired properties. Different coating methods have been employed to modify Mg surfaces to provide good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This review aims to provide information on different coatings and discuss their physical and biological properties. Finally, the current withstanding challenges have been highlighted and discussed, followed by shedding some light on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thanka Rajan
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - A Arockiarajan
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.,Ceramic Technology Group-Center of Excellence in Materials and Manufacturing Futuristic Mobility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India
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4
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Xia D, Jia Z, Shen Y, Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Xiong P, Guan S, Xu Y, Yang F, Liu Y, Zhou Y. pH Stimuli-Responsive, Rapidly Self-healable Coatings Enhanced the Corrosion Resistance and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mg-1Ca Osteoimplant. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106056. [PMID: 35570711 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mg-Ca alloys have emerged as a promising research direction for biomedical implants in the orthopedic field. However, their clinical use is deterred by their fast corrosion rate. In this work, a pH stimuli-responsive silk-halloysite (HNT)/phytic acid (PA) self-healing coating (Silk-HNT/PA) is constructed to slow down the corrosion rate of Mg-1Ca alloy and its cell viability and osteogenic differentiation ability are enhanced. The Silk-HNT/PA coating exhibits appealing active corrosion protection, by eliciting pH-triggerable self-healing effects, while simultaneously affording superior biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation ability. Moreover, in vivo studies by histological analysis also demonstrate better osseointegration for the Silk-HNT/PA coated Mg-1Ca alloy. In summary, the Silk-HNT/PA coating in the present study has great potential in enhancing the biomedical utility of Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xia
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunong Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pan Xiong
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The Science and Technology Bureau of Chengdu (Chengdu Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs), Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Shaokang Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuqian Xu
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
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5
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Zheng Z, Xu W, Xu Y, Xue Q. Mapping knowledge structure and themes trends of biodegradable Mg-based alloy for orthopedic application: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:940700. [PMID: 36017343 PMCID: PMC9395602 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.940700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since Lambotte and Payr first studied Mg-based alloys for orthopedics in 1900, the research of this field has finally ushered in vigorous development in the 21st century. From the perspective of quantitative analysis, this paper clearly demonstrated the global research trend from 2005 to 2021 by using bibliometrics and scientometric analysis. Methods: We obtained the publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. The bibliometric and scientometric analysis was conducted by using R software, CiteSpace software, VOSviewer software, Pajek software and Microsoft Excel program. Results: In total, 1921 publications were retrieved. It can be found that the number of publications is gradually increasing year by year. We can find that the most prolific countrie, institution and researcher are China, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Zheng Yufeng, respectively. The most influential journals in this field are Acta Biomaterialia and Biomaterials, with 16,511 and 12,314 total citations, respectively. By conducting the co-cited documents-based clustering analysis, 16 research hotspots and their representative studies have been identified. Besides, by conducting analysis of keywords, we divided the keyword citation bursts representing the development of the field into three stages. Conclusion: The number of researches on the biodegradable Mg-based alloys increased sharply all over the world in the 21st century. China has made significant progress in biodegradable Mg-based alloy research. More focus will be placed on osteogenic differentiation, fabrication, graphene oxide, antibacterial property, bioactive glass and nanocomposite, which may be the next popular topics in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wennan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyun Xue,
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6
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Lu X, Blawert C, Luthringer BJ, Zheludkevich ML. Controllable Degradable Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coated Mg Alloy for Biomedical Application. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.748549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A controllable degradable coating on Mg alloy based on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process is reported for the first time. The reported results show that introduction of silica nanoparticles into PEO electrolytes leads to their reactive incorporation in coatings and thus influencing the degradation behavior. Dissolution of amorphous phases facilitates chemical reaction with components of simulated body fluid, resulting in self-healing effect via redeposition of insoluble conversion products. The dynamic balance between dissolution of the original coating and reconstruction of corrosion layer is mainly determined by the phase composition of the coating as well as the surrounding corrosive medium.
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7
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Fluoride Coatings on Magnesium Alloy Implants. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:7636482. [PMID: 35295762 PMCID: PMC8920665 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7636482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After several years of research and development, it has been reported that magnesium alloys can be used as degradable metals in some medical device applications. Over the years, fluoride coatings have received increasing research attention for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium. In this paper, different methods for preparing fluoride coatings and the characteristics of these coatings are reported for the first time. The influence of the preparation conditions of fluoride coatings, including the magnesium substrate, voltage, and electrolyte, on the coatings is discussed. Various properties of magnesium fluoride coatings are also summarized, with an emphasis on corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. We screened experiments and papers that planned the application of magnesium fluoride coatings in living organisms. We have selected the literature with the aim of enhancing the performance of in vivo implants for reading and further detailed classification. The authors searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and other databases for 688 relevant papers published between 2005 and 2021, citing 105 of them. The selected time range is the last 16 years. Furthermore, this paper systematically discusses future prospects and challenges related to the application of magnesium fluoride coatings to medical products.
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8
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In Vitro Corrosion Resistance of a Layer-by-Layer Engineered Hybrid Coating on ZK60 Magnesium Alloy. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are next generation biodegradable implants for clinical applications. However, their medical applications are currently hampered by their rapid corrosion rate in the physiological environment. To overcome such limitations, we have applied a novel layer-by-layer engineering approach of introducing anodization-induced microrough oxidized surface on ZK60 magnesium alloy, followed by surface mineralization with natural calcium apatite (hydroxyapatite, HA), and surface coating with natural protein (silk fibroin, SF); which, effectively reduces corrosion and degradation rate of ZK60 in simulated body fluid. Anodization of ZK60 improved the surface adhesion strength of HA layer; HA layer increased the surface roughness, hydrophilicity and micro-hardness, whereas decreased ionic release; SF layer decreased surface microroughness and hydrophilicity, whereas improved the stability of HA layer. The SF + HA coating on anodized ZK60 effectively decreased the in vitro weight loss (degradation) by almost six times, whereas corrosion rate by more than two orders in magnitude. Such interfacial coatings, with biocompatible SF on the outer surface, could potentially expand the application of ZK60 in the field of biomedical engineering.
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9
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Zhang Z, Sun X, Yang J, Wang C. In vitro evaluation of freeze-drying chitosan-mineralized collagen/Mg-Ca alloy composites for osteogenesis. J Biomater Appl 2022; 36:1359-1377. [PMID: 34995142 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211049296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloy with good mechanical properties and biodegradability is considered as one of the ideal bone repair materials. However, the rapid corrosion of Mg-based metals can pose harm to the function of an implant in clinical applications. In this study, micro-arc oxidation coating was prepared on the surface of the Mg-Ca matrix, then the chitosan and mineralized collagen (nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen; nHAC) were immobilized on the surface of the MAO/Mg-Ca matrix to construct the CS-nHAC/Mg-Ca composites of different component proportions (the ratio of CS to nHAC is 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2, respectively). The corrosion resistance, osteogenic activity, and angiogenic ability were extensively investigated. The results indicated that the CS-nHAC reinforcement materials can improve the corrosion resistance of the Mg matrix significantly and promote the proliferation and adhesion of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, the CS-nHAC/Mg-Ca composites can not only promote the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and extracellular matrix mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells but also enhance the migration motility and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of HUVECs. Meanwhile, the 2CS-1nHAC/Mg-Ca composite exhibited the optimum function characteristics compared with other samples. Therefore, considering the improvement of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, the CS-nHAC/Mg-Ca composites are expected to be a promising orthopedic implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbao Zhang
- 154516Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xirao Sun
- 154516Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- 70541Beijing Key Laboratory of Information Service Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,70541College of Robotics, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- 154516Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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10
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Tang H, Li S, Zhao Y, Liu C, Gu X, Fan Y. A surface-eroding poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) coating for magnesium based cardiovascular stents with stable drug release and improved corrosion resistance. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:144-153. [PMID: 34466723 PMCID: PMC8379472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloys with integration of degradability and good mechanical performance are desired for vascular stent application. Drug-eluting coatings may optimize the corrosion profiles of magnesium substrate and reduce the incidence of restenosis simultaneously. In this paper, poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) with different molecular weight (50,000 g/mol named as PTMC5 and 350,000 g/mol named as PTMC35) was applied as drug-eluting coatings on magnesium alloys. A conventional antiproliferative drug, paclitaxel (PTX), was incorporated in the PTMC coating. The adhesive strength, corrosion behavior, drug release and biocompatibility were investigated. Compared with the PLGA control group, PTMC coating was uniform and gradually degraded from surface to inside, which could provide long-term protection for the magnesium substrate. PTMC35 coated samples exhibited much slower corrosion rate 0.05 μA/cm2 in comparison with 0.11 μA/cm2 and 0.13 μA/cm2 for PLGA and PTMC5 coated counterparts. In addition, PTMC35 coating showed more stable and sustained drug release ability and effectively inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein vascular smooth muscle cells. Hemocompatibility test indicated that few platelets were adhered on PTMC5 and PTMC35 coatings. PTMC35 coating, exhibiting surface erosion behavior, stable drug release and good biocompatibility, could be a good candidate as a drug-eluting coating for magnesium-based stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Cunli Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Xuenan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 102402, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 10083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 102402, China
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11
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Wu R, Wang YP, Shao L, Wang W, Tang BY. Thermodynamic property of ternary compound MgCaSi: A study from ab initio Debye-Grüneisen model. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Venezuela J, Dargusch M. Biodegradable shape memory alloys: Progress and prospects. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121215. [PMID: 34736144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have a wide range of potential novel medical applications due to their superelastic properties and ability to restore and retain a 'memorised' shape. However, most SMAs are permanent and do not degrade in the body when used in implantable devices. The use of non-degrading metals may lead to the requirement for secondary removal surgery and this in turn may introduce both short and long-term health risks, or additional waste disposal requirements. Biodegradable SMAs can effectively eliminate these issues by gradually degrading inside the human body while providing the necessary support for healing purposes, therefore significantly alleviating patient discomfort and improving healing efficiency. This paper reviews the current progress in biodegradable SMAs from the perspective of biodegradability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. By providing insights into the status of SMAs and biodegradation mechanisms, the prospects for Mg- and Fe-based biodegradable SMAs to advance biodegradable SMA-based medical devices are explored. Finally, the remaining challenges and potential solutions in the biodegradable SMAs area are discussed, providing suggestions and research frameworks for future studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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13
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Jana A, Das M, Balla VK. In vitro and in vivo degradation assessment and preventive measures of biodegradable Mg alloys for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:462-487. [PMID: 34418295 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been widely explored as a potential biodegradable implant material. However, the fast degradation of Mg-based alloys under physiological environment has hindered their widespread use for implant applications till date. The present review focuses on in vitro and in vivo degradation of biodegradable Mg alloys, and preventive measures for biomedical applications. Initially, the corrosion assessment approaches to predict the degradation behavior of Mg alloys are discussed along with the measures to control rapid corrosion. Furthermore, this review attempts to explore the correlation between in vitro and in vivo corrosion behavior of different Mg alloys. It was found that the corrosion depends on experimental conditions, materials and the results of different assessment procedures hardly matches with each other. It has been demonstrated the corrosion rate of magnesium can be tailored by alloying elements, surface treatments and heat treatments. Various researches also studied different biocompatible coatings such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and so on, on Mg alloys to suppress rapid degradation and examine their influence on new bone regeneration as well. This review shows the need for a standard method of corrosion assessment to predict the in vivo corrosion rate based on in vitro data, and thus reducing the in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Jana
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mitun Das
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vamsi Krishna Balla
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Rahman MM, Balu R, Abraham A, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Engineering a Bioactive Hybrid Coating for In Vitro Corrosion Control of Magnesium and Its Alloy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5542-5555. [PMID: 35006741 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising biodegradable metallic implant materials. However, their clinical applications are limited by their fast corrosion rate in the biological environment. In this work, with an outlook to improve the in vitro corrosion resistance of Mg and WE43 Mg alloy, a layer-by-layer interfacially engineered anticorrosive and bioactive coating consisting of a natural oxide lower layer, hydroxyapatite (HA) middle layer, and silk fibroin (SF) top layer was fabricated and investigated. Anodization was used to create natural oxide layer induced microroughness on substrates. The electrochemically deposited HA layer improved the surface microroughness and microhardness but significantly decreased Mg ion release, hydrogen gas evolution, and weight loss in simulated body fluid. The spin-coated SF layer further decreased hydrophilicity, in vitro degradation, and corrosion rate. The nonspecific and specific intermolecular interactions between fabricated layers along with their mechanical interlocking interface contributed to improved adhesion strength and integrity of the coating. The SF+HA-coated samples showed enhanced degradation and corrosion resistance due to a synergistic effect of the underlying HA layer, hindering the ingress of aggressive ions and the top hydrophobic SF layer, preventing the ingress of corrosive solution. The SF+HA-coated Mg and WE43 Mg alloy samples exhibited 50 and 26 times decreased corrosion rate, respectively, compared to uncoated samples. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity and cell culture studies using a mouse fibroblast cell showed that the SF+HA hybrid coating improved the cell viability, attachment, and proliferation, with cells exhibiting elongated morphology on coated samples as compared to a round shape on uncoated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Rajkamal Balu
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Amanda Abraham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Naba K Dutta
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Sikdar S, Menezes PV, Maccione R, Jacob T, Menezes PL. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Process-Processing, Properties, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1375. [PMID: 34067483 PMCID: PMC8224744 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a novel surface treatment process to produce thick, dense metal oxide coatings, especially on light metals, primarily to improve their wear and corrosion resistance. The coating manufactured from the PEO process is relatively superior to normal anodic oxidation. It is widely employed in the fields of mechanical, petrochemical, and biomedical industries, to name a few. Several investigations have been carried out to study the coating performance developed through the PEO process in the past. This review attempts to summarize and explain some of the fundamental aspects of the PEO process, mechanism of coating formation, the processing conditions that impact the process, the main characteristics of the process, the microstructures evolved in the coating, the mechanical and tribological properties of the coating, and the influence of environmental conditions on the coating process. Recently, the PEO process has also been employed to produce nanocomposite coatings by incorporating nanoparticles in the electrolyte. This review also narrates some of the recent developments in the field of nanocomposite coatings with examples and their applications. Additionally, some of the applications of the PEO coatings have been demonstrated. Moreover, the significance of the PEO process, its current trends, and its scope of future work are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sikdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Pramod V. Menezes
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Raven Maccione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Pradeep L. Menezes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
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Dai CY, Gao X, Zhai C, Jia Q, Zhao BC, Shi H, Gao Q, Cai H, Lee ES, Jiang HB. Corrosion Evaluation of Pure Mg Coated by Fluorination in 0.1 M Fluoride Electrolyte. SCANNING 2021; 2021:5574946. [PMID: 34055130 PMCID: PMC8140829 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5574946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the ongoing research on the application of biodegradable materials, surface treatment of is considered to be a relatively effective solution to the excessive degradation rates of Mg alloys. In this study, to further optimize the proven effective surface coatings of fluoride, a low-voltage preparation fluorination method was used to achieve coating effectiveness under safer conditions. Optical observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and potential dynamic polarization (PDP) experiments were used for the analysis and evaluation. The coating characteristics of the MgF2 coatings treated in the 10-90 V voltage range, including the structure, chemical conformation, and electrochemical corrosion assessment, were fully defined. The anodic fluoridation results showed that a pore structure of 1-14 μm thickness was formed on the Mg alloy substrate, and the coating was composed of Mg fluoride. The results of immersion corrosion and electrochemical corrosion experiments showed that compared with pure Mg, anodic fluorinated samples below 40 V exhibited better corrosion resistance, the prepared MgF2 coating was more uniform, and the surface mostly exhibited point corrosion. When the voltage reached or exceeded 60 V, the prepared coating exhibited poor corrosion resistance, fracture, and protrusions. After corrosion, it mostly exhibited surface corrosion. The results indicate that idealized coatings can be obtained at relatively low and safe voltage ranges. This finding may enable more economical, environmentally friendly, and safe preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yu Dai
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Xinzhe Gao
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - ChuanYao Zhai
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qi Jia
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Bing Cheng Zhao
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - HaoYu Shi
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qingting Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi, China
| | - HongXin Cai
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
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Surface Modification of Biomedical MgCa 4.5 and MgCa 4.5Gd 0.5 Alloys by Micro-Arc Oxidation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061360. [PMID: 33799748 PMCID: PMC8000376 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize the structure and corrosion properties of the MgCa4.5(Gd0.5) alloys surface treated by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The MgCa4.5 and MgCa4.5Gd0.5 alloy samples were processed by MAO in an electrolyte composed of NaOH (10 g/dm3), NaF (10 g/dm3), NaH2PO4 (5 g/dm3), Na2SiO2·5H2O (10 g/dm3) and water. Two different voltages (120 V and 140 V) were used in the MAO process. The alloys protected by an oxide layer formed in the MAO were then the subject of corrosion resistance tests in an environment simulating the human body (Ringer’s solution). After the experiments, the resulting samples were investigated using SEM, XPS and EDS techniques. The addition of Gd affected the fragmentation of the coating structure, thereby increasing the specific surface; higher voltages during the MAO process increased the number and size of surface pores. Corrosion tests showed that the MgCa4.5Gd0.5 alloys were characterized by low polarization resistances and high corrosion current densities. The studies indicated the disadvantageous influence of gadolinium on the corrosion resistance of MgCa4.5 alloys. The immersion tests confirmed lower corrosion resistance of MgCa4.5Gd0.5 alloys compared to the referenced MgCa4.5 ones. The MgCa4.5 alloy with the MAO coating established at voltage 140 V demonstrated the best anticorrosion properties.
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Sharma G, Kumar K, Satsangi P, Sharma N. Surface Modification of Biodegradable Mg-4Zn Alloy Using PMEDM: An Experimental Investigation, Optimization and Corrosion Analysis. Ing Rech Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chen YT, Hung FY, Lin YL, Lin CY. Biodegradation ZK50 magnesium alloy compression screws: Mechanical properties, biodegradable characteristics and implant test. J Orthop Sci 2020; 25:1107-1115. [PMID: 32220468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium alloy implants have lower stress load and can be absorbed gradually, but their degradation rates are too fast generally. A magnesium alloy contained 5% Zn and 0.5% Zr (ZK50) which have lower degradation rate are designed to be applied to cannulated bone screw. METHODS An oxidation heat treatment of 380 °C for 2 h proceeds to modify the ZK50 Mg alloy (ZK50-H). The microstructure observation, degradation tests and Biocompatibility analysis are proceeded between ZK50 and ZK50-H. Finally, a mini-pig implantation test is proceeded to provide a reference of implant application for future pre-clinical evaluation. RESULTS The heat treatment can improve the mechanical properties. A passive ceramic layer formed after simulated body fluid (SBF) solution immersion can restrict the degradation effectively. The cytotoxicity test shows the initial biosafety of ZK50 Mg alloy. A mini-pig implantation test of bone screw has proceeded to confirm the advanced biocompatibility. The ZK50-H screws can maintain enough support at least 8 weeks which the fracture of bone can get curing. The excellent osteoinduction of ZK50-H has a positive effect to growth of new bones and help the mini-pig regain heal faster in 12 weeks. CONCLUSION This study shows ZK50-H Mg alloy screw is a feasible degradation implant and can be carried out the next-step clinical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yi Hung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ling Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Weng W, Wu W, Yu X, Sun M, Lin Z, Ibrahim M, Yang H. Effect of GelMA Hydrogel Coatings on Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of MAO-Coated Mg Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3834. [PMID: 32872664 PMCID: PMC7503508 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment is a simple and effective technique to improve the corrosion resistance for magnesium alloys. However, the presence of micro-pores and cracks on the coatings provides paths for corrosive ions to penetrate into and react with the substrate, limiting the long-term corrosion resistance. In this paper, we designed a composite coating with which GelMA hydrogel coatings with varying thicknesses were prepared on the surface of MAO-coated magnesium alloys via a dip-coating method, aiming to improve the biocorrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The surface morphology, the chemical composition of GelMA hydrogels, and the crystallographic structure of magnesium alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of all samples were evaluated through electrochemical and biological experiments. The results demonstrated that the addition of GelMA hydrogel could effectively seal the pores and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of MAO-coated magnesium alloys, especially for the sample with one layer of GelMA hydrogel, showing high cell proliferation rate, and its current density (Icorr) was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the MAO coating. Besides, the balance mechanism between corrosion and protection was proposed. As a result, the GelMA hydrogel coatings are beneficial to the application of MAO-coated magnesium alloys in bone tissue engineering and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Weng
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China;
| | - Mingyue Sun
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Lin
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (W.W.); (W.W.); (M.S.); (Z.L.)
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Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Zhang Z, Qu X, Zhuang Y, Wu Q, Zheng Y, Dai K. In vitro and in vivo studies of Zn-Mn biodegradable metals designed for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:358-372. [PMID: 32165194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Zn-based materials provide a new option as biodegradable metals for orthopedic applications. To improve the low strength and brittle nature of pure Zn, small amounts of alloying element Mn (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 wt.%) were added into Zn to fabricate binary Zn-Mn alloys. An extremely high elongation (83.96 ± 2.36%) was achieved in the resulting Zn-0.8 wt.%Mn alloy. Moreover, Zn-Mn alloys displayed significantly improved cytocompatibility as compared to pure Zn, according to cell proliferation and morphology analyses. More importantly, a significantly improved osteogenic activity was verified after adding Mn regarding ALP activity and osteogenic expression. Furthermore, Zn-0.8 wt.%Mn alloy scaffolds were implanted into the rat femoral condyle for repairing bone defects with pure Ti as control. Enhanced osteogenic activities were confirmed for Zn-0.8Mn alloy in contrast to pure Ti based on Micro-CT and histological results, and favorable in vivo biosafety of Zn-0.8Mn alloy was verified by H&E staining and blood tests. The exceptional mechanical performance and favorable osteogenic capability render Zn-Mn alloy a promising candidate material in the treatment of bone defects or fracture repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The element Mn, on the one hand, as an essential trace element in the human body, promotes cell proliferation, adhesion, spreading, and regulates bone metabolism; on the other hand, it could significantly improve the ductility of Zn alloys. Here, we systematically reported the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of binary biodegradable Zn-Mn alloys in the bone environment. The Zn-Mn alloys promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, a rat femoral condyle defect model was established; porous Zn-Mn alloy scaffolds were manufactured to repair the bone defects. Significant bone regenerations, considerable bone ingrowth, and desirable biosafety were confirmed in vivo. Therefore, biodegradable Zn-Mn with promising osteogenic properties may become new options for orthopedic implant materials.
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Characterization and cytocompatibility of hierarchical porous TiO2 coatings incorporated with calcium and strontium by one-step micro-arc oxidation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Biodegradation behavior of micro-arc oxidation coating on magnesium alloy-from a protein perspective. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:398-409. [PMID: 32258829 PMCID: PMC7113626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein exerts a critical influence on the degradation behavior of absorbable magnesium (Mg)-based implants. However, the interaction mechanism between protein and a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on Mg alloys remains unclear. Hereby, a MAO coating was fabricated on AZ31 Mg alloy. And its degradation behavior in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated and compared with that of the uncoated alloy. Surface morphologies and chemical compositions were studied using Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The degradation behavior of the bare Mg alloy and its MAO coating was studied through electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests. Cytotoxicity assay was applied to evaluate the biocompatibility of Mg alloy substrate and MAO coating. Results indicated that the presence of BSA decreased the degradation rate of Mg alloy substrate because BSA (RCH(NH2)COO‾) molecules combined with Mg2+ ions to form (RCH(NH2)COO)2Mg and thus inhibited the dissolution of Mg(OH)2 by impeding the attack of Cl‾ ions. In the case of MAO coated Mg alloy, the adsorption of BSA on MAO coating and the formation of (RCH(NH2)COO)2Mg exhibited a synergistic effect and enhanced the corrosion resistance of the coated alloy significantly. Furthermore, cell bioactive assay suggested that the MAO coating had good viability for MG63 cells due to its high surface area. BSA reduces degradation of Mg substrate due to the formation of (RCH(NH2)COO)2Mg. BSA inhibits degradation of MAO coating by acting as a protective layer. MAO coating promotes cell proliferation due to higher surface area. Cells were rounded shaped on MAO coating owing to the rough surface.
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Chalisgaonkar R. Insight in applications, manufacturing and corrosion behaviour of magnesium and its alloys – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhou W, Hu Z, Wang T, Yang G, Xi W, Gan Y, Lu W, Hu J. Enhanced corrosion resistance and bioactivity of Mg alloy modified by Zn-doped nanowhisker hydroxyapatite coatings. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 186:110710. [PMID: 31838267 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Zn is doped into a hydroxyapatite coating on the surface of ZK60 magnesium alloys using a one-pot hydrothermal method to obtain a corrosion-resistant implant with abilities of osteogenic differentiation and bacterial inhibition. With the addition of Zn, the morphology changes with a nanowhisker structure appearing on the coating. Electrochemical measurements show that the nanowhisker hydroxyapatite coating provides a high corrosion resistance. Compared with hydroxyapatite coating, the nanowhisker coating not only effectively inhibits bacteria, but also promotes the adhesion and differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at appropriate Zn concentrations. In conclusion, a novel nanowhisker structure prepared by a single variable Zn doping can significantly improve the corrosion resistance and biological activity of hydroxyapatite coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Zhou
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Jiangxi Province, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhenrong Hu
- Weifang Medical University School of Stomatology, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Taolei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Guangzheng Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weihong Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Jiangxi Province, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yanzi Gan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Jiangxi Province, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Jingzhou Hu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Santos-Coquillat A, Esteban-Lucia M, Martinez-Campos E, Mohedano M, Arrabal R, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M, Matykina E. PEO coatings design for Mg-Ca alloy for cardiovascular stent and bone regeneration applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yu D, Qiu H, Mou X, Dou Z, Zhou N, Guo Q, Lyu N, Lu L, Yang Z, Huang N. One-Pot but Two-Step Vapor-Based Amine- and Fluorine-Bearing Dual-Layer Coating for Improving Anticorrosion and Biocompatibility of Magnesium Alloy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4331-4340. [PMID: 33417789 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic coating is of great interest to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy implants, which always suffer from rapid corrosion that leads to the failing application under physiological conditions. Plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon (C-F) coating has been widely studied as a substrate protection layer; however, the precise control of the deposition rate of C-F coating with fluorinated alkanes has been a challenge. In this study, a thin, uniform, pinhole-free, polymerlike, and hydrophobic C-F coating was successfully prepared using acetylene (C2H2) as a cross-linking agent, which endows the coating with tunable properties of deposition rate by incorporation of unsaturated bonds. Electrochemical corrosion and in vitro immersion test demonstrated that the C-F coating significantly slows down the corrosion rate of MgZnMn in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37 °C. Furthermore, an additional layer of PPAam was deposited on the C-F coating to eliminate the adverse effect of C-F surface on cytocompatibility. Thus, such a stacked coating imparts MgZnMn with a significantly improved corrosion resistance and promotes cell adhesion and viability. Therefore, the strategy of acetylene-mediated C-F-based coating shows a great potential for tailoring ideal surface functionalities of magnesium-based medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaohui Mou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhenglong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Ningling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qianru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Nan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhilu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Corrosion Resistance and Apatite-Forming Ability of Composite Coatings formed on Mg-Al-Zn-Ca Alloys. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142262. [PMID: 31337129 PMCID: PMC6678866 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The properties of composite coatings formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) were affected by the alloy composition. The corrosion resistance and apatite-forming ability of PEO coatings formed on Mg–6Al–1Zn–xCa alloys with a variation of Ca content were investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed an order magnitude improvement of corrosion resistance in the AZ61 alloy as a result of the coating. A higher enhancement in polarization resistance was obtained in the Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Ca and Mg–6Al–1Zn–2Ca alloys due to thicker coatings were formed as a result of the incorporation of calcium oxide/hydroxide. However, the underlying substrates were more prone to localized corrosion with increasing Ca content. The microstructure investigation revealed an enlargement in precipitates (Al2Ca, Mg2Ca) sizes with increasing Ca content in the alloys. The growth of larger size precipitates increased the danger to micro galvanic corrosion. Apatite layers were formed on all of the coatings indicating high apatite-forming ability, but the layers formed on the Mg–6Al–1Zn–1Ca and Mg–6Al–1Zn–2Ca alloys contained higher Mg, possibly due to the accumulation of corrosion product, than that on the Mg–6Al–1Zn alloy. The alloying element Ca should be limited to 1 wt.% as the excess tended to degrade the corrosion resistance and apatite-forming ability of the PEO coating.
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Xiong P, Jia Z, Zhou W, Yan J, Wang P, Yuan W, Li Y, Cheng Y, Guan Z, Zheng Y. Osteogenic and pH stimuli-responsive self-healing coating on biomedical Mg-1Ca alloy. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:336-350. [PMID: 31085364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various coatings have been used to slow down the corrosion rate of biomedical magnesium alloys. However, these coatings usually act only as passive barriers. It is much more desirable to endow such coatings with active, biocorrosion-responsive self-repairing capacity. In the present work, a self-healing coating system (denoted as "silk-PA") was constructed in the form of a sandwich architecture of fluoride precoating (bottom), silk-phytic acid (PA) coating (middle), and silk fibroin coating (top). Here, PA was loaded in the middle coating as a corrosion inhibitor by harnessing its strong chelating ability toward dissolving Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. The self-healing property was evaluated by scratch and SVET tests, and the corrosion resistance was evaluated by in vitro immersion and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the silk-PA manifested intriguing self-healing capacity with pH responsiveness, hence profiting the corrosion resistance of the Mg-1Ca alloy. The biocompatibility and osteogenic activity of the coating system were further evaluated using MC3T3-E1 cells, and it demonstrated favorable responses in multiple cellular behaviors, i.e., adherence, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation. These findings open new opportunities in the study of self-healing coatings for protection against corrosion in biomedical Mg alloys. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the present study, a self-healing coating system with pH stimuli-responsiveness and osteogenic activity was fabricated on Mg-1Ca alloy by integrating a silk fibroin barrier coating, a silk fibrin/phytic acid composite coating, and a fluoride precoating. This coating system demonstrated interesting self-healing ability as compared to traditional surface modification layers. Furthermore, the self-healing ability enhanced the corrosion resistance of biomedical magnesium alloys, while effective compositions of the coating system endowed the substrate with osteogenic activity. This work provides some new insights into smart surface modification for biomedical Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiong
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianglong Yan
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenpeng Guan
- Orthopedics Department, Peking University Shougang Hospital, No. 9 Jinyuanzhuang Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Biomed-X Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Degradation Behaviour of Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag Alloys with Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) coatings enriched in Ca, P and F were developed on Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag alloys with the aim to impede their fast degradation rate. Different characterization techniques (SEM, TEM, EDX, SKPFM, XRD) were used to analyze the surface characteristics and chemical composition of the bulk and/or coated materials. The corrosion behaviour was evaluated using hydrogen evolution measurements in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for up to 60 days of immersion. PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca showed a 2–3-fold improved corrosion resistance compared with the bulk alloy, which was more relevant to the initial 4 weeks of the degradation process. In the case of the Mg0.6Ag2Ag alloy, the obtained corrosion rates were very high for both non-coated and PEO-coated specimens, which would compromise their application as resorbable implants. The amount of F− ions released from PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca during 24 h of immersion in 0.9% NaCl was also measured due to the importance of F− in antibacterial processes, yielding 33.7 μg/cm2, which is well within the daily recommended limit of F− consumption.
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Li L, Li Q, Zhao M, Dong L, Wu J, Li D. Effects of Zn and Ag Ratio on Cell Adhesion and Antibacterial Properties of Zn/Ag Coimplanted TiN. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3303-3310. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qingling Li
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Mengli Zhao
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Dong
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Dejun Li
- College of Physics and Materials Science and Tianjin International Joint Research Center of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications. Int J Biomater 2019; 2019:3806504. [PMID: 31275394 PMCID: PMC6582893 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3806504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the biocompatibility of medical implants, a chemical composition of bone-like material (e.g., hydroxyapatite) can be deposited on the surface of various substrates. When hydroxyapatite is deposited on surfaces of orthopedic implants, several parameters must be addressed including the need of rapid bone ingrowth, high mechanical stability, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and osseointegration induction. However, the deposition process can fail due to poor adhesion of the hydroxyapatite coating to the metallic substrate. Increasing adhesion by enhancing chemical bonding and minimizing biocoating degradation can be achieved through surface activation and pretreatment techniques. Surface activation can increase the adhesion of the biocoating to implants, providing protection in the biological environment and restricting the leaching of metal ions in vivo. This review covers the main surface activation and pretreatment techniques for substrates such as titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, magnesium alloys, and CoCrMo alloys. Alkaline, acidic, and anodizing techniques and their effects on bioapatite deposition are discussed for each of the substrates. Other chemical treatment and combination techniques are covered when used for certain materials. For titanium, the surface pretreatments improve the thickness of the TiO2 passive layer, improving adhesion and bonding of the hydroxyapatite coating. To reduce corrosion and wear rates on the surface of stainless steel, different surface modifications enhance the bonding between the bioapatite coatings and the substrate. The use of surface modifications also improves the morphology of hydroxyapatite coatings on magnesium surfaces and limits the concentration of magnesium ions released into the body. Surface treatment of CoCrMo alloys also decreased the concentration of harmful ions released in vivo. The literature covered in this review is for pretreated surfaces which then undergo deposition of hydroxyapatite using electrodeposition or other wet deposition techniques and mainly limited to the years 2000-2019.
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Li B, Gao P, Zhang H, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Han Y. Osteoimmunomodulation, osseointegration, and in vivo mechanical integrity of pure Mg coated with HA nanorod/pore-sealed MgO bilayer. Biomater Sci 2019; 6:3202-3218. [PMID: 30328849 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fast degradation of Mg-based implants results in the loss of mechanical integrity and poor osseointegration. Herein, a bilayer-structured coating (termed as HAT), comprising an outer layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanorods and an inner layer of pores-sealed MgO with HA/Mg(OH)2, was formed on Mg using plasma electrolytic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment. Osteoimmunomodulation, osseointegration, mechanical integrity, and bone-implant interfacial structure evolution of the HAT-coated Mg were investigated by implantation in rabbit femora, together with Mg coated with plasma electrolytic oxidized porous MgO (termed as PEO0) and bare Mg. As compared to PEO0-coated and bare Mg, HAT-coated Mg greatly downregulated pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-1β, upregulated anti-inflammatory IL-10, and suppressed osteoclastogenesis, modulating the surrounding microenvironment toward favoring the recruitment of osteogenetic cells. Moreover, HAT-coated Mg accelerated bone sialoprotein and osteopontin secretion of osteogenetic cells and their mineralization to form a cement line matrix. It also promoted the differentiation of osteogenetic cells, secretion of collagen overlying on the cement line matrix, inducing an earlier and more pronounced bone matrix formation. The cement line matrix wrapped the HA nanorods and filled the interrod spaces of the HAT coating, forming strong interdigitation at the bone-coating interface, and therefore, yielding enhanced osseointegration by means of contact osteogenesis. Due to the considerably reduced corrosion of Mg by the pores-sealed bilayer structure of HAT coating, HAT-coated Mg maintained the mechanical integrity for a longer duration than PEO0-coated and bare Mg. It is clarified that the degradation of MgO and HA, rather than delamination, was the vanishing mode of PEO0 and HAT coatings during long-term implantation, avoiding osteolysis induced by the delamination-generated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Kim SY, Kim YK, Kim KS, Lee KB, Lee MH. Enhancement of bone formation on LBL-coated Mg alloy depending on the different concentration of BMP-2. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:437-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yuan W, Li B, Chen D, Zhu D, Han Y, Zheng Y. Formation Mechanism, Corrosion Behavior, and Cytocompatibility of Microarc Oxidation Coating on Absorbable High-Purity Zinc. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:487-497. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Dou J, Zhao Y, Lu L, Gu G, Yu H, Chen C. Effect of the second-step voltages on the structural and corrosion properties of silicon-calcium-phosphate (Si-CaP) coatings on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172410. [PMID: 30473800 PMCID: PMC6227930 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The applications of magnesium (Mg) alloys as biodegradable orthopedic implants are mainly restricted due to their rapid degradation rate in the physiological environment. In this study, Si-CaP micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by a second-step MAO process at different voltages in order to decrease the degradation rate and increase the bioactivity of the alloy. The microstructure and morphology of the samples were characterized using XRD, FT-IR SEM and EDS. The degradation behaviours of samples were evaluated using electrochemical techniques, and immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicate that the morphology of the Si-CaP coatings changed significantly with the increase in Ca/P ratio as the second-step voltage increased. The Si-CaP containing coating produced at 450 V could significantly decrease the degradation rate of Mg and caused a slow increase in pH of the SBF solution. The haemolysis test concluded that the coating C3 did not cause a haemolytic reaction. The corrosion resistance of Mg alloy was greatly improved with the Si-CaP coatings, and the Mg alloy with Si-CaP coating prepared at 450 V had the best corrosion resistance, which indicates that the Si-CaP coatings are promising for improving the biodegradation properties of Mg-based orthopedic implants. Haemolysis tests indicated that the Si-CaP coating prepared at 450 V conforms to the given standard (YY/T0127.1-93).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Dou
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guochao Gu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chuanzhong Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Wang S. Correlation of Materials Property and Performance with Internal Structures Evolvement Revealed by Laboratory X-ray Tomography. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1795. [PMID: 30248909 PMCID: PMC6213392 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although X-rays generated from a laboratory-based tube cannot be compared with synchrotron radiation in brilliance and monochromaticity, they are still viable and accessible in-house for ex situ or interrupted in situ X-ray tomography. This review mainly demonstrates recent works using laboratory X-ray tomography coupled with the measurements of properties or performance testing under various conditions, such as thermal, stress, or electric fields. Evolvements of correlated internal structures for some typical materials were uncovered. The damage features in a graded metallic 3D mesh and a metallic glass under mechanical loading were revealed and investigated. Micro-voids with thermal treatment and void healing phenomenon with electropulsing were clearly demonstrated and quantitatively analyzed. The substance transfer around an electrode of a Li-S battery and the protective performance of a Fe-based metallic glass coating on stainless steel were monitored through electrochemical processes. It was shown that in situ studies of the laboratory X-ray tomography were suitable for the investigation of structure change under controlled conditions and environments. An extension of the research for in situ laboratory X-ray tomography can be expected with supplementary novel techniques for internal strain, global 3D grain orientation, and a fast tomography strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Yu Q, Wang C, Yang J, Guo C, Zhang S. Mineralized collagen/Mg-Ca alloy combined scaffolds with improved biocompatibility for enhanced bone response following tooth extraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:065008. [PMID: 30122665 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aadb47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized collagen has been used clinically as a bone grafting material in oral applications. We have developed a mineralized collagen/Mg-Ca alloy combined scaffold to overcome the mechanical limitations of mineralized collagen. This study discusses the cytocompatibility of the mineralized collage/Mg-Ca alloy combined scaffold in vitro and the bone regeneration following tooth extraction in vivo. Using an indirect proliferation assay adapted from ISO 10993-5, it was found that mineralized collagen/Mg-Ca alloy combined scaffold enhanced cell proliferation and migration in addition to MC3T3-E1 cells not showing a cytotoxicity response in vitro. Finally, the ability of the combined scaffold to enhance osteogenesis was assessed in a canine socket preservation model. Cone beam CT, x-ray microscopes and biomechanical analysis showed the mineralized collagen/Mg-Ca alloy combined scaffold to be more effective at reducing the absorption of alveolar ridge and preserving the socket site than mineralized collagen alone. The combined scaffolds can promote bone regeneration with good biocompatibility, providing a new concept of the combined application of mineralized collagen and magnesium alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xiong P, Jia Z, Li M, Zhou W, Yan J, Wu Y, Cheng Y, Zheng Y. Biomimetic Ca, Sr/P-Doped Silk Fibroin Films on Mg-1Ca Alloy with Dramatic Corrosion Resistance and Osteogenic Activities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3163-3176. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiong
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JiangLong Yan
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Němcová A, Li Y, Kuběna I, Vickridge I, Ganem JJ, Yerokhin A, Habazaki H, Skeldon P. Anodic film growth and silver enrichment during anodizing of an Mg-0.6 at.% Ag alloy in fluoride-containing organic electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Y, Wang W, Liu H, Lei J, Zhang J, Zhou H, Qi M. Formation and in vitro/in vivo performance of “cortex-like” micro/nano-structured TiO 2 coatings on titanium by micro-arc oxidation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 87:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bio-Corrosion Behavior of Ceramic Coatings Containing Hydroxyapatite on Mg-Zn-Ca Magnesium Alloy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quantitative analysis of near-implant magnesium accumulation for a Si-containing coated AZ31 cage from a goat cervical spine fusion model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:105. [PMID: 29618341 PMCID: PMC5885299 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium (Mg) released from Mg-based implants degradation is believed to be effective in improving osteogenesis, however, studies focusing on Mg-based interbody cages are limited and fusion success was never reported. As excessive Mg accumulation can inhibit new bone formation, this study is designed to explain the possible reasons for the fusion failure of Mg-based cages by analyzing the relationships between the intervertebral Mg accumulation and the resulting interbody fusion. METHODS The experimental cage was consisted of magnesium alloy (AZ31) substrate and Silicon (Si) -containing coating. C3/C4 and C5/C6 of 24 goats were implanted with cage or autologous iliac crest bone graft (Control group), which were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks post-operatively. Intervertebral Mg concentrations, Mg-related Calcium (Ca)/ Phosphorus (P) ratios, radiological evaluations and histological findings were recorded for analyzing the relationships between the three of cage corrosion, Mg accumulation, and interbody fusion. RESULTS Intervertebral Mg levels were significantly increased after cage implantation, especially in the areas that were closer to the cages at 3 weeks post-operatively, and these increased concentrations could persist up to 12 weeks post-operatively, indicating a relatively rapid corrosion process. Significantly lower Mg levels were only found at 24 weeks post-operatively, but these levels were still higher than those of the control group. In addition, Mg was found to be widely distributed at the intervertebral space since high Mg concentrations could even be detected at the posterior boundary of the vertebral body. Under this Mg accumulation profile, interbody fusion was not achieved, as indicated by the decreased Ca/P ratios, low CT fusion scores and negative histological results. CONCLUSIONS Intervertebral excessive Mg accumulation might be the primary reason for interbody fusion failure. Quantitative Mg analysis can offer insight into the association between cage degeneration and biological response.
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Accelerated and enhanced osteointegration of MAO-treated implants: histological and histomorphometric evaluation in a rabbit model. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29563493 PMCID: PMC5944253 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarc oxidation (MAO) has become a promising technique for the surface modification of implants. Therefore, the aims of this study were to further quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the osteointegration abilities of MAO-treated and smooth surface (SF) implants in vivo and to investigate the areas in which the superiority of MAO-treated implants are displayed. In a rabbit model, a comprehensive histomorphological, osteogenic, mineralizational, and integrative assessment was performed using light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and radiographic analyses. Compared with the SF groups, the MAO-treated groups exhibited more active contact osteogenesis, as well as distant osteogenesis, under fluorescence examination, the mineral apposition rate was found to be greater for all of the MAO-treated implants, and the osteointegration index (OI) value was greater in the MAO-treated groups at different times. In conclusion, the calcium-rich amorphous layer created by MAO provided a better environment for osteointegration, with more active contact osteogenesis, a more rapid mineral apposition rate and greater OI values. A pretreatment procedure that creates a porous, mineral-coated surface on dental implants leads to superior integration into bone. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) can be used to apply thick coatings enriched in phosphorus and calcium onto titanium implants. Researchers led by Baodong Zhao of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University in China have demonstrated that this complex three-dimensional surface offers a supportive environment for bone growth. Zhao and colleagues examined the integration of MAO-treated titanium implants into the femurs of live rabbits relative to implants with smooth surfaces. After 12 weeks, MAO promoted more active bone formation and mineral deposition, and the researchers observed that bone cells readily penetrated the porous surface of these implants to enable extensive skeletal integration. These results suggest that this procedure might meaningfully improve the outcome of dental procedures in the clinic.
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Sanz-Herrera J, Reina-Romo E, Boccaccini A. In silico design of magnesium implants: Macroscopic modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 79:181-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Bioresorption and Guided Bone Regeneration of Absorbable Hydroxyapatite-Coated Magnesium Mesh. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 28:518-523. [PMID: 28060094 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonabsorbable metallic membrane for guided bone regeneration is remained permanently even though after complete healing. There would be metallic exposure followed by the risk of infection; the membrane should be removed for the additional procedure such as implant installation. Since absorbable nonmetallic mesh is absorbed within 3 to 6 months, it is unnecessary to be removed. However, the absorbable membrane shows lower retention, lower mechanical strength, and difficulty of manipulation than the nonabsorbable ones.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of absorbable metallic mesh (hydroxyapatite-coated magnesium mesh) with acceptable mechanical properties and satisfying biocompatibility. METHODS The bioresorption and fate of magnesium were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rat (SD rat) with critical defect of calvarium. The critical defect with a diameter of 8 mm was made on calvarium using trephine bur in 18 SD rats. The defected models were divided into 2 groups: the control group (9 SD rat) without mesh and the experimental group (9 SD rat) with the insertion of prototype HA-coated magnesium mesh. The 3 SD rats were sacrificed at 6, 12, and 18 weeks. The histopathological and radiographic examinations were performed afterward. RESULTS In the control group, there was no specific symptom. The experimental group also showed no specific symptom including swelling and dehiscence related to hydrogen gas formation. From 6 to 18 weeks, the experimental group showed the progressive absorption and fracture of magnesium mesh. However, there was no specific effectiveness of guided bone regeneration in both groups. There was no significant difference in bone volume, bone surface, and bone volume fraction between the negative control group and the group with magnesium mesh (P >0.05). CONCLUSION Hydroxyapatite-coated magnesium mesh showed reasonable process of bioresorption and bony reaction; however, the effectiveness of guided bone regeneration and management of the bioresorption rate should be reconsidered.
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Effect of calcium on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of microarc oxidized Mg-xCa alloys. Biointerphases 2018; 13:011003. [PMID: 29338270 DOI: 10.1116/1.5003320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are potential biodegradable implants for biomedical applications, and calcium (Ca) is one kind of ideal element being examined for magnesium alloys and biodegradable ceramic coatings owing to its biocompatibility and mechanical suitability. In this study, microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on Mg-xCa alloys to study the effect of Ca on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Mg-xCa alloys and their surface MAO coatings. The electrochemical corrosion behavior was investigated using an electrochemical workstation, and the degradability and bioactivity were evaluated by soaking tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions. The corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The effects of Ca on the alloy phase composition, microstructure, MAO coating formation mechanism, and corrosion behavior were investigated. Results showed that the Mg-0.82Ca alloy and MAO-coated Mg-0.82Ca exhibited the highest corrosion resistance. The number and distribution of Mg2Ca phases can be controlled by adjusting the Ca content in the Mg-xCa alloys. The proper amount of Ca in magnesium alloy was about 0.5-0.8 wt. %. The pore size, surface roughness, and corrosion behavior of microarc oxidized Mg-xCa samples can be controlled by the number and distribution of the Mg2Ca phase. The corrosion behaviors of microarc oxidized Mg-Ca in SBF solutions were discussed.
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Yang J, Koons GL, Cheng G, Zhao L, Mikos AG, Cui F. A review on the exploitation of biodegradable magnesium-based composites for medical applications. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:022001. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8fa0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bio-corrosion behavior and mechanical characteristics of magnesium-titania-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites coated by magnesium-oxide flakes and silicon for use as resorbable bone fixation material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:360-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ion channel functional protein kinase TRPM7 regulates Mg ions to promote the osteoinduction of human osteoblast via PI3K pathway: In vitro simulation of the bone-repairing effect of Mg-based alloy implant. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:369-382. [PMID: 28882757 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mg-based alloys, as the potential orthopaedic implant, can self-degrade to avoid second operation for its remove, and enable to promote bone repair; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of Mg ions on osteogenesis, chemotaxis and anti-alkaline stress in hFOB1.19 human osteoblast cells to simulate bone-repairing effect of a biodegradable Mg-based alloy implant in vitro, and explored the regulatory role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway in the process of Mg ion-induced bone repair by knockdown of TRPM7 and antagonizing PI3K activity. Results indicate that Mg ions up-regulated the expression of Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) through TRPM7/PI3K signalling pathway, which could significantly enhance the osteogenic activity of human osteoblasts. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP2, MMP9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased by TRPM7/PI3K signalling pathway, which recruits osteoblasts from low- to high-Mg ion environments by inducing cell migration. Although an alkaline environment has antibacterial effects, alkaline stress can cause cytotoxicity and induce cell death. Finally, we found that Mg ions could activate PI3K phosphorylation to promote cell growth and survival, protecting cells against the alkaline-stress-induced cytotoxicity caused by the degradation of Mg-based alloy implants. Our study not only revealed the molecular mechanism of Mg in promoting bone repair but also explained the protective effects of Mg ions on osteoblasts in an alkaline environment, which provides a theoretical basis and new directions for the application of Mg-based alloy implant material in orthopaedics fixations and osteosarcoma treatment. STATEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE As a potential biomaterial for orthopaedic implant, biodegradable magnesium has several advantages including self-degradation and bone repair promotion; however, the underlying mechanisms and effective concentration by which molecular regulates the bone repair remain unclear. The present study revealed that Mg ion and its effective concentration for activating PI3K phosphorylation via TRPM7, which causes three processes affecting bone repair, namely, osteoblast recruitment, osteogenesis and resistance to alkaline stress in human osteoblast. Therefore, our results have provided insight into the underlying molecular biological basis, and guidance for manipulating degradation rate, such as surface modification, of orthopaedic Mg-based implants.
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