Oxidized dextrins as alternative crosslinking agents for polysaccharides: application to hydrogels of agarose-chitosan

Antibacterial Biocomposite Based on Chitosan/Pluronic/Agarose Noncovalent Hydrogel: Controlled Drug Delivery by Alginate/Tetracycline Beads System

Designing a wound dressing with controlled uptake, antibacterial, and proper biocompatibility is crucial for the appropriate wound healing process. In this study, alginate/tetracycline (Alg/TC) beads were produced and embedded into chitosan/pluronic/agarose semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel, which serves as a potential biocompatible dressing for treating skin wounds. The effect of pluronic content on the porosity, swelling, mechanical characteristics, and degradation of the hydrogel was investigated. Furthermore, the impact of Alg beads on TC release was subsequently examined. In the absence of Alg beads, faster release was observed. However, after incorporating beads into the hydrogels, the release was sustained. Particularly, the hydrogel containing Alg beads exhibited a nearly linear release, reaching 74% after 2 days in acidic media. The antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of the hydrogel were also evaluated to assess the capability of the TC-loaded hydrogels for wound dressing applications. The hydrogel demonstrated efficient antibacterial features against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the sample behavior was evaluated against exposure to yeast. Furthermore, based on biocompatibility studies using HFF2 cells, the TC-loaded hydrogel exhibited remarkable biocompatibility. Overall, this novel composite hydrogel shows remarkable biocompatibility and antibacterial activities which can be used as a great potential wound dressing to prevent wound infections due to its effective inhibition of bacterial growth.

Low vaporization enthalpy of modified chitosan hydrogel for high performance solar evaporator

The high vaporization enthalpy of water attributed to the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules is limiting the performance of solar evaporators. This work demonstrates a deliberate attempt to significantly reduce the vaporization enthalpy of water through the introduction of weak water-amine hydrogen bond interactions in hydrogel evaporators. In this article, bio-based chitosan-agarose/multiwalled carbon nanotube hydrogel film evaporators (CAMFEs) exhibit larger vaporization enthalpy reduction with the presence of primary amine groups in chitosan. An interplay between vaporization enthalpy reduction and water diffusivity leads to an optimal ratio of chitosan to agarose = 7:1 (CAMFE7) showing an impressive evaporation rate of 4.13 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation. CAMFE7 also exhibits excellent salt resistance, with a stable water evaporation rate, using brine water of up to 10 % salinity under continuous 1 sun irradiation. The high mechanical robustness together with its scalability makes CAMFE7 a highly promising material for practical drinking water production.

Modified guanidine gel fracturing fluid system and performance optimization for ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature oil and gas reservoirs

The development of deep high-temperature oil and gas reservoirs gives rise to a rise in reservoir temperature along with the depth of the oil reservoir, thereby imposing higher requirements on the heat resistance of fracturing fluid. Guar gum fracturing fluid has difficulty tolerating temperatures exceeding 160 °C, thereby demanding the development of corresponding cross-linking agents, temperature stabilizers, and other additives to enhance the thermal stability of the fracturing system. Considering the distinctive characteristics of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, such as extreme burial depth (exceeding 6000 m), ultra-high temperature (higher than 160 °C), and high fracturing pressure, an experimental modification of a guar gum fracturing fluid system was carried out, specifically tailored for ultra-high temperatures. The experiment identified and selected individual agents for ultra-high temperature fracturing fluids, including crosslinking agents, thermal stabilizers, flowback aids, and clay inhibitors. Through rigorous experimentation, these key agents for an ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid system have been successfully developed, including the optimal thickener GBA1-2, crosslinking agent BA1-1, anti-swelling agent FB-1, and gel breaker TS-1. The evaluation of diverse additive dosages has facilitated the development of an optimal guar fracturing fluid system, which exhibits outstanding high-temperature resistance while minimizing damage and friction. The outcomes of our experiments indicate that even after subjecting our ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid to 2 h of shearing at 170 s-1 at 180 °C, its viscosity remained above 200 mPa s-a distinct proof of its superior performance in withstanding high temperatures. This achievement represents a substantial progress in providing a suitable fracturing fluid system for the transformation and stimulation of ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature reservoirs, and also lays a solid foundation for further exploration and application in related fields in the future.

Thermosensitive composite based on agarose and chitosan saturated with carbon dioxide. Preliminary study of requirements for production of new CSAG bioink

This study introduces a method for producing printable, thermosensitive bioink formulated from agarose (AG) and carbon dioxide-saturated chitosan (CS) hydrogels. The research identified medium molecular weight chitosan as optimal for bioink production, with a preferred chitosan hydrogel content of 40-60 %. Rheological analysis reveals the bioink's pseudoplastic behavior and a sol-gel phase transition between 27.0 and 31.5 °C. The MMW chitosan-based bioink showed also the most stable extrusion characteristic. The choice of chitosan for the production of bioink was also based on the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the polymer as a function of its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation, noting significant cell reduction rates for E. coli and S. aureus of 1.72 and 0.54 for optimal bioink composition, respectively. Cytotoxicity assessments via MTT and LDH tests confirm the bioink's safety for L929, HaCaT, and 46BR.1 N cell lines. Additionally, XTT proliferation assay proved the stimulating effect of the bioink on the proliferation of 46BR.1 N fibroblasts, comparable to that observed with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). FTIR spectroscopy confirms the bioink as a physical polymer blend. In conclusion, the CS/AG bioink demonstrates the promising potential for advanced spatial cell cultures in tissue engineering applications including skin regeneration.

Effects of Different Molecular Weight Oxidized Dextran as Crosslinkers on Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles

Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound that has been widely investigated for its health benefits. However, the clinical relevance of curcumin is limited due to its low water solubility and inefficient absorption. Therefore, curcumin is often encapsulated in nanocarriers to improve its delivery and function. In this study, composite nanoparticles composed of stearic acid-modified chitosan (SA-CS) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) were formed using sodium periodate-oxidized dextran with different molecular weights as a crosslinking agent. The effects of oxidized dextran (Odex) with different molecular weights on the composite nanoparticles were compared. The optimal SA-CS/NaCas/Odex composite nanoparticle (NPO) was obtained using an Odex (150 kDa)-to-SA-CS mass ratio of 2:1. Its size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) were 130.2 nm, 0.149, and 25.4 mV, respectively. The particles were highly stable in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) in vitro, and their size and PDI were 172.3 nm and 0.263, respectively. The encapsulation rate of NPO loaded with curcumin (Cur-NPO) was 93% under optimal ultrasonic conditions. Compared with free curcumin, the sustained release of Cur-NPO significantly reduced to 17.9%, and free-radical-scavenging ability improved to 78.7%. In general, the optimal prepared NPO exhibited good GI stability and has potential applications in the formulation of orally bioactive hydrophobic drugs.

A hydrogel-based first-aid tissue adhesive with effective hemostasis and anti-bacteria for trauma emergency management

BACKGROUND

Clinical tissue adhesives remain some critical drawbacks for managing emergency injuries, such as inadequate adhesive strength and insufficient anti-infection ability. Herein, a novel, self-healing, and antibacterial carboxymethyl chitosan/polyaldehyde dextran (CMCS/PD) hydrogel is designed as the first-aid tissue adhesive for effective trauma emergency management.

METHODS

We examined the gel-forming time, porosity, self-healing, antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, adhesive strength, and hemocompatibility. Liver hemorrhage, tail severance, and skin wound infection models of rats are constructed in vivo, respectively.

RESULTS

Results demonstrate that the CMCS/PD hydrogel has the rapid gel-forming (~ 5 s), good self-healing, and effective antibacterial abilities, and could adhere to tissue firmly (adhesive strength of ~ 10 kPa and burst pressure of 327.5 mmHg) with excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. This suggests the great prospect of CMCS/PD hydrogel in acting as a first-aid tissue adhesive for trauma emergency management. The CMCS/PD hydrogel is observed to not only achieve rapid hemostasis for curing liver hemorrhage and tail severance in comparison to commercial hemostatic gel (Surgiflo ®) but also exhibit superior anti-infection for treating acute skin trauma compared with clinical disinfectant gel (Prontosan ®).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the CMCS/PD hydrogel offers a promising candidate for first-aid tissue adhesives to manage the trauma emergency. Because of the rapid gel-forming time, it could also be applied as a liquid first-aid bandage for mini-invasive surgical treatment.

Fabrication and characterization of gelatin-EGCG-pectin ternary complex: formation mechanism, emulsion stability, and structure

BACKGROUND

Protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complex particles have better emulsion interfacial stability compared to protein-polysaccharide binary complexes. However, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the fabrication of protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes as interfacial stabilizers and the interactions between the three substances. In the present work, ternary complexes were prepared using gelatin, high methoxyl pectin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as raw materials. The effect of different influencing factors on the formation process of ternary complexes was investigated by varying different parameters. physicochemical stability, emulsifying properties, and structural characteristics were analyzed.

RESULTS

The ternary complex had a smaller particle size (275 nm) and polydispersity index (0.112) when the mass concentration ratio of gelatin to high methoxyl pectin was 9:1, addition of EGCG was 0.05%, pH value was 3.0, and ionic strength was 10 mmol L^-1 . Meanwhile, the complex had the highest emulsifying stability index (691.75 min) and emulsifying activity index (22.96 m²  g^-1 ). Scanning electron microscopical observation demonstrated that the addition of EGCG promoted the dispersion of ternary complex more uniformly, and effectively reduced the agglomeration phenomenon. The discrepancy in fluorescence intensity suggested that interactions between EGCG and gelatin occurred, which altered the protein spatial conformation of gelatin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis elucidated that hydrogen bond interaction was the primary non-covalent interaction between EGCG and gelatin-high methoxyl pectin binary complex.

CONCLUSION

The aforementioned results purposed to provide some theoretical reference and basis for the rational design of stable protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: A review

Hydrogels are ideal for various food applications because of their softness, elasticity, absorbent nature, flexibility, and hygroscopic nature. Polysaccharide hydrogels are particularly suitable because of the hydrophilic nature, their food compatibility, and their non-immunogenic character. Such hydrogels offer a wide range of successful applications such as food preservation, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and food packaging. Additionally, polysaccharide hydrogels have proven to play a significant role in the formulation of food flavor carrier systems, thus diversifying the horizons of newer developments in food processing sector. Polysaccharide hydrogels are comprised of natural polymers such as alginate, chitosan, starch, pectin and hyaluronic acid when crosslinked physically or chemically. Hydrogels with interchangeable, antimicrobial and barrier properties are referred to as smart hydrogels. This review brings together the recent and relevant polysaccharide research in these polysaccharide hydrogel applications areas and seeks to point the way forward for future research and interventions. Applications in carrying out the process of flavor carrier system directly through their incorporation in food matrices, broadening the domain for food application innovations. The classification and important features of polysaccharide-based hydrogels in food processing are the topics of the current review study.

A Chitosan-Agarose Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel for Biomimetic Remineralization of Dental Enamel

Developing multifunctional systems for the biomimetic remineralization of human enamel is a challenging task, since hydroxyapatite (HAP) rod structures of tooth enamel are difficult to replicate artificially. The paper presents the first report on the simultaneous use of chitosan (CS) and agarose (A) in a biopolymer-based hydrogel for the biomimetic remineralization of an acid-etched native enamel surface during 4–10-day immersion in artificial saliva with or without (control group) fluoride. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness tests were applied to investigate the properties of the acid-etched and remineralized dental enamel layers under A and CS-A hydrogels. The results show that all biomimetic epitaxial reconstructed layers consist mostly of a similar hierarchical HAP structure to the native enamel from nano- to microscale. An analogous Ca/P ratio (1.64) to natural tooth enamel and microhardness recovery of 77.4% of the enamel-like layer are obtained by a 7-day remineralization process in artificial saliva under CS-A hydrogels. The CS component reduced carbonation and moderated the formation of HAP nanorods in addition to providing an extracellular matrix to support growing enamel-like structures. Such activity lacked in samples exposed to A-hydrogel only. These data suggest the potential of the CS-A hydrogel in guiding the formation of hard tissues as dental enamel.

Superabsorbent curdlan-based foam dressings with typical hydrocolloids properties for highly exuding wound management

Effective management of chronic wounds with excessive exudate may be challenging for medical doctors. Over the years, there has been an increasing interest in the engineering of biomaterials, focusing on the development of polymer-based wound dressings to accelerate the healing of exuding wounds. The aim of this study was to use curdlan, which is known to support wound healing, as a base for the production of superabsorbent hybrid biomaterials (curdlan/agarose and curdlan/chitosan) with the intended use as wound dressings for highly exuding wound management. To evaluate the biomedical potential of the fabricated curdlan-based biomaterials, they were subjected to a comprehensive assessment of their microstructural, physicochemical, and biological properties. The obtained results showed that foam-like biomaterials with highly porous structure (66-77%) transform into soft gel after contact with the wound fluid, acting as typical hydrocolloid dressings. Novel biomaterials have the superabsorbent ability (1 g of the biomaterial absorbs approx. 15 ml of exudate) with horizontal wicking direction while keeping dry edges, and show water vapor transmission rate of approx. 1700-1800 g/m²/day which is recommended for optimal wound healing. Moreover, they are stable in the presence of collagenases, but prone to biodegradation in lysozyme solution (simulated infected wound environment). Importantly, the developed biomaterials are non-toxic and their surface hinders fibroblast attachment, which is essential during dressing changes to avoid damage to newly formed tissues in the wound bed. All mentioned features make the developed biomaterials promising candidates to be used as the wound dressings for the management of chronic wounds with moderate to high exudate.

Injectable hydrogels of newly designed brush biopolymers as sustained drug-delivery vehicle for melanoma treatment

Novel biocompatible and brush copolymers have been developed for cancer treatment using its controlled drug-release potential. Polyurethane graft on linear dextrin has been synthesized to control the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance for regulated drug delivery. The properties of the graft copolymers have been tuned through graft density. The prepared grafts are thermally stable and mechanically strong. An injectable hydrogel has been developed by embedding the drug-loaded brush copolymers in methyl cellulose to better control the release for a prolonged period, importantly by keeping the drug release at a constant rate. Cellular studies indicate the biocompatible nature of the brush copolymers whose controlled and slow release of drug exhibit significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Endocytosis of drug tagged contrast agent indicates greater transport of biologically active material inside cell as observed through cellular uptake studies. In vivo studies on melanoma mice exhibit the real efficacy of the controlled drug release from the injectable hydrogel with significant melanoma suppression without any side effects as opposed to severe toxic effects observed in conventional chemotherapy. Special application method of drug-loaded hydrogel just beneath the tumor makes this system incredibly effective through confinement. Thus, brush copolymer injectable hydrogel is a promising vehicle for control release of drug for cancer treatment in future.

Fabrication of chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel scaffolds containing PLGA microparticles loaded with dexamethasone for biomedical applications

One of the most effective approaches for treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis is the use of hydrogel scaffolds with the sustained release of a given required drug. With this in mind, first, we synthesized and characterized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) micro and nano particles loaded with dexamethasone (DEX). We observed a 7-day release of DEX from nanoparticles, while the microparticles showed a 22-day release profile. Due to their slower rate of release, the PLGA microparticles loaded with DEX (PLGADEX microparticles) were specifically chosen for this study. As a second step, chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogels were prepared in various weight ratios and the PLGADEX microparticles were optimized in their structure based on variable gelation times. The morphological studies showed PLGADEX microparticles homogenously dispersed in the hydrogels. Moreover, the effect of weight ratio in the presence and absence of optimum percentage of PLGADEX microparticles was studied. The resultant hydrogels demonstrated a range of advantages, including good mechanical strength, porous morphology, amorphous structure, high swelling ratio, controlled biodegradability rate, and antibacterial activity. Additionally, a cytotoxicity analysis confirmed that the hydrogel scaffolds do not have adverse effects on the cells; our release studies in the hydrogel with the highest PVP content also showed 80% release after 30 days. Based on these results we were able to predict and control some of the mechanical properties, including the microstructure of the scaffolds, as well as the drug release, by optimizing the polymers - microparticle concentration, plus their resulting interactions. This optimized hydrogel can become part of a suitable alternative for treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis.

Kinetics and controlled release of lidocaine from novel carrageenan and alginate-based blend hydrogels

The controlled release of drug from drug carrier has been a point of concern for the researchers to ensure the bioavailability of drug with reduced side effects. The formulation in this study is based upon biopolymers; carrageenan (CG), sodium alginate (SA) and various molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG), cross-linked with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, APTES for the sustained release of model drug (lidocaine). The physicochemical properties of the formulated hydrogel blends include bonding pattern (using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling study, antimicrobial activity and morphology of hydrogel films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-prepared hydrogels show an improved cell compatibility against 3T3 cell line as well as cell proliferation and kinetics of drug release showed that these hydrogels are potential for controlled release of lidocaine, a numbing agent. GAP 60 exhibited maximum swelling percent (910%) and was employed to load the drug. By using in vitro model, the drug release was studied in PBS solution. Non-Fickian and other kinetic models (Zero order, Higuchi, Hixson, Korsmeyer Peppas and Baker-Lonsdale) for diffusion were followed in results. The improved properties showed that the formulated hydrogels can easily be used for the sustain drug release studies.

Fabrication of chitosan/agarose scaffolds containing extracellular matrix for tissue engineering applications

One of the most effective approaches for treatment of cartilage involves the use of porous three-dimensional scaffolds, which are useful for improving not only cellular adhesion but also mechanical properties of the treated tissues. In this study, we manufactured a composite scaffold with optimum properties to imitate nasal cartilage attributes. Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) was used in order to improve the cellular properties of the scaffolds; while, chitosan and agarose were main materials that are used to boost the mechanical and rheological properties of the scaffolds. Furthermore, we explored the effect of the various weight ratios of chitosan, agarose, and ECM on the mechanical and biomedical properties of the composite scaffolds using the Taguchi method. The resulting composites display a range of advantages, including good mechanical strength, porous morphology, partial crystallinity, high swelling ratio, controlled biodegradability rate, and rheological characteristics. Additionally, we performed the cytotoxicity tests to confirm the improvement of the structure and better cell attachments on the scaffolds. Our findings illustrate that the presence of the ECM in chitosan/agarose structure improves the biomedical characteristics of the final scaffold. In addition, we were able to control the mechanical properties and microstructure of the scaffolds by optimizing the polymers' concentration and their resulting interactions. These results present a novel scaffold with simultaneously enhanced mechanical and cellular attributes comparing to the scaffolds without ECM for nasal cartilage tissue engineering applications.

Encapsulation of Plant-derived Bioactive Ingredients through Electrospraying for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Applications

The electrospraying technique, which consists of electrohydrodynamic atomization of polymeric fluids, can be used to generate dry nano- and microparticles by subjecting a polymer solution, suspension or melt to a high voltage (typically in the range of 7-20 kV) electric field. This potential can be exploited for developing nano- and microencapsulation structures under mild temperature conditions. Thus, it constitutes a promising alternative to conventional microencapsulation techniques for sensitive ingredients, like most plant-derived bioactive compounds, especially for their application in the food sector. Given the importance of plants as one of the major sources of dietary bioactive compounds, significant attention has been recently paid to research the encapsulation of phytochemicals through novel techniques such as electrospraying, aiming to provide new tools for the development of innovative functional food products and nutraceuticals. In this review, the latest advances in the application of electrospraying for nano- and microencapsulation of phytochemicals are discussed, with a focus on their potential use in the food sector.

Agarose-chitosan hydrogel-immobilized horseradish peroxidase with sustainable bio-catalytic and dye degradation properties

Herein, we developed and characterized robust agarose-chitosan hydrogel using N‑hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as a mild chemical cross-linker. The hydrogel offered a simple, effective and eco-friendlier support material with >90% of immobilization efficiency of horseradish peroxidase. The surface morphology and functional properties of the agarose-chitosan hydrogel with and without immobilized horseradish peroxidase were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared, respectively. The agarose-chitosan hydrogel-immobilized horseradish peroxidase (ACH-HRP) exhibited wide-working pH and temperature stability, and promising reusability for its substrate oxidation. The ACH-HRP preserved a better activity under acidic environments, pH 4.0 (38 vs. 5.9%), and well stabilized under alkaline conditions, retaining a 3.9-folds greater activity than a free counterpart at pH 10. With reference to a free enzyme, 1.6- and 4-fold greater catalytic activity was achieved at 50 and 70 °C, respectively, by the immobilized HRP. Further, the hydrogel displayed insignificant loss in enzyme functionality sustaining above 90% and 60% of original activity after 5 and 10 continuous cycles of use. HPLC profile corroborated the enzyme-assisted Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19) degradation, whereas UPLC/MS analysis scrutinized the dye degradation intermediates and a tentative mechanistic degradation pathway was proposed. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that ACH-HRP is a promising option for use as industrial biocatalyst in diverse biotechnological applications.

Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.

Enhanced healing activity of burn wound infection by a dextran-HA hydrogel enriched with sanguinarine

Burn wounds are associated with a series of risks, such as infection and pathologic scar tissue formation, which significantly delay wound healing and lead to complications. In this study, we successfully fabricated a dextran-hyaluronic acid (Dex-HA) hydrogel enriched with sanguinarine (SA) incorporated into gelatin microspheres (GMs), which had high porosity, good swelling ratio, enhanced NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation, and sustained SA release profile. The in vitro degradation results indicate that the SA/GMs/Dex-HA hydrogel can be degraded. The in vitro antibacterial tests showed that the SA/GMs/Dex-HA hydrogel can inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). We evaluated the wound-healing effects and antibacterial properties of SA/GMs/Dex-HA hydrogels in a rat full-thickness burn infection model. The hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining results of the SA/GMs/Dex-HA hydrogel showed that it improved re-epithelialization and enhanced extracellular matrix remodeling, and immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of TGF-β1 and TNF-α was decreased, while the TGF-β3 expression was increased. Our findings suggest that the SA/GMs/Dex-HA hydrogel provides a potential way for infected burn treatment with high-quality and efficient scar inhibition.

A functional chitosan-based hydrogel as a wound dressing and drug delivery system in the treatment of wound healing

Functional active wound dressings are expected to provide a moist wound environment, offer protection from secondary infections, remove wound exudate and accelerate tissue regeneration, as well as to improve the efficiency of wound healing. Chitosan-based hydrogels are considered as ideal materials for enhancing wound healing owing to their biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, antimicrobial, biologically adhesive, biological activity and hemostatic effects. Chitosan-based hydrogels have been demonstrated to promote wound healing at different wound healing stages, and also can alleviate the factors against wound healing (such as excessive inflammatory and chronic wound infection). The unique biological properties of a chitosan-based hydrogel enable it to serve as both a wound dressing and as a drug delivery system (DDS) to deliver antibacterial agents, growth factors, stem cells and so on, which could further accelerate wound healing. For various kinds of wounds, chitosan-based hydrogels are able to promote the effectiveness of wound healing by modifying or combining with other polymers, and carrying different types of active substances. In this review, we will take a close look at the application of chitosan-based hydrogels in wound dressings and DDS to enhance wound healing.

Self-assembled gelatin-ι-carrageenan encapsulation structures for intestinal-targeted release applications

In this work, natural biopolymeric encapsulation structures were developed through the self-assembly of gelatin and ι-carrageenan in aqueous solutions. The interactions of this binary system and of a ternary system containing a polyphenol-rich extract were deeply explored for the development of intestinal delivery systems. The processing of the structures (extrusion vs. freeze-drying) greatly influenced release properties, explained by the specific interactions between gelatin and polyphenols, thus allowing for tuning the processing conditions depending on the desired target application. Release was further controlled by incorporating a divalent salt, giving raise to extract-loaded ι-carrageenan/gelatin capsules with adequate release profiles for intestinal targeted delivery. These results demonstrate the potential of exploiting biopolymer interactions for designing bioactive delivery systems using environmentally friendly processes which do not involve the use of toxic or harsh solvents or cross-linkers.

Agarose-based biomaterials for tissue engineering

Agarose is a natural polysaccharide polymer having unique characteristics that give reason to consider it for tissue engineering applications. Special characteristics of agarose such as its excellent biocompatibility, thermo-reversible gelation behavior and physiochemical features support its use as a biomaterial for cell growth and/or controlled/localized drug delivery. The resemblance of this natural carbohydrate polymer to the extracellular matrix results in attractive features that bring about a strong interest in its usage in the field. The scope of this review is to summarize the extensive researches addressing agarose-based biomaterials in order to provide an in-depth understanding of its tissue engineering-related applications.

Three-dimensional bioprinting speeds up smart regenerative medicine

Biological materials can actively participate in the formation of bioactive organs and can even control cell fate to form functional tissues that we name as the smart regenerative medicine (SRM). The SRM requires interdisciplinary efforts to finalize the pre-designed organs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an additive manufacturing technology, has been widely used in various fields due to its high resolution and individuation. In SRM, with the assistance of 3D printing, cells and biomaterials could be precisely positioned to construct complicated tissues. This review summarizes the state of the SRM advances and focuses in particular on the 3D printing application in biofabrication. We further discuss the issues of SRM development and finally propose some approaches for future 3D printing, which involves SRM.

Redox-triggered crosslinking of a degradable polymer

A unique redox-triggered crosslinking reaction is disclosed that capitalizes on the orthogonal reactivity of an iron-based catalyst for the ring opening polymerization of cyclic diesters and epoxides.

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable copolymer derived from dextrin and poly(vinyl acetate) via atom transfer radical polymerization

This article reports the development of a dextrin-based amphiphilic biodegradable graft copolymer (Dxt-g-pVAc) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).

Biocompatible Collagen Paramagnetic Scaffold for Controlled Drug Release

A porous collagen-based hydrogel scaffold was prepared in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and was characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The hybrid scaffold was then loaded with fluorescein sodium salt as a model compound. The release of the hydrosoluble species was triggered and accurately controlled by the application of an external magnetic field, as monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of the proposed matrix was also tested by the MTT assay performed on 3T3 cells. Cell viability was only slightly reduced when the cells were incubated in the presence of the collagen-NP hydrogel, compared to controls. The economicity of the chemical protocol used to obtain the paramagnetic scaffolds as well as their biocompatibility and the safety of the external trigger needed to induce the drug release suggest the proposed collagen paramagnetic matrices for a number of applications including tissue engeneering and drug delivery.

Thermal-Responsive Behavior of a Cell Compatible Chitosan/Pectin Hydrogel

Biopolymer hydrogels are important materials for wound healing and cell culture applications. While current synthetic polymer hydrogels have excellent biocompatibility and are nontoxic, they typically function as a passive matrix that does not supply any additional bioactivity. Chitosan (CS) and pectin (Pec) are natural polymers with active properties that are desirable for wound healing. Unfortunately, the synthesis of CS/Pec materials have previously been limited by harsh acidic synthesis conditions, which further restricted their use in biomedical applications. In this study, a zero-acid hydrogel has been synthesized from a mixture of chitosan and pectin at biologically compatible conditions. For the first time, we demonstrated that salt could be used to suppress long-range electrostatic interactions to generate a thermoreversible biopolymer hydrogel that has temperature-sensitive gelation. Both the hydrogel and the solution phases are highly elastic, with a power law index of close to -1. When dried hydrogels were placed into phosphate buffered saline solution, they rapidly rehydrated and swelled to incorporate 2.7× their weight. As a proof of concept, we removed the salt from our CS/Pec hydrogels, thus, creating thick and easy to cast polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels, which proved to be compatible with human marrow-derived stem cells. We suggest that our development of an acid-free CS/Pec hydrogel system that has excellent exudate uptake, holds potential for wound healing bandages.

Modified biopolymer-dextrin based crosslinked hydrogels: application in controlled drug delivery

This review describes hydrogels and their classifications along with the synthesis and properties of biopolymer-dextrin based crosslinked hydrogels towards potential application in controlled drug delivery.

Potent and regularizable crosslinking of ultrafine fibrous protein scaffolds for tissue engineering using a cytocompatible disaccharide derivative

A sucrose derived crosslinker enhanced the water stability of ultrafine fibrous protein scaffolds efficiently and showed biocompatibility similar to citric acid.

Quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-grafted agarose copolymers for multipurpose antibacterial applications

Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts-functionalized agarose not only exhibit good antibacterial activity in solution form, but also can be solidified to construct antibacterial surfaces.

Amphiphilic polysaccharide nanocarriers with antioxidant properties

The development of self-assembled nanocarriers for the encapsulation of hydrophobic antioxidants is of growing interest. Self-assembled amphiphilic chitosan conjugate nanocarriers that stabilize antioxidants were prepared based on the concept that both the nanocarrier and the antioxidant bear similar hydrophobic moieties able to establish hydrophobic interactions. This work describes the preparation and characterization of a system consisting of a palmitoyl chitosan conjugate and retinyl palmitate. Palmitic acid was coupled to chitosan using a carbodiimide-mediated coupling reaction, and two different palmitoyl chitosan conjugates were obtained by varying the coupling system. Palmitoyl chitosan conjugates self-assembled to form nanoparticles in aqueous medium varying in mean average diameter (Dh) between 200 and 437 nm. Retinyl palmitate–loaded nanoparticles were prepared by a solvent displacement method using dialysis, with loading efficiencies of 77.5% and 88.6%, loading contents of 12.6% and 14.6%, and Dh values of approximately 280 nm. The zeta potential (ζ) of all palmitoyl chitosan nanoparticle were above 25 mV, but ζ slightly increased in the retinyl palmitate–loaded nanoparticle. Antioxidant activity of loaded nanoparticles was confirmed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of blank and loaded nanoparticles was determined using fibroblasts of human embryonic skin. All nanoparticles were not cytotoxic when they were tested with methylthiazol tetrazolium and lactate dehydrogenase tests. The obtained results suggest that the system has potential as a nanocarrier for dermal application. Additionally, the approach considered in this article can be expanded to other nanocarrier/antioxidant systems.