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Tauer JT, Thiele T, Julien C, Ofer L, Zaslansky P, Shahar R, Willie BM. Swim training induces distinct osseous gene expression patterns in anosteocytic and osteocytic teleost fish. Bone 2024; 185:117125. [PMID: 38754573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The traditional understanding of bone mechanosensation implicates osteocytes, canaliculi, and the lacunocanalicular network in biomechanical adaptation. However, recent findings challenge this notion, as shown in advanced teleost fish where anosteocytic bone lacking osteocytes are nevertheless responsive to mechanical load. To investigate specific molecular mechanisms involved in bone mechanoadaptation in osteocytic and anosteocytic fish bone, we conducted a 5-min single swim-training experiment with zebrafish and ricefish, respectively. Through RNASeq analysis of fish spines, analyzed at various time points following swim training, we uncovered distinct gene expression patterns in osteocytic and anosteocytic fish bones. Notably, osteocytic fish bone exhibited an early response to mechanical load, contrasting to a delayed response observed in anosteocytic fish bones, both within 8 h following stimulation. We identified an increase in osteoblast differentiation in anosteocytic bone following training, while chordoblast activity was delayed. This temporal response suggests a time-dependent adaptation in anosteocytic bone, indicating the presence of intricate feedback networks within bone that lacks osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T Tauer
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Tobias Thiele
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Julien
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department of Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Li X, Zhang C, Feng C, Zhang Z, Feng N, Sha H, Luo X, Zou G, Liang H. Transcriptome Analysis Elucidates the Potential Key Genes Involved in Rib Development in bmp6-Deficient Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1451. [PMID: 38791669 PMCID: PMC11117292 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) is a constituent of the TGF-β superfamily, known for its ability to stimulate bone and cartilage formation. The investigation of bmp6's involvement in the formation of intermuscular bones in fish has garnered significant attention in recent years. The rib cage is an important skeletal structure that plays a protective function for internal organs in fish. However, there has been limited research conducted on the effects of the bmp6 gene on rib development. Silver carp is one of four major fish in China, favoured for its affordability and tender muscle. Nevertheless, the presence of numerous intermuscular bones in silver carp significantly hinders the advancement of its palatability and suitability for processing. This study showcases the effective utilisation of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the purpose of disrupting the bmp6 gene in silver carp, leading to the creation of chimeras in the P0 generation, marking the first instance of such an achievement. The chimeras exhibited complete viability, normal appearance, and partial intermuscular bones loss, with approximately 30% of them displaying rib bifurcation or bending. Subsequently, a transcriptome analysis on ribs of P0 chimeras and wild-type silver carp was conducted, leading to the identification of 934 genes exhibiting differential expression, of which 483 were found to be up-regulated and 451 were found to be down-regulated. The results of the KEGG analysis revealed that the "NF-kappa B signalling pathway", "Hippo signalling pathway", "osteoclast differentiation", and "haematopoietic cell lineage" exhibited enrichment and displayed a significant correlation with bone development. The up-regulated genes such as tnfα, fos, and ctgf in pathways may facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts, whereas the down-regulation of genes such as tgfb2 and tgfbr1 in pathways may hinder the formation and specialisation of osteoblasts, ultimately resulting in rib abnormalities. This study presents novel findings on the impact of bmp6 gene deletion on the rib development of silver carp, while simultaneously investigating the previously unexplored molecular mechanisms underlying rib defects in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory of Zooligical Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Cui Feng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory of Zooligical Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Nannan Feng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory of Zooligical Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiangzhong Luo
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guiwei Zou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institude, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (X.L.); (C.Z.); (C.F.); (Z.Z.); (N.F.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (G.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Sauer K, Silveira A, Schoeppler V, Rack A, Zizak I, Pacureanu A, Nassif N, Mantouvalou I, de Nolf W, Fleck C, Shahar R, Zaslansky P. Nanocrystal residual strains and density layers enhance failure resistance in the cleithrum bone of evolutionary advanced pike fish. Acta Biomater 2024; 179:164-179. [PMID: 38513725 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Failure-resistant designs are particularly crucial for bones subjected to rapid loading, as is the case for the ambush-hunting northern pike (Esox lucius). These fish have slim and low-density osteocyte-lacking bones. As part of the swallowing mechanism, the cleithrum bone opens and closes the jaw. The cleithrum needs sufficient strength and damage tolerance, to withstand years of repetitive rapid gape-and-suck cycles of feeding. The thin wing-shaped bone comprises anisotropic layers of mineralized collagen fibers that exhibit periodic variations in mineral density on the mm and micrometer length scales. Wavy collagen fibrils interconnect these layers yielding a highly anisotropic structure. Hydrated cleithra exhibit Young's moduli spanning 3-9 GPa where the yield stress of ∼40 MPa increases markedly to exceed ∼180 MPa upon drying. This 5x observation of increased strength corresponds to a change to brittle fracture patterns. It matches the emergence of compressive residual strains of ∼0.15% within the mineral crystals due to forces from shrinking collagen layers. Compressive stresses on the nanoscale, combined with the layered anisotropic microstructure on the mm length scale, jointly confer structural stability in the slender and lightweight bones. By employing a range of X-ray, electron and optical imaging and mechanical characterization techniques, we reveal the structure and properties that make the cleithra impressively damage resistant composites. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: By combining structural and mechanical characterization techniques spanning the mm to the sub-nanometer length scales, this work provides insights into the structural organization and properties of a resilient bone found in pike fish. Our observations show how the anosteocytic bone within the pectoral gridle of these fish, lacking any biological (remodeling) repair mechanisms, is adapted to sustain natural repeated loading cycles of abrupt jaw-gaping and swallowing. We find residual strains within the mineral apatite nanocrystals that contribute to forming a remarkably resilient composite material. Such information gleaned from bony structures that are different from the usual bones of mammals showcases how nature incorporates smart features that induce damage tolerance in bone material, an adaptation acquired through natural evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrein Sauer
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreia Silveira
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schoeppler
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Ivo Zizak
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Nassif
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de FranceLaboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Wout de Nolf
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Technology Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 135 - Sekr. EB 13, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Weiner S, Shahar R. Vertebrate mineralized tissues: A modular structural analysis. Acta Biomater 2024; 179:1-12. [PMID: 38561073 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate mineralized tissues, present in bones, teeth and scales, have complex 3D hierarchical structures. As more of these tissues are characterized in 3D using mainly FIB SEM at a resolution that reveals the mineralized collagen fibrils and their organization into collagen fibril bundles, highly complex and diverse structures are being revealed. In this perspective we propose an approach to analyzing these tissues based on the presence of modular structures: material textures, pore shapes and sizes, as well as extents of mineralization. This modular approach is complimentary to the widely used hierarchical approach for describing these mineralized tissues. We present a series of case studies that show how some of the same structural modules can be found in different mineralized tissues, including in bone, dentin and scales. The organizations in 3D of the various structural modules in different tissues may differ. This approach facilitates the framing of basic questions such as: are the spatial relations between modular structures the same or similar in different mineralized tissues? Do tissues with similar sets of modules carry out similar functions or can similar functions be carried out using a different set of modular structures? Do mineralized tissues with similar sets of modules have a common developmental or evolutionary pathway? STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D organization studies of diverse vertebrate mineralized tissues are revealing detailed, but often confusing details about the material textures, the arrangements of pores and differences in the extent of mineralization within a tissue. The widely used hierarchical scheme for describing such organizations does not adequately provide a basis for comparing these tissues, or addressing issues such as structural components thought to be characteristic of bone, being present in dermal tissues and so on. The classification scheme we present is based on identifying structural components within a tissue that can then be systematically compared to other vertebrate mineralized tissues. We anticipate that this classification approach will provide insights into structure-function relations, as well as the evolution of these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Weiner
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ron Shahar
- Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Schamberger B, Ehrig S, Dechat T, Spitzer S, Bidan CM, Fratzl P, Dunlop JWC, Roschger A. Twisted-plywood-like tissue formation in vitro. Does curvature do the twist? PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae121. [PMID: 38590971 PMCID: PMC10999733 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of 3D surface geometry to the development of multilayered tissues containing fibrous extracellular matrix components, such as those found in bone. In this study, we elucidate the role of curvature in the formation of chiral, twisted-plywood-like structures. Tissues consisting of murine preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were grown on 3D scaffolds with constant-mean curvature and negative Gaussian curvature for up to 32 days. Using 3D fluorescence microscopy, the influence of surface curvature on actin stress-fiber alignment and chirality was investigated. To gain mechanistic insights, we did experiments with MC3T3-E1 cells deficient in nuclear A-type lamins or treated with drugs targeting cytoskeleton proteins. We find that wild-type cells form a thick tissue with fibers predominantly aligned along directions of negative curvature, but exhibiting a twist in orientation with respect to older tissues. Fiber orientation is conserved below the tissue surface, thus creating a twisted-plywood-like material. We further show that this alignment pattern strongly depends on the structural components of the cells (A-type lamins, actin, and myosin), showing a role of mechanosensing on tissue organization. Our data indicate the importance of substrate curvature in the formation of 3D tissues and provide insights into the emergence of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dechat
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Spitzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Milgram J, Rehav K, Ibrahim J, Shahar R, Weiner S. The 3D organization of the mineralized scales of the sturgeon has structures reminiscent of dentin and bone: A FIB-SEM study. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108045. [PMID: 37977509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Scales are structures composed of mineralized collagen fibrils embedded in the skin of fish. Here we investigate structures contributing to the bulk of the scale material of the sturgeon (Acipencer guldenstatii) at the millimeter, micrometer and nanometer length scales. Polished and fracture surfaces were prepared in each of the three anatomic planes for imaging with light and electron microscopy, as well as focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The scale is composed of three layers, upper and lower layers forming the bulk of the scale, as well as a thin surface layer. FTIR shows that the scale is composed mainly of collagen and carbonated hydroxyapatite. Lacunae are present throughout the structure. Fracture surfaces of all three layers are characterized by large diameter collagen fibril bundles (CFBs) emanating from a plane comprising smaller diameter CFBs orientated in different directions. Fine lineations seen in polished surfaces of both major layers are used to define planes called here the striation planes. FIB-SEM image stacks of the upper and lower layers acquired in planes aligned with the striation planes, show that CFBs are oriented in various directions within the striation plane, with larger CFBs emanating from the striation plane. Fibril bundles oriented in different directions in the same plane is reminiscent of a similar organization in orthodentin. The large collagen fibril bundles emanating out of this plane are analogous to von Korff fibrils found in developing dentin with respect to size and orientation. Scales of the sturgeon are unusual in that their mineralized collagen fibril organization contains structural elements of both dentin and bone. The sturgeon scale may be an example of an early evolved mineralized material which is neither bone nor dentin but contains characteristics of both materials, however, the fossil data required to confirm this is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Milgram
- Hebrew University Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Katya Rehav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Jamal Ibrahim
- Archaeological Science Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ron Shahar
- Hebrew University Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture Food & Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Stephen Weiner
- Archaeological Science Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Marahleh A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Mizoguchi I. The osteocyte and its osteoclastogenic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121727. [PMID: 37293482 PMCID: PMC10244721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is an organ of dual functionality; on the one hand, it provides protection and structural competence. On the other hand, it participates extensively in coordinating homeostasis globally given that it is a mineral and hormonal reservoir. Bone is the only tissue in the body that goes through strategically consistent bouts of bone resorption to ensure its integrity and organismal survival in a temporally and spatially coordinated process, known as bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is directly enacted by three skeletal cell types, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes; these cells represent the acting force in a basic multicellular unit and ensure bone health maintenance. The osteocyte is an excellent mechanosensory cell and has been positioned as the choreographer of bone remodeling. It is, therefore, not surprising that a holistic grasp of the osteocyte entity in the bone is warranted. This review discusses osteocytogenesis and associated molecular and morphological changes and describes the osteocytic lacunocanalicular network (LCN) and its organization. We highlight new knowledge obtained from transcriptomic analyses of osteocytes and discuss the regulatory role of osteocytes in promoting osteoclastogenesis with an emphasis on the case of osteoclastogenesis in anosteocytic bones. We arrive at the conclusion that osteocytes exhibit several redundant means through which osteoclast formation can be initiated. However, whether osteocytes are true "orchestrators of bone remodeling" cannot be verified from the animal models used to study osteocyte biology in vivo. Results from studying osteocyte biology using current animal models should come with the caveat that these models are not osteocyte-specific, and conclusions from these studies should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Nanda R, Hazan S, Sauer K, Aladin V, Keinan-Adamsky K, Corzilius B, Shahar R, Zaslansky P, Goobes G. Molecular differences in collagen organization and in organic-inorganic interfacial structure of bones with and without osteocytes. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:195-209. [PMID: 35331939 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a fascinating biomaterial composed mostly of type-I collagen fibers as an organic phase, apatite as an inorganic phase, and water molecules residing at the interfaces between these phases. They are hierarchically organized with minor constituents such as non-collagenous proteins, citrate ions and glycosaminoglycans into a composite structure that is mechanically durable yet contains enough porosity to accommodate cells and blood vessels. The nanometer scale organization of the collagen fibrous structure and the mineral constituents in bone were recently extensively scrutinized. However, molecular details at the lowest hierarchical level still need to be unraveled to better understand the exact atomic-level arrangement of all these important components in the context of the integral structure of the bone. In this report, we unfold some of the molecular characteristics differentiating between two load-bearing (cleithrum) bones, one from sturgeon fish, where the matrix contains osteocytes and one from pike fish where the bone tissue is devoid of these bone cells. Using enhanced solid-state NMR measurements, we underpin disparities in the collagen fibril structure and dynamics, the mineral phases, the citrate content at the organic-inorganic interface and water penetrability in the two bones. These findings suggest that different strategies are undertaken in the erection of the mineral-organic interfaces in various bones characterized by dissimilar osteogenesis or remodeling pathways and may have implications for the mechanical properties of the particular bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone boasts unique interactions between collagen fibers and mineral phases through interfaces holding together this bio-composite structure. Over evolution, fish have gone from mineralizing their bones aided by certain bone cells called osteocytes, like tetrapod, to mineralization without these cells. Here, we report atomic level differences in collagen fiber cross linking and organization, porosity of the mineral phases and content of citrate molecules at the bio-mineral interface in bones from modern versus ancient fish. The dissimilar structural features may suggest disparate mechanical properties for the two bones. Fundamental level understanding of the organic and inorganic components in bone and the interfacial interactions holding them together is essential for successful bone repair and for treating better tissue pathologies.
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Weiner S, Raguin E, Shahar R. High resolution 3D structures of mineralized tissues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:307-316. [PMID: 33758360 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A thorough knowledge of the structures of healthy mineralized tissues, such as bone or cartilage, is key to understanding the pathological changes occurring during disease. Such knowledge enables the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for pathology to be pinpointed. One high-resolution 3D method in particular - focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) - has fundamentally changed our understanding of healthy vertebrate mineralized tissues. FIB-SEM can be used to study demineralized matrix, the hydrated components of tissue (including cells) using cryo-fixation and even untreated mineralized tissue. The latter requires minimal sample preparation, making it possible to study enough samples to carry out studies capable of detecting statistically significant differences - a pre-requisite for the study of pathological tissues. Here, we present an imaging and characterization strategy for tissue structures at different length scales, describe new insights obtained on healthy mineralized tissues using FIB-SEM, and suggest future research directions for both healthy and diseased mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Emeline Raguin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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10
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Raguin E, Rechav K, Shahar R, Weiner S. Focused ion beam-SEM 3D analysis of mineralized osteonal bone: lamellae and cement sheath structures. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:497-513. [PMID: 33217569 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and hence is the key to understanding bone structure and function. Here we report imaging of mineralized pig bone samples in 3D using the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) under conditions that reveal the 67 nm D-banding of mineralized collagen fibrils. We show that in adult pig osteons, the lamellar bone comprises alternating layers with either collagen fibrils predominantly aligned in one direction, and layers in which fibrils are predominantly aligned in two directions. The cement sheath contains thin layers of both these motifs, but its dominant structural component comprises a very complex layer of fibrils predominantly aligned in three or more directions. The degree of mineralization of the cement sheath is comparable to that of the osteon interior. The extent of alignment (dispersion) of the collagen fibrils in the osteonal lamellar bone is significantly higher than in the cement sheath. Canaliculi within the cement sheath are mainly aligned parallel to the cement sheath boundary, whereas in the lamellar bone they are mainly aligned perpendicular to the lamellar boundaries. This study further characterizes the presence of two types of collagen fibril arrangements previously identified in demineralized lamellar bone from other species. The simple sample preparation procedure for mineralized bone and the lower risk of introducing artifacts opens the possibility of using FIB-SEM to study more samples, to obtain automatic quantitative information on collagen fibril organization and to evaluate the degrees of mineralization all in relatively large volumes of bone.
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11
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Jiao YY, Okada M, Hara ES, Xie SC, Nagaoka N, Nakano T, Matsumoto T. Micro-Architectural Investigation of Teleost Fish Rib Inducing Pliant Mechanical Property. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5099. [PMID: 33198178 PMCID: PMC7696420 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that various reports have been discussing bone tissue regeneration, precise bone tissue manipulation, such as controlling the physical properties of the regenerated bone tissue, still remains a big challenge. Here, we focused on the teleost fish ribs showing flexible and tough mechanical properties to obtain a deeper insight into the structural and functional features of bone tissue from different species, which would be valuable for the superior design of bone-mimicking materials. Herein, we examined their compositions, microstructure, histology, and mechanical properties. The first rib of Carassius langsdorfii showed a higher Young's modulus with a small region of chondrocyte clusters compared with other smaller ribs. In addition, highly oriented collagen fibers and osteocytes were observed in the first rib, indicating that the longest first rib would be more mature. Moreover, the layer-by-layer structure of the oriented bone collagen was observed in each rib. These microarchitectural and compositional findings of fish rib bone would give one the useful idea to reproduce such a highly flexible rib bone-like material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang Jiao
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.Y.J.); (M.O.); (E.S.H.); (S.C.X.)
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.Y.J.); (M.O.); (E.S.H.); (S.C.X.)
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.Y.J.); (M.O.); (E.S.H.); (S.C.X.)
| | - Shi Chao Xie
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.Y.J.); (M.O.); (E.S.H.); (S.C.X.)
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.Y.J.); (M.O.); (E.S.H.); (S.C.X.)
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12
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Raguin E, Rechav K, Brumfeld V, Shahar R, Weiner S. Unique three-dimensional structure of a fish pharyngeal jaw subjected to unusually high mechanical loads. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107530. [PMID: 32407760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examine the structure of the bone of the pharyngeal jaws of a large fish, the black drum (Pogonias cromis), that uses its tooth-jaw complex to crush hard-shelled bivalve mollusks. During mastication huge compressive forces are concentrated in a tiny zone at the tooth-bone interface. We report on the structure of this bone, with emphasis on its contact with the teeth, at different hierarchical levels and in 3D. Micro-CT shows that the molariform teeth do not have roots and are supported by a circular narrow bony rim that surrounds the periphery of the tooth base. The lower pharyngeal jaw is highly porous, as seen by reflected light microscopy and secondary electron microscopy (SE-SEM). Porosity decreases close to the bone-tooth interface and back-scattered electron (BSE-SEM) microscopy shows a slight elevation in mineral density. Focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) in the serial surface view (SSV) mode reveals a most surprising organization at the nanoscale level: parallel arrays of mineralized collagen fibrils surrounding channels of ~100 nm diameter, both with their long axes oriented along the load direction. The channels are filled with organic matter. These fibril-channel arrays are surrounded by a highly disordered mineralized material. This unusual structure clearly functions efficiently under compression, but the precise way by which this unique arrangement achieves this function is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Raguin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Ofer L, Dumont M, Rack A, Zaslansky P, Shahar R. New insights into the process of osteogenesis of anosteocytic bone. Bone 2019; 125:61-73. [PMID: 31085351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone material of almost all vertebrates contains the same cellular components. These comprise osteoblasts that produce bone, osteoclasts that resorb bone and osteocytes, which are the master regulators of bone metabolism, particularly bone modeling and remodeling. It is thus surprising that the largest group of extant vertebrates, neoteleost fish, lacks osteocytes entirely (anosteocytic bone). Osteocytes are the progeny of osteoblasts, which become entrapped in the osteoid they secrete, then undergo several morphologic and functional changes, to finally form an intricate network of living cells in the bone matrix. While the process of osteogenesis of osteocytic bone has been thoroughly studied, osteogenesis of anosteocytic bone is less well understood. The current paradigm for formation of anosteocytic bone suggests that osteoblasts remain always on the external surface of the formed bone, and do not become entrapped in the osteoid. Such a process requires the osteoblasts to function in a fundamentally-different way from osteoblasts of all other bony vertebrates. Here we present a comparative structural study of the osteocytic bones of zebrafish and anosteocytic bones of medaka and show that they are remarkably similar in structure at several hierarchical levels. Scanning electron microscopy and phase contrast-enhanced μCT reveal the presence of numerous mineralized objects in the matrix of anosteocytic bone. These objects resemble osteocytic lacunae in zebrafish bone, and their locations and distribution are similar to those of osteocytes in zebrafish bone. Our findings provide support for the occurrence of a process of anosteocytic bone osteogenesis that has so far been rejected. In this process osteoblasts become entrapped in the bone matrix (as occurs in osteogenesis of osteocytic bone), but then undergo apoptosis, become mineralized and end up as part of the mineralized bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maitena Dumont
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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14
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Henn I, Atkins A, Markus A, Shpun G, Barad H, Farah N, Mandel Y. SEM/FIB Imaging for Studying Neural Interfaces. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 80:305-315. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itai Henn
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ayelet Atkins
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Amos Markus
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Gal Shpun
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Hannah‐Noa Barad
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Nairouz Farah
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Faculty of Life Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Yossi Mandel
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
- Faculty of Life Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science Bar‐Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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15
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Davesne D, Meunier FJ, Schmitt AD, Friedman M, Otero O, Benson RBJ. The phylogenetic origin and evolution of acellular bone in teleost fishes: insights into osteocyte function in bone metabolism. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1338-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford OX1 3AN Oxford U.K
| | - François J. Meunier
- BOREA (UMR 7208 CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Sorbonne Université)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 75005 Paris France
| | - Armin D. Schmitt
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford OX1 3AN Oxford U.K
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109‐1079 U.S.A
| | - Olga Otero
- PalEvoPrim (UMR 7262 CNRS)Université de Poitiers 86000 Poitiers France
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16
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Ofer L, Dean MN, Zaslansky P, Kult S, Shwartz Y, Zaretsky J, Griess-Fishheimer S, Monsonego-Ornan E, Zelzer E, Shahar R. A novel nonosteocytic regulatory mechanism of bone modeling. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000140. [PMID: 30707688 PMCID: PMC6373971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, cells forming an elaborate network within the bones of most vertebrate taxa, are thought to be the master regulators of bone modeling, a process of coordinated, local bone-tissue deposition and removal that keeps bone strains at safe levels throughout life. Neoteleost fish, however, lack osteocytes and yet are known to be capable of bone modeling, although no osteocyte-independent modeling regulatory mechanism has so far been described. Here, we characterize a novel, to our knowledge, bone-modeling regulatory mechanism in a fish species (medaka), showing that although lacking osteocytes (i.e., internal mechanosensors), when loaded, medaka bones model in mechanically directed ways, successfully reducing high tissue strains. We establish that as in mammals, modeling in medaka is regulated by the SOST gene, demonstrating a mechanistic link between skeletal loading, SOST down-regulation, and intense bone deposition. However, whereas mammalian SOST is expressed almost exclusively by osteocytes, in both medaka and zebrafish (a species with osteocytic bones), SOST is expressed by a variety of nonosteocytic cells, none of which reside within the bone bulk. These findings argue that in fishes (and perhaps other vertebrates), nonosteocytic skeletal cells are both sensors and responders, shouldering duties believed exclusive to osteocytes. This previously unrecognized, SOST-dependent, osteocyte-independent mechanism challenges current paradigms of osteocyte exclusivity in bone-modeling regulation, suggesting the existence of multivariate feedback networks in bone modeling-perhaps also in mammalian bones-and thus arguing for the possibility of untapped potential for cell targets in bone therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shiri Kult
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yulia Shwartz
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janna Zaretsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelley Griess-Fishheimer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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The Multiscale Architectures of Fish Bone and Tessellated Cartilage and Their Relation to Function. ARCHITECTURED MATERIALS IN NATURE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11942-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Open questions on the 3D structures of collagen containing vertebrate mineralized tissues: A perspective. J Struct Biol 2018; 201:187-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Zebrafish skeleton development: High resolution micro-CT and FIB-SEM block surface serial imaging for phenotype identification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177731. [PMID: 29220379 PMCID: PMC5722281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone is one of the most studied living materials, many questions about the manner in which bones form remain unresolved, including fine details of the skeletal structure during development. In this study, we monitored skeleton development of zebrafish larvae, using calcein fluorescence, high-resolution micro-CT 3D images and FIB-SEM in the block surface serial imaging mode. We compared calcein staining of the skeletons of the wild type and nacre mutants, which are transparent zebrafish, with micro-CT for the first 30 days post fertilization embryos, and identified significant differences. We quantified the bone volumes and mineral contents of bones, including otoliths, during development, and showed that such developmental differences, including otolith development, could be helpful in identifying phenotypes. In addition, high-resolution imaging revealed the presence of mineralized aggregates in the notochord, before the formation of the first bone in the axial skeleton. These structures might play a role in the storage of the mineral. Our results highlight the potential of these high-resolution 3D approaches to characterize the zebrafish skeleton, which in turn could prove invaluable information for better understanding the development and the characterization of skeletal phenotypes.
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20
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Size Reduction and Calcium Release of Fish Bone Particles During Nanomilling as Affected by Bone Structure. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Burke M, Golaraei A, Atkins A, Akens M, Barzda V, Whyne C. Collagen fibril organization within rat vertebral bone modified with metastatic involvement. J Struct Biol 2017; 199:153-164. [PMID: 28655593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic involvement diminishes the mechanical integrity of vertebral bone, however its specific impact on the structural characteristics of a primary constituent of bone tissue, the collagen-I fibril matrix, has not been adequately characterized. Female athymic rats were inoculated with HeLa or Ace-1 cancer cells lines producing osteolytic or mixed (osteolytic & osteoblastic) metastases respectively. A maximum of 21days was allowed between inoculation and rat sacrifice for vertebrae extraction. Linear polarization-in, polarization-out (PIPO) second harmonic generation (SHG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging was utilized to assess the impact of metastatic involvement on collagen fibril organization. Increased observations of deviations in the typical plywood motif or a parallel packing structure and an increased average measured susceptibility ratio (related to relative degree of in-plane vs. out-plane fibrils in the analyzed tissue area) in bone adjacent to metastatic involvement was indicative of change in fibrilar organization compared to healthy controls. In particular, collagen-I fibrils in tumour-induced osteoblastic bone growth showed no adherence to the plywood motif or parallel packing structure seen in healthy lamellar bone, exhibiting a much higher susceptibility ratio and degree of fibril disorder. Negative correlations were established between measured susceptibility ratios and the hardness and modulus of metastatic bone tissue assessed in a previous study. Characterizing modifications in tissue level properties is key in defining bone quality in the presence of metastatic disease and their potential impact on material behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Burke
- Institution of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad Golaraei
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Ayelet Atkins
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margarete Akens
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Techna, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Cari Whyne
- Institution of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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22
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van Raamsdonk LWD, Prins TW, van de Rhee N, Vliege JJM, Pinckaers VGZ. Microscopic recognition and identification of fish meal in compound feeds. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1364-1376. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1283711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. W. Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N. van de Rhee
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. J. M. Vliege
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Atkins A, Milgram J, Weiner S, Shahar R. The response of anosteocytic bone to controlled loading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 218:3559-69. [PMID: 26582932 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bones of the skeleton of most advanced teleost fish do not contain osteocytes. Considering the pivotal role assigned to osteocytes in the process of modeling and remodeling (the adaptation of external and internal bone structure and morphology to external loads and the repair of areas with micro-damage accumulation, respectively) it is unclear how, and even whether, their skeleton can undergo modeling and remodeling. Here, we report on the results of a study of controlled loading of the anosteocytic opercula of tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). Using a variety of microscopy techniques we show that the bone of the anosteocytic tilapia actively adapts to applied loads, despite the complete absence of osteocytes. We show that in the directly loaded area, the response involves a combination of bone resorption and bone deposition; we interpret these results and the structure of the resultant bone tissue to mean that both modeling and remodeling are taking place in response to load. We further show that adjacent to the loaded area, new bone is deposited in an organized, layered manner, typical of a modeling process. The material stiffness of the newly deposited bone is higher than that of the bone which was present prior to loading. The absence of osteocytes requires another candidate cell for mechanosensing and coordinating the modeling process, with osteoblasts seeming the most likely candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Atkins
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joshua Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Currey JD, Dean MN, Shahar R. Revisiting the links between bone remodelling and osteocytes: insights from across phyla. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1702-1719. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Currey
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces; 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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