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Rawat P, Liu P, Zhang C, Guo S, Jawad LA, Sadighzadeh Z, Zhu D. Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of fish scales from Lutjanidae with different habitat depths. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:242-252. [PMID: 34739135 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent days, many researchers are focusing on emerging a new class of bio-inspired architectured materials. The primary strategy of these architecture designs is directly dependent on the types of available literature based on higher-ordered species such as nacre and fish scales. In this study, the authors have investigated the microstructural features and mechanical properties of five different ray-finned fish scales from Lutjanidae family collected in Iran. It was found that habitat depth and habits may result in significant changes in scale's surface morphology and mechanical properties. Interestingly, the variations in cross-sectional microstructural features such as fibre orientation and layer thickness ratios in scales did not show noticeable differences. It has also been proved that the mechanical performance of fish scales is influenced by the shape, array pattern and compactness of strips on posterior edges in a scale. Moreover, the radii count at anterior positions is higher in fishes living in wide-ranging depth; it supports in achieving higher scale stiffness and flexibility during movement. Consideration of these factors may help in optimising the performance of newly designed architectured materials subjected to mechanical loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rawat
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Shuaicheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Laith A Jawad
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zahra Sadighzadeh
- Marine Biology Department, Graduate school of Marine Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deju Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Rawat P, Zhu D, Rahman MZ, Barthelat F. Structural and mechanical properties of fish scales for the bio-inspired design of flexible body armors: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:41-67. [PMID: 33285327 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural protection offered to living beings is the result of millions of years of biological revolution. The protections provided in fishes, armadillos, and turtles by unique hierarchal designs help them to survive in surrounding environments. Natural armors offer protections with outstanding mechanical properties, such as high penetration resistance and toughness to weight ratio. The mechanical properties are not the only key features that make scales unique; they are also highly flexible and breathable. In this study, we aim to review the structural and mechanical characteristics of the scales from ray-finned or teleost fishes, which can be used for new bio-inspired armor designs. It is also essential to consider the hierarchical structure of extinct and existing natural armors. The basic characteristics, as mentioned above, are the foundation for developing high-performance, well-structured flexible natural armors. Furthermore, the present review justifies the importance of interaction between toughness, hardness, and deformability in well-engineered bio-inspired body armor. At last, some suggestions are proposed for the design and fabrication of new bio-inspired flexible body armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rawat
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Deju Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Md Zillur Rahman
- Department of Industrial Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Ghods S, Waddell S, Weller E, Renteria C, Jiang HY, Janak JM, Mao SS, Linley TJ, Arola D. On the regeneration of fish scales: structure and mechanical behavior. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb211144. [PMID: 32321752 PMCID: PMC7322541 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish scales serve as a dermal armor that provides protection from physical injury. Owing to a number of outstanding properties, fish scales are inspiring new concepts for layered engineered materials and next-generation flexible armors. Although past efforts have primarily focused on the structure and mechanical behavior of ontogenetic scales, the structure-property relationships of regenerated scales have received limited attention. In the present study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) acquired from the wild were held live in an aquatic laboratory at 10°C and 20°C. Ontogenetic scales were extracted from the fish for analysis, as well as regenerated scales after approximately 1 year of development and growth. Their microstructure was characterized using microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were evaluated in uniaxial tension to failure under hydrated conditions. The strength, strain to fracture and toughness of the regenerated scales were significantly lower than those of ontogenetic scales from the same fish, regardless of the water temperature. Scales that regenerated at 20°C exhibited significantly higher strength, strain to fracture and toughness than those regenerated at 10°C. The regenerated scales exhibited a highly mineralized outer layer, but no distinct limiting layer or external elasmodine; they also possessed a significantly lower number of plies in the basal layer than the ontogenetic scales. The results suggest that a mineralized layer develops preferentially during scale regeneration with the topology needed for protection, prior to the development of other qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S Waddell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - E Weller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Renteria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - H-Y Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Mechanics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - J M Janak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - S S Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, 200 444 Shanghai, China
| | - T J Linley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - D Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, 200 444 Shanghai, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Alania Y, Creighton J, Trevelin LT, Zamperini CA, Bedran-Russo AK. Regional contribution of proteoglycans to the fracture toughness of the dentin extracellular matrix. J Biomech 2020; 101:109633. [PMID: 32035660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) to the fracture toughness of the dentin extracellular matrix (ECM) by enzymatically-assisted selective removal of glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) core protein. We adapted the Mode III trouser tear test to evaluate the energy required to tear the dentin ECM. Trouser-shaped dentin specimens from crown and root were demineralized. Depletion of GAGs and PGs followed enzymatic digestion using chondroitinase ABC (c-ABC) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), respectively. The legs from specimen were stretched under tensile force and the load at tear propagation was determined to calculate the tear energy (T, kJ/m2). SLRPs decorin and biglycan were visualized by immunohistochemistry and ECM tear pattern was analyzed in SEM. Results showed T of crown ECM was not affected by PGs/GAGs depletion (p = 0.799), whereas the removal of PGs significantly reduced T in root dentin ECM (p = 0.001). Root dentin ECM exhibited higher T than crown (p < 0.03), however no regional difference are present after PG depletion (p = 0.480). Immunohistochemistry confirmed removal of GAGs and PGs. SEM images showed structural modifications after PGs/GAGs removal such as enlargement of dentinal tubules, increased interfibrillar spaces and presence of untwisted fibrils with increased diameter. Findings indicate that the capacity of the PGs to unfold and untwist contribute to the dentin ECM resistance to tear, possibly influencing crack growth propagation. The regional differences are likely an evolutionary design to increase tooth survival, that undergoes repetitive mechanical loading and load stress dissipation over a lifetime of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Alania
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Johnathon Creighton
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Livia T Trevelin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul, Rua Santo Antônio 50, São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo 09521-160, Brazil
| | - Camila A Zamperini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ghods S, Murcia S, Ossa E, Arola D. Designed for resistance to puncture: The dynamic response of fish scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:451-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Arola D, Ghods S, Son C, Murcia S, Ossa EA. Interfibril hydrogen bonding improves the strain-rate response of natural armour. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180775. [PMID: 30958147 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish scales are laminated composites that consist of plies of unidirectional collagen fibrils with twisted-plywood stacking arrangement. Owing to their composition, the toughness of scales is dependent on the intermolecular bonding within and between the collagen fibrils. Adjusting the extent of this bonding with an appropriate stimulus has implications for the design of next-generation bioinspired flexible armours. In this investigation, scales were exposed to environments of water or a polar solvent (i.e. ethanol) to influence the extent of intermolecular bonding, and their mechanical behaviour was evaluated in uniaxial tension and transverse puncture. Results showed that the resistance to failure of the scales increased with loading rate in both tension and puncture and that the polar solvent treatment increased both the strength and toughness through interpeptide bonding; the largest increase occurred in the puncture resistance of scales from the tail region (a factor of nearly 7×). The increase in strength and damage tolerance with stronger intermolecular bonding is uncommon for structural materials and is a unique characteristic of the low mineral content. Scales from regions of the body with higher mineral content underwent less strengthening, which is most likely the result of interference posed by the mineral crystals to intermolecular bonding. Overall, the results showed that flexible bioinspired composite materials for puncture resistance should enrol constituents and complementary processing that capitalize on interfibril bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arola
- 1 Department of Mechanics, Shanghai University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA.,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - S Ghods
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - C Son
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - S Murcia
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - E A Ossa
- 4 School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT , Medellín , Colombia
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Arola D, Murcia S, Stossel M, Pahuja R, Linley T, Devaraj A, Ramulu M, Ossa E, Wang J. The limiting layer of fish scales: Structure and properties. Acta Biomater 2018; 67:319-330. [PMID: 29248639 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish scales serve as a flexible natural armor that have received increasing attention across the materials community. Most efforts in this area have focused on the composite structure of the predominately organic elasmodine, and limited work addresses the highly mineralized external portion known as the Limiting Layer (LL). This coating serves as the first barrier to external threats and plays an important role in resisting puncture. In this investigation the structure, composition and mechanical behavior of the LL were explored for three different fish, including the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and the carp (Cyprinus carpio). The scales of these three fish have received the most attention within the materials community. Features of the LL were evaluated with respect to anatomical position to distinguish site-specific functional differences. Results show that there are significant differences in the surface morphology of the LL from posterior and anterior regions in the scales, and between the three fish species. The calcium to phosphorus ratio and the mineral to collagen ratios of the LL are not equivalent among the three fish. Results from nanoindentation showed that the LL of tarpon scales is the hardest, followed by the carp and the arapaima and the differences in hardness are related to the apatite structure, possibly induced by the growth rate and environment of each fish. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The natural armor of fish, turtles and other animals, has become a topic of substantial scientific interest. The majority of investigations have focused on the more highly organic layer known as the elasmodine. The present study addresses the highly mineralized external portion known as the Limiting Layer (LL). Specifically, the structure, composition and mechanical behavior of the LL were explored for three different fish, including the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results show that there are significant differences in the surface morphology of the LL from posterior and anterior regions in the scales, and between the three species. In addition, the composition of the LL is also unique among the three fish. Results from nanoindentation showed that the LL of tarpon scales is the hardest, followed by the carp and the arapaima and the differences in hardness are related to the apatite structure, possibly induced by the growth rate and environment of each fish. In addition, a new feature was indentified in the LL, which has not been discussed before. As such, we feel this work is unique and makes a significant contribution to the field.
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Murcia S, Miyamoto Y, Varma MP, Ossa A, Arola D. Contributions of the layer topology and mineral content to the elastic modulus and strength of fish scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sherman VR, Quan H, Yang W, Ritchie RO, Meyers MA. A comparative study of piscine defense: The scales of Arapaima gigas, Latimeria chalumnae and Atractosteus spatula. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The natural armors of fish: A comparison of the lamination pattern and structure of scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A comparative study of bio-inspired protective scales using 3D printing and mechanical testing. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:360-372. [PMID: 28323175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flexible natural armors from fish, alligators or armadillo are attracting an increasing amount of attention for their unique combinations of hardness, flexibility and light weight. The extreme contrast of stiffness between hard scales and surrounding soft tissues gives rise to unusual and attractive mechanisms, which now serve as models for the design of bio-inspired armors. Despite this growing interest, there is little guideline for the choice of materials, optimum thickness, size, shape and arrangement for the protective scales. In this work, we explore how the geometry and arrangement of hard scales can be tailored to promote scale-scale interactions. We use 3D printing to fabricate arrays of scales with increasingly complex geometries and arrangements, from simple squares with no overlap to complex ganoid-scales with overlaps and interlocking features. We performed puncture tests and flexural tests on each of the 3D printed materials, and we report the puncture resistance - compliance characteristics of each design on an Ashby chart. The interactions between the scales can significantly increase the resistance to puncture, and these interactions can be maximized by tuning the geometry and arrangement of the scales. Interestingly, the designs that offer the best combinations of puncture resistance and flexural compliance are similar to the geometry and arrangement of natural teleost and ganoid scales, which suggests that natural evolution has shaped these systems to maximize flexible protection. This study yields new insights into the mechanisms of natural dermal armor, and also suggests new designs for personal protective systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Flexible natural armors from fishes, alligators or armadillos are attracting an increasing amount of attention for their unique and attractive combinations of hardness, flexibility and low weight. Despite a growing interest in bio-inspired flexible protection, there is still little guideline for the choice of materials, optimum thickness, size, shape and arrangement of the protective scales. In this work, we explore how the geometry and arrangement of hard scales affect puncture resistance and flexural compliance, using 3D printing and mechanical testing. Our main finding is that the performance of the scaled skin in terms of puncture resistance can be significantly improved by slight changes in their geometry and arrangement. Our results also suggest that natural evolution has shaped scaled skins to maximize flexible protection. This study yields new insights into the mechanics of natural dermal armors, and also suggests new designs for personal protective systems.
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Murcia S, Li G, Yahyazadehfar M, Sasser M, Ossa A, Arola D. Effects of polar solvents on the mechanical behavior of fish scales. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gil-Duran S, Arola D, Ossa E. Effect of chemical composition and microstructure on the mechanical behavior of fish scales from Megalops Atlanticus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 56:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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