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Doi N, Yamauchi Y, Sasai Y, Suzuki K, Kuzuya M, Kondo SI. Dextran-based nanoparticles with 5-FU-conjugated polymethacrylate segments for drug delivery: Synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymers by mechanochemical solid-state polymerization and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:132950. [PMID: 38848849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Dextran (Dx) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, thus promising as a drug delivery carrier for tumor therapy. Herein, we applied mechanical energy to a high molecular weight Dx to control its molecular weight and simultaneously generate mechanoradicals. The solid-state polymerization of methacrylate- or methacrylamide derivatives initiated with Dx mechanoradicals showed polymer conversion of >95 %, yielding Dx-based graft copolymers with molecular weights of approximately 30,000 g mol-1. The Dx-based graft copolymers with hydrophobic segments formed nanoparticles with a particle size of 25-35 nm in an aqueous solution. The anti-pancreatic tumor drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was covalently conjugated onto the hydrophobic segments of the amphiphilic Dx, and the nanoparticles were also prepared. The drug release profile from 5-FU-conjugated nanoparticles corresponded well to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model applied to drug release from matrix substrates, and was also immensely predicted by the Logistic and Gompertz curves. The 5-FU-conjugated nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity against the pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (BxPC-3) that were not significantly inferior to the 5-FU positive group. Furthermore, the fluorescein-labeled nanoparticles internalized into BxPC-3 within 6 h and actively migrated into the cytosol. These results suggest that Dx-based graft copolymers with hydrophobic segments might be used to enhance therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Doi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 790-8578, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sasai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 509-0293, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kaho Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kuzuya
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kondo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Japan.
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2
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Ouyang X, Liu Y, Zheng K, Pang Z, Peng S. Recent advances in zwitterionic nanoscale drug delivery systems to overcome biological barriers. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100883. [PMID: 38357524 PMCID: PMC10861844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale drug delivery systems (nDDS) have been employed widely in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs against diseases with reduced side effects. Although several nDDS have been successfully approved for clinical use up to now, biological barriers between the administration site and the target site hinder the wider clinical adoption of nDDS in disease treatment. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modification (or PEGylation) has been regarded as the gold standard for stabilising nDDS in complex biological environment. However, the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) of PEGylated nDDS after repeated injections becomes great challenges for their clinical applications. Zwitterionic polymer, a novel family of anti-fouling materials, have evolved as an alternative to PEG due to their super-hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Zwitterionic nDDS could avoid the generation of ABC phenomenon and exhibit longer blood circulation time than the PEGylated analogues. More impressively, zwitterionic nDDS have recently been shown to overcome multiple biological barriers such as nonspecific organ distribution, pressure gradients, impermeable cell membranes and lysosomal degradation without the need of any complex chemical modifications. The realization of overcoming multiple biological barriers by zwitterionic nDDS may simplify the current overly complex design of nDDS, which could facilitate their better clinical translation. Herein, we summarise the recent progress of zwitterionic nDDS at overcoming various biological barriers and analyse their underlying mechanisms. Finally, prospects and challenges are introduced to guide the rational design of zwitterionic nDDS for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Ouyang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaojun Peng
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
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Arshad MS, Gulfam S, Zafar S, Jalil NA, Ahmad N, Qutachi O, Chang MW, Singh N, Ahmad Z. Engineering of tetanus toxoid-loaded polymeric microneedle patches. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:852-861. [PMID: 36253518 PMCID: PMC9576317 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to fabricate tetanus toxoid laden microneedle patches by using a polymeric blend comprising of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as base materials and sorbitol as a plasticizer. The tetanus toxoid was mixed with polymeric blend and patches were prepared by using vacuum micromolding technique. Microneedle patches were evaluated for physical attributes such as uniformity of thickness, folding endurance, and swelling profile. Morphological features were assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro performance of fabricated patches was studied by using bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). Insertion ability of microstructures was studied in vitro on model skin parafilm and in vivo in albino rat. In vivo immunogenic activity of the formulation was assessed by recording immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels, and T-cell (CD4+ and CD8+) count following the application of dosage forms. Prepared patches, displaying sharp-tipped and smooth-surfaced microstructures, remained intact after 350 ± 36 foldings. Optimized microneedle patch formulation showed ~ 74% swelling and ~ 85.6% vaccine release within an hour. The microneedles successfully pierced parafilm. Histological examination of microneedle-treated rat skin confirmed disruption of epidermis without damaging the underneath vasculature. A significant increase in IgG levels (~ 21%), IFN-γ levels (~ 30%), CD4+ (~ 41.5%), and CD8+ (~ 48.5%) cell count was observed in tetanus vaccine-loaded microneedle patches treated albino rats with respect to control (untreated) group at 42nd day of immunization. In conclusion, tetanus toxoid-loaded microneedle patches can be considered as an efficient choice for transdermal delivery of vaccine without inducing pain commonly experienced with hypodermic needles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shafaq Gulfam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saman Zafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadia Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Omar Qutachi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Neenu Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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Butler K, Brinker CJ, Leong HS. Bridging the In Vitro to In Vivo gap: Using the Chick Embryo Model to Accelerate Nanoparticle Validation and Qualification for In Vivo studies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19626-19650. [PMID: 36453753 PMCID: PMC9799072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We postulate that nanoparticles (NPs) for use in therapeutic applications have largely not realized their clinical potential due to an overall inability to use in vitro results to predict NP performance in vivo. The avian embryo and associated chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has emerged as an in vivo preclinical model that bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo, enabling rapid screening of NP behavior under physiologically relevant conditions and providing a rapid, accessible, economical, and more ethical means of qualifying nanoparticles for in vivo use. The CAM is highly vascularized and mimics the diverging/converging vasculature of the liver, spleen, and lungs that serve as nanoparticle traps. Intravital imaging of fluorescently labeled NPs injected into the CAM vasculature enables immediate assessment and quantification of nano-bio interactions at the individual NP scale in any tissue of interest that is perfused with a microvasculature. In this review, we highlight how utilization of the avian embryo and its CAM as a preclinical model can be used to understand NP stability in blood and tissues, extravasation, biocompatibility, and NP distribution over time, thereby serving to identify a subset of NPs with the requisite stability and performance to introduce into rodent models and enabling the development of structure-property relationships and NP optimization without the sacrifice of large populations of mice or other rodents. We then review how the chicken embryo and CAM model systems have been used to accelerate the development of NP delivery and imaging agents by allowing direct visualization of targeted (active) and nontargeted (passive) NP binding, internalization, and cargo delivery to individual cells (of relevance for the treatment of leukemia and metastatic cancer) and cellular ensembles (e.g., cancer xenografts of interest for treatment or imaging of cancer tumors). We conclude by showcasing emerging techniques for the utilization of the CAM in future nano-bio studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly
S. Butler
- Molecular
and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Comprehensive Cancer
Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hon Sing Leong
- Department
of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
- Biological
Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
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Bostanudin MF, Arafat M, Tan SF, Sarker MZI. Investigations of pectin nanostructures for enhanced percutaneous delivery of fusidic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F. Bostanudin
- College of Pharmacy Al Ain University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center Al Ain University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Mosab Arafat
- College of Pharmacy Al Ain University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center Al Ain University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Suk Fei Tan
- School of Pharmacy Management and Science University Shah Alam Malaysia
| | - Md Zaidul I. Sarker
- Cooperative Research, Extension & Education Northern Marianas College Saipan Northern Mariana Islands USA
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6
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Luzak B, Siarkiewicz P, Boncler M. An evaluation of a new high-sensitivity PrestoBlue assay for measuring cell viability and drug cytotoxicity using EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105407. [PMID: 35659575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Commercially-available resazurin-based reagents used for cell viability assessment contain varying amounts of resorufin; these may contribute to differences in autofluorescence, signal-to-background (S/B) ratio and the dynamic range of the assay. OBJECTIVES This in vitro study compares the sensitivity of a new, high-sensitivity PrestoBlue (hs-PB) assay with standard PrestoBlue (PB) in assessing the efficacy of valinomycin and antimycin A in human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells, as well as cell viability. METHODS The metabolic activity of EA.hy926 was evaluated based on resorufin fluorescence or formazan absorbance. RESULTS The hs-PB assay demonstrated lower resorufin autofluorescence than the PB, resulting in a ≥ 1.4-fold increase in S/B ratio in hs-PB compared to PB. Valinomycin was more potent cytotoxic agent than antimycin A. The hs-PB, PB and MTT produced similar IC50 values for valinomycin. Antimycin A demonstrated significantly higher potency in the MTT than in the resazurin-based assays. The EA.hy926 cells demonstrated higher metabolic activity in the presence of the antimycin A solvent - DMSO. CONCLUSION All the examined methods may be used interchangeably to analyze drug cytotoxicity. Any differences in drug cytotoxicity observed between the assays may be due to relatively low drug potency and/or the influence of solvent on metabolism of assay reagent. The hs-PB assay appears to more effectively detect cell viability and produce a stronger signal than its conventional counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslawa Luzak
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Siarkiewicz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Boncler
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Amphiphilic Alkylated Pectin Hydrogels for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Fusidic Acid: Formulation and In Vitro Investigation. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels constructed of amphiphilically modified polysaccharides have attracted a lot of interest because of their potential to augment drug diffusion over the skin. This research describes the synthesis of amphiphilic alkylated pectin via glycidyl tert-butyl ether modification (alkylation degree 15.7%), which was characterized using spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques and then formulated into hydrogels for the study of their potential in regulating fusidic acid diffusion topically. The hydrogels were formulated by the ionic interaction of negatively charged pectin and positively charged crosslinker CaCl2, with a reported fusidic acid loading degree of 93–95%. Hydrogels made of alkylated pectin showed a lower swelling percentage than that of native pectin, resulting in a slower fusidic acid release. The influence of pH on the swelling percentage and drug release was also investigated, with results revealing that greater pH enhanced swelling percentage and drug release. The in vitro interactions with HaCaT cells revealed negligible cytotoxicity under application-relevant settings. Utilizing Franz diffusion cells, the alkylated pectin hydrogels caused fusidic acid to penetrate the Strat-M® membrane at a 1.5-fold higher rate than the native pectin hydrogels. Overall, the in vitro results showed that alkylated pectin hydrogels have a lot of promise for topical distribution, which needs further investigation.
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Whelan R, Hargaden GC, Knox AJS. Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1980. [PMID: 34834395 PMCID: PMC8618722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly secure blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug access to the brain, limiting the molecular toolkit for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases to small, lipophilic drugs. Development of a safe and effective BBB modulator would revolutionise the treatment of CNS diseases and future drug development in the area. Naturally, the field has garnered a great deal of attention, leading to a vast and diverse range of BBB modulators. In this review, we summarise and compare the various classes of BBB modulators developed over the last five decades-their recent advancements, advantages and disadvantages, while providing some insight into their future as BBB modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Whelan
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne C. Hargaden
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew J. S. Knox
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
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Ali A, Zaman A, Sayed E, Evans D, Morgan S, Samwell C, Hall J, Arshad MS, Singh N, Qutachi O, Chang MW, Ahmad Z. Electrohydrodynamic atomisation driven design and engineering of opportunistic particulate systems for applications in drug delivery, therapeutics and pharmaceutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113788. [PMID: 33957180 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA) technologies have evolved significantly over the past decade; branching into several established and emerging healthcare remits through timely advances in the engineering sciences and tailored conceptual process designs. More specifically for pharmaceutical and drug delivery spheres, electrospraying (ES) has presented itself as a high value technique enabling a plethora of different particulate structures. However, when coupled with novel formulations (e.g. co-flows) and innovative device aspects (e.g., materials and dimensions), core characteristics of particulates are manipulated and engineered specifically to deliver an application driven need, which is currently lacking, ranging from imaging and targeted delivery to controlled release and sensing. This demonstrates the holistic nature of these emerging technologies; which is often overlooked. Parametric driven control during particle engineering via the ES method yields opportunistic properties when compared to conventional methods, albeit at ambient conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), making this extremely valuable for sensitive biologics and molecules of interest. Furthermore, several processing (e.g., flow rate, applied voltage and working distance) and solution (e.g., polymer concentration, electrical conductivity and surface tension) parameters impact ES modes and greatly influence the production of resulting particles. The formation of a steady cone-jet and subsequent atomisation during ES fabricates particles demonstrating monodispersity (or near monodispersed), narrow particle size distributions and smooth or textured morphologies; all of which are successfully incorporated in a one-step process. By following a controlled ES regime, tailored particles with various intricate structures (hollow microspheres, nanocups, Janus and cell-mimicking nanoparticles) can also be engineered through process head modifications central to the ES technique (single-needle spraying, coaxial, multi-needle and needleless approaches). Thus, intricate formulation design, set-up and combinatorial engineering of the EHDA process delivers particulate structures with a multitude of applications in tissue engineering, theranostics, bioresponsive systems as well as drug dosage forms for specific delivery to diseased or target tissues. This advanced technology has great potential to be implemented commercially, particularly on the industrial scale for several unmet pharmaceutical and medical challenges and needs. This review focuses on key seminal developments, ending with future perspectives addressing obstacles that need to be addressed for future advancement.
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Zhao CL, Gao YZ, Wu MY, Zhang HT, Wu YX. Biocompatible, Hemocompatible and Antibacterial Acylated Dextran-g-polyisobutylene Graft Copolymers with Silver Nanoparticles. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Gratpain V, Mwema A, Labrak Y, Muccioli GG, van Pesch V, des Rieux A. Extracellular vesicles for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:535-552. [PMID: 33991589 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) increased during the last decade. It is now established that these vesicles play a role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases (CNS), which explains why they are studied as biomarkers in these pathologies. On the other hand, EVs can also present therapeutic properties, often similar to their parent cells, as observed with mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. They can then be used as therapeutics, alone or combined with a bioactive molecule, for the treatment of CNS diseases, as they can cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than synthetic nanomedicines and are less immunogenic. A few clinical trials are currently on-going but there are still challenges to overcome for further clinical translation such as the scale-up of the production, the lack of standardization for isolation and characterization methods and the low encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiane Gratpain
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ariane Mwema
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Labrak
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
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13
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Recent updates in the polysaccharides-based Nano-biocarriers for drugs delivery and its application in diseases treatment: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:115-128. [PMID: 33836188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With people's increasing awareness of diseases treatment, the researchers began to focus on drug delivery to the exact site of action at the optimal rate. Some researchers have proved that many nanostructures loaded with drugs are significantly better than conventional nanostructures. However, the materials from which the nanostructure determines its performance. To use it as a pharmaceutical ingredient, it must meet strict safety regulatory standards worldwide. Therefore, people's attention has paid to easily available natural substances. As far as we know, bioactive polysaccharides are excellent candidates for realizing these purposes. To be precise, due to the natural availability of polysaccharides, it has been widely used in the research of Nano-biocarriers loaded with drugs. Based on the above analysis, the nanomaterials developed through the laboratory have great potential for upgrading to market products. Therefore, it is of great significance to review the latest progress of polysaccharide-based Nano-biocarriers in drug delivery and their application in diseases treatment. In this work, we focused on the preparation of polysaccharides-based Nano-biocarriers, commonly used polysaccharides for preparing Nano-biocarriers, and drugs loaded on polysaccharides-based Nano-biocarriers to treat diseases. Shortly, polysaccharide-based Nano-biocarriers will be increasingly used in drug delivery and treatment of diseases.
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14
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Zhao CL, Deng JR, Gao YZ, Wu YX. Hemocompatible, biocompatible and antifouling Acylated dextran-g-polytetrahydrofuran graft copolymer with silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111998. [PMID: 33812618 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The novel amphiphilic acylated dextran-g-polytetrahydrofuran (AcyDex-g-PTHF) graft copolymers have been successfully synthesized via combination of living cationic ring-opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to prepare living PTHF chains with different molecular weights (Mn, PTHF) of 800-2800 g/mol with nucleophile substitution to mediate grafting numbers (GN) of 4-25 per 1000 Dex monosaccharide. The microphase separation in the graft copolymer exists for the incompatibility of hard dextran backbone and soft PTHF branches and the confined crystallization of backbone. This copolymer behaves excellent hemocompatibility with red blood cells, good biocompatibility with HeLa cells and strong resistance to bovine serum albumin adsorption. The microspheres (~1 μm) of graft copolymers loaded with drug ibuprofen exhibit pH sensitive controlled drug release behavior. Moreover, the AcyDex-g-PTHF/Ag nanocomposites show good antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus. This novel hemocompatible, biocompatible and antifouling AcyDex-g-PTHF graft copolymer will have potential application in biological and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Rui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yu-Zhuang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yi-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Curcio M, Cirillo G, Rouaen JRC, Saletta F, Nicoletta FP, Vittorio O, Iemma F. Natural Polysaccharide Carriers in Brain Delivery: Challenge and Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1183. [PMID: 33291284 PMCID: PMC7762150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems represent valuable tools to enhance the accumulation of therapeutics in the brain. Here, the presence of the blood brain barrier strongly hinders the passage of foreign substances, often limiting the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies. Among the plethora of materials used for the development of these systems, natural polysaccharides are attracting growing interest because of their biocompatibility, muco-adhesion, and chemical versatility which allow a wide range of carriers with tailored physico-chemical features to be synthetized. This review describes the state of the art in the field of targeted carriers based on natural polysaccharides over the last five years, focusing on the main targeting strategies, namely passive and active transport, stimuli-responsive materials and the administration route. In addition, in the last section, the efficacy of the reviewed carriers in each specific brain diseases is summarized and commented on in terms of enhancement of either blood brain barrier (BBB) permeation ability or drug bioavailability in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Jourdin R. C. Rouaen
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Iemma
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
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Buhr CR, Wiesmann N, Tanner RC, Brieger J, Eckrich J. The Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay in Nanotoxicological Research-An Alternative for In Vivo Experimentation. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122328. [PMID: 33255445 PMCID: PMC7760845 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials unveil many applicational possibilities for technical and medical purposes, which range from imaging techniques to the use as drug carriers. Prior to any human application, analysis of undesired effects and characterization of their toxicological profile is mandatory. To address this topic, animal models, and rodent models in particular, are most frequently used. However, as the reproducibility and transferability to the human organism of animal experimental data is increasingly questioned and the awareness of animal welfare in society increases at the same time, methodological alternatives are urgently required. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is an increasingly popular in ovo experimental organism suitable for replacement of rodent experimentation. In this review, we outline several application fields for the CAM assay in the field of nanotoxicology. Furthermore, analytical methods applicable with this model were evaluated in detail. We further discuss ethical, financial, and bureaucratic aspects and benchmark the assay with other established in vivo models such as rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph R. Buhr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Nadine Wiesmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, -Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Rachel C. Tanner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-6131-17-3354
| | - Jonas Eckrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
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17
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Ali R, Mehta P, Kyriaki Monou P, Arshad MS, Panteris E, Rasekh M, Singh N, Qutachi O, Wilson P, Tzetzis D, Chang MW, Fatouros DG, Ahmad Z. Electrospinning/electrospraying coatings for metal microneedles: A design of experiments (DOE) and quality by design (QbD) approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:20-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Cappuccio de Castro
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Josiel Martins Costa
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Nogueira Campos
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Marzban A, Seyedalipour B, Mianabady M, Taravati A, Hoseini SM. Biochemical, Toxicological, and Histopathological outcome in rat brain following treatment with NiO and NiO nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:528-536. [PMID: 31902099 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticle (NiO NPs) has been widely used in various fields such as catalysts, radiotherapy, and nanomedicine. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nickel oxide (NiO) and NiO NPs on oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological changes in brain tissue of rats. In this study, 49 male rats were randomly divided into one control group and 6 experimental groups (n = 7). The control group received normal saline and the treatment groups received NiO and NiO NPs at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 8 days. After 8 days, animal was sacrificed, brain excised, homogenized, centrifuged, and then supernatant was collected for antioxidant assays. The results showed that activity of GST in NiO NPs groups with doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg (79.42 ± 4.24, p = 0.035; 78.77 ± 8.49, p = 0.041; 81.38 ± 12.39, p = 0.042 to 47.26 ± 7.17) and catalase in NiO NPs groups with concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/kg (69.95 ± 8.65 to 39.75 ± 5.11, p = 0.02) and (68.80 ± 4.18 to 39.75 ± 5.11 p = 0.027) were significantly increased compared with the control, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity in NiONPs group with doses of 50 mg/kg was significantly decreased (345.00 ± 23.62, p = 0.015 to 496.66 ± 25.77) compared with control. The GSH level in all doses NiO and NiONPs was significantly decreased compared with the control (p = 0.002). MDA level in NiONPs and NiO groups with doses of 50 mg/kg was significantly increased (13.03 ± 1.29, p = < 0.01; 15.61 ± 1.08, p = < 0.001 to 7.32 ± 0.51) compared with the control, respectively. Our results revealed a range of histopathological changes, including necrosis, hyperemia, gliosis, and spongy changes in brain tissue. Thus, increasing level of MDA, GST, and CAT enzymes and decreasing GSH and TAC and also histopathological changes confirmed NiONPs and NiO toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidin Marzban
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Golestan, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Manigheh Mianabady
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Golestan, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Taravati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hoseini
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol branch, Babol, Iran
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20
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Bostanudin MF, Lalatsa A, Górecki DC, Barbu E. Engineering butylglyceryl-modified polysaccharides towards nanomedicines for brain drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116060. [PMID: 32172875 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal systems prepared from carbohydrates are subject of intense research due to their potential to enhance drug permeability through biological membranes, however their characteristics and performance are never compared directly. Here we report the results of a comparative investigation of a series of butylglyceryl-modified polysaccharides (chitosan, guar gum, and pullulan) that were formulated into nanoparticles and loaded with a range of model actives (Doxorubicin, Rhodamine B, Angiotensin II). Butylglyceryl-modified guar gum and corresponding pullulan nanocarriers were more stable at physiological pH compared to those obtained from modified chitosan, and studies of the in-vitro interactions with mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) indicated an increased biological membrane permeability and lack of toxicity at application-relevant concentrations. No significant haemolytic effect was observed, and confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies confirmed the efficient cellular uptake and cytoplasmic localisation of NPs. Most promising characteristics for brain drug delivery applications were demonstrated by butylglyceryl pullulan nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Bostanudin
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Eugen Barbu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom.
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21
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Bostanudin MF, Arafat M, Sarfraz M, Górecki DC, Barbu E. Butylglyceryl Pectin Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Formulation and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E789. [PMID: 31052540 PMCID: PMC6571649 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a polysaccharide with very good gel forming properties that traditionally has found important applications in foods and pharmaceutical industries. Although less studied, chemical modifications of pectin leading to a decrease in its hydrophilicity can be useful for the development of novel drug carriers. To this aim, butylglyceryl pectins (P-OX4) were synthesized via functionalization with n-butylglycidyl ether and subsequently formed into nanoparticles. Chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermal analytical methods were employed to characterize the novel butylglyceryl pectins (P-OX4) obtained, prior to their formulation into nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed a degree of modification in these materials in the range 10.4-13.6%, and thermal stability studies indicated an increase in both the thermal decomposition onset and glass transition temperature values (compared to those of the original pectin). An increase in the molecular weight and a decrease in the viscosity of P-OX4, when compared to the starting material, were also observed. The resulting nanoformulations were investigated in terms of particle morphology, size and stability, and it was found that particles were roughly spherical, with their size below 300 nm, and a negative zeta potential (-20 to -26 mV, indicating good stability). Having demonstrated the ability to load Doxorubicin at the level of 10%, their potential in drug delivery applications warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F Bostanudin
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 112612, UAE.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Mosab Arafat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, UAE.
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, UAE.
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Eugen Barbu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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22
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Romero IA, Male DK, Slowing K, García-García L, Torres-Suárez AI. Cannabidiol Enhances the Passage of Lipid Nanocapsules across the Blood-Brain Barrier Both in Vitro and in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1999-2010. [PMID: 30865462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) should be regarded as a major health challenge due to the current lack of effective treatments given the hindrance to brain drug delivery imposed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Since efficient brain drug delivery should not solely rely on passive targeting, active targeting of nanomedicines into the CNS is being explored. The present study is devoted to the development of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) decorated with nonpsychotropic cannabinoids as pioneering nonimmunogenic brain-targeting molecules and to the evaluation of their brain-targeting ability both in vitro and in vivo. Noticeably, both the permeability experiments across the hCMEC/D3 cell-based in vitro BBB model and the biodistribution experiments in mice consistently demonstrated that the highest brain-targeting ability was achieved with the smallest-sized cannabinoid-decorated LNCs. Importantly, the enhancement in brain targeting achieved with the conjugation of cannabidiol to LNCs outperformed by 6-fold the enhancement observed for the G-Technology (the main brain active strategy that has already entered clinical trials for the treatment of CNS diseases). As the transport efficiency across the BBB certainly determines the efficacy of the treatments for brain disorders, small cannabinoid-decorated LNCs represent auspicious platforms for the design and development of novel therapies for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science , The Open University , Milton Keynes MK7 6AA , United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science , The Open University , Milton Keynes MK7 6AA , United Kingdom
| | - David K Male
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science , The Open University , Milton Keynes MK7 6AA , United Kingdom
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Ahmadzadeh E, Rowshan FT, Mashkour M. Enhancement of bone mineral density and body mass in newborn chickens by in ovo injection of ionic-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles of bacterial origin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:16. [PMID: 30671631 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using non-drug, non-surgical treatments for improving bone mineral diseases in newborn babies is an important topic for neonatologists. The present study introduces bacterial synthesized ionic nano-hydroxyapatite (Bio-HA) for the development of bone mineral density in the chicken embryo model. In vitro cytotoxicity analyses were demonstrated the optimal concentrations of Bio-HA compared to a chemically-synthesized hydroxyapatite (Ch-HA). Toxicity of Bio-HA on MCF-7 human cell lines was negligible at the concentrations less than 500 μg/mL whereas Ch-HA showed similar results at the concentrations less than 100 μg/mL. Therefore, concentrations at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL were selected for in ovo injection of both materials into the fertilized eggs. The newly hatched chickens were sacrificed in order to monitor their serological factors, total body mass, bone mineral contents and bone mineral density. The results confirmed that Bio-HA increased the average body weight and bone mineral indices of chickens in comparison to the Ch-HA and negative controls (normal saline and intact groups). In view of the intact group, no liver or kidney damage occurred in the groups receiving Bio-HA which promises the effectiveness of these nanoparticles for the treatment of afterbirth bone mineral deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box: 484, Babol, Mazandaran, 47148-71167, Iran
| | - Farid Talebnia Rowshan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box: 484, Babol, Mazandaran, 47148-71167, Iran.
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, M2R 3T4T, Canada.
| | - Mehrdad Mashkour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box: 484, Babol, Mazandaran, 47148-71167, Iran
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24
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Huang G, Huang H. Application of dextran as nanoscale drug carriers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:3149-3158. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextran is a kind of biocompatible, nontoxic and nonimmunogenic biological substance that has been widely used in drug-delivery systems. With further research and understanding of dextran and its derivatives, people can more precisely control the sequence of dextran by chemical and biosynthetic methods as needed, and modify various structures to improve the properties of dextran, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, temperature sensitivity, pH sensitivity and ionic strength sensitivity, which will further expand the application of dextran and its derivatives in drug-delivery systems. Herein, the application of dextran and its derivatives in gene transfection and drug delivery was summarized and analyzed, and the problems were studied. At the same time, its application prospects are forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangliang Huang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hualiang Huang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
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Smith JR, Olusanya TOB, Lamprou DA. Characterization of drug delivery vehicles using atomic force microscopy: current status. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1211-1221. [PMID: 30417712 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1546693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of nanomedicine, utilizing nano-sized vehicles (nanoparticles and nanofibers) for targeted local drug delivery, has a promising future. This is dependent on the ability to analyze the chemical and physical properties of these drug carriers at the nanoscale and hence atomic force microscopy (AFM), a high-resolution imaging and local force-measurement technique, is ideally suited. AREAS COVERED Following a brief introduction to the technique, the review describes how AFM has been used in selected publications from 2015 to 2018 to characterize nanoparticles and nanofibers as drug delivery vehicles. These sections are ordered into areas of increasing AFM complexity: imaging/particle sizing, surface roughness/quantitative analysis of images, and analysis of force curves (to extract nanoindentation and adhesion data). EXPERT OPINION AFM imaging/sizing is used extensively for the characterization of nanoparticle and nanofiber drug delivery vehicles, with surface roughness and nanomechanical/adhesion data acquisition being less common. The field is progressing into combining AFM with other techniques, notably SEM, ToF-SIMS, Raman, Confocal, and UV. Current limitations include a 50 nm resolution limit of nanoparticles imaged within live cells and AFM tip-induced activation of cytoskeleton proteins. Following drug release real-time with AFM-spectroscopic techniques and studying drug interactions on cell receptors appear to be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Smith
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Temidayo O B Olusanya
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Applied Sciences , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
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Tamba B, Streinu V, Foltea G, Neagu A, Dodi G, Zlei M, Tijani A, Stefanescu C. Tailored surface silica nanoparticles for blood-brain barrier penetration: Preparation and in vivo investigation. ARAB J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Pawar A, Thakkar S, Misra M. A bird's eye view of nanoparticles prepared by electrospraying: advancements in drug delivery field. J Control Release 2018; 286:179-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pramipexole dihydrochloride loaded chitosan nanoparticles for nose to brain delivery: Development, characterization and in vivo anti-Parkinson activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:27-35. [PMID: 29247729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, Pramipexole dihydrochloride loaded chitosan nanoparticles (P-CNs) were prepared for Parkinson's disease via nose to brain pathway by ionic gelation method. Optimized P-CNs with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (6:1 v/v) exhibited particle size and entrapment efficiency of 292.5 nm ± 8.80 and 91.25% ± 0.95 respectively and its diffusion across the artificial membrane and goat nasal mucosa was found to be 93.32% ± 2.56 and 83.03% ± 3.48 correspondingly after 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy displayed the spherical nature of the P-CNs particles and rough surface morphology was observed in scanning electron microphotographs. In pharmacodynamic studies, the comparative results of behavioral testing revealed improved score of photoactometer and reduced motor deficit in the form of catalepsy in P-CN treatment group as compare to its nasal solution or oral marketed tablets. Similarly, P-CNs enhanced antioxidant status in the form of increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, along with increased dopamine level in the brain significantly. Therefore, it can be concluded that intranasal delivery of Pramipexole loaded chitosan nanoparticles exhibited essential in vitro characteristics and superior in vivo activity than other formulations for brain targeted delivery in Parkinson disease.
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The role of non-endothelial cells on the penetration of nanoparticles through the blood brain barrier. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:39-49. [PMID: 28899762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a well-established cell-based membrane that circumvents the central nervous system (CNS), protecting it from harmful substances. Due to its robustness and cell integrity, it is also an outstanding opponent when it comes to the delivery of several therapeutic agents to the brain, which requires the crossing through its highly-organized structure. This regulation and cell-cell communications occur mostly between astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells. Therefore, alternative ways to deliver drugs to the CNS, overcoming the BBB are required, to improve the efficacy of brain target drugs. Nanoparticles emerge here as a promising drug delivery strategy, due to their ability of high drug loading and the capability to exploit specific delivery pathways that most drugs are unable to when administered freely, increasing their bioavailability in the CNS. Thus, further attempts to assess the possible influence of non-endothelial may have on the BBB translocation of nanoparticles are here revised. Furthermore, the use of macrophages and/or monocytes as nanoparticle delivery cells are also approached. Lastly, the temporarily disruption of the overall organization and normal structure of the BBB to promote the penetration of nanoparticles aimed at the CNS is described, as a synergistic path.
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30
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Ma X, Sun X, Chen J, Lei Y. Natural or Natural-Synthetic Hybrid Polymer-Based Fluorescent Polymeric Materials for Bio-imaging-Related Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:461-487. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boussahel A, Ibegbu DM, Lamtahri R, Maucotel J, Chuquet J, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Roldo M, Mével JCL, Gorecki D, Barbu E. Investigations of octylglyceryl dextran-graft-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for peptide delivery to the brain. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:879-892. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Develop modified dextran nanoparticles showing potential to assist with drug permeation across the blood–brain barrier for the delivery of neuropeptides. Methods: Nanoparticles loaded by emulsification with model macromolecular actives were characterized in terms of stability, cytotoxicity and drug-release behavior. Peptide-loaded nanoformulations were tested in an in vivo trout model and in food-deprived mice. Results: Nanoformulations loaded with model peptides showed good stability and appeared nontoxic in low concentration against human brain endothelial cells. They were found to preserve the bioactivity of loaded peptides (angiotensin II) as demonstrated in vivo using a trout model, and to induce a transient reduction of food consumption in mice when loaded with an anorexigenic octaneuropeptide. Conclusion: Octylglyceryl dextran-graft-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles formulated by emulsification demonstrate potential for peptide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asme Boussahel
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Daniel M Ibegbu
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Rhita Lamtahri
- Laboratory of Neuronal & Neuroendocrine Differentiation & Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Laboratory of Neuronal & Neuroendocrine Differentiation & Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julien Chuquet
- Laboratory of Neuronal & Neuroendocrine Differentiation & Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal & Neuroendocrine Differentiation & Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal & Neuroendocrine Differentiation & Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Le Mével
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, LaTIM UMR 1101, University of Brest, 29238 Cedex 3, France
| | - Darek Gorecki
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Eugen Barbu
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT, UK
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Cortez Tornello PR, Feresin GE, Tapia A, Dzieciuch M, Cuadrado TR, Abraham GA. Effect of processing techniques on new poly(ε-caprolactone)-embelin microparticles of biomedical interest. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R. Cortez Tornello
- Research Institute of Materials Science and Technology; INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET); Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Gabriela E. Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad Nacional de San Juan; San Juan Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad Nacional de San Juan; San Juan Argentina
| | - Monika Dzieciuch
- Nanotechnology of Polymers and Biomaterials Team; Department of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Teresita R. Cuadrado
- Research Institute of Materials Science and Technology; INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET); Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Abraham
- Research Institute of Materials Science and Technology; INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET); Mar del Plata Argentina
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Ibegbu DM, Boussahel A, Cragg SM, Tsibouklis J, Barbu E. Nanoparticles of alkylglyceryl dextran and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) for applications in drug delivery: Preparation and characterization. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1201827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Ibegbu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Asme Boussahel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Cragg
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - John Tsibouklis
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eugen Barbu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Gao H. Progress and perspectives on targeting nanoparticles for brain drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:268-86. [PMID: 27471668 PMCID: PMC4951594 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the ability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to prevent the entry of drugs into the brain, it is a challenge to treat central nervous system disorders pharmacologically. The development of nanotechnology provides potential to overcome this problem. In this review, the barriers to brain-targeted drug delivery are reviewed, including the BBB, blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), and nose-to-brain barrier. Delivery strategies are focused on overcoming the BBB, directly targeting diseased cells in the brain, and dual-targeted delivery. The major concerns and perspectives on constructing brain-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
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Wu JL, Tian GX, Yu WJ, Jia GT, Sun TY, Gao ZQ. pH-Responsive Hyaluronic Acid-Based Mixed Micelles for the Hepatoma-Targeting Delivery of Doxorubicin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:364. [PMID: 27043540 PMCID: PMC4848880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor targetability and stimulus responsivity of drug delivery systems are crucial in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, hepatoma-targeting mixed micelles composed of a hyaluronic acid-glycyrrhetinic acid conjugate and a hyaluronic acid-l-histidine conjugate (HA-GA/HA-His) were prepared through ultrasonic dispersion. The formation and characterization of the mixed micelles were confirmed via ¹H-NMR, particle size, and ζ potential measurements. The in vitro cellular uptake of the micelles was evaluated using human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The antitumor effect of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that the DOX-loaded HA-GA/HA-His micelles showed a pH-dependent controlled release and were remarkably absorbed by HepG2 cells. Compared with free DOX, the DOX-loaded HA-GA/HA-His micelles showed a higher cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. Moreover, the micelles effectively inhibited tumor growth in H22 cell-bearing mice. These results suggest that the HA-GA/HA-His mixed micelles are a good candidate for drug delivery in the prevention and treatment of hepatocarcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/chemistry
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/chemistry
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Female
- Hep G2 Cells
- Histidine/chemistry
- Humans
- Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Micelles
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Particle Size
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Liang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Gui-Xiang Tian
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Guang-Tao Jia
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Tong-Yi Sun
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi-Qin Gao
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Wei Fang 261053, Shandong, China.
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Lalatsa A, Barbu E. Carbohydrate Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 130:115-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Chen J, Ge J, Guo B, Gao K, Ma PX. Nanofibrous polylactide composite scaffolds with electroactivity and sustained release capacity for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2477-2485. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A conveniently fabricated electroactive nanofibrous composite scaffold serves as a sustained drug release system and promotes myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
| | - Juan Ge
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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