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Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JB, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9729. [PMID: 36367938 PMCID: PMC9651859 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coating nanoparticles with stealth epilayers increases circulation time by evading opsonization, macrophage phagocytosis, and reticuloendothelial sequestration. However, this also reduces internalization by cancer cells upon reaching the tumor. We designed gold nanorods (GNRs) with an epilayer that retains stealth properties in circulation but transforms spontaneously in the acidotic tumor microenvironment to a cell-penetrating particle. We used a customized stoichiometric ratio of l-glutamic acid and l-lysine within an amphiphilic polymer of poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-lysine), or P(Glu-co-Lys), to effect this transformation in acidotic environments. P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs were internalized by cancer cells to facilitate potent in vitro radiosensitization. When administered intravenously in mice, they accumulate in the periphery and core of tumors without any signs of serum biochemical or hematological alterations, normal organ histopathological abnormalities, or overt deterioration in animal health. Furthermore, P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs penetrated the tumor microenvironment to accumulate in the hypoxic cores of tumors to potently radiosensitize heterotopic and orthotopic pancreatic cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B.K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yasmin Zahra
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Belal Abousaida
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Okan Tezcan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anton V. Liopo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Kim JBK, Mackeyev Y, Raghuram S, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-decorated [60]fullerene for tumor imaging and radiation sensitization. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1129-1139. [PMID: 33428854 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1872814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The excellent contrast of high atomic number (Z) elements compared to soft tissues has advanced their use as contrast agents for computed tomographic imaging and as potential radiation sensitizers. We evaluated whether gadolinium (Gd) could serve as such a theranostic agent for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to its paramagnetic properties and radiosensitization due to its high Z. MATERIALS AND METHODS To improve the relaxivity of Gd, we coupled it to [60]fullerene, an elemental carbon allotropic nanoparticle that seamlessly traverses physiological barriers . By adding serinol, an aliphatic alcohol derived from amino acid serine, we turned [60]fullerene, which is otherwise insoluble in water, into a highly water-soluble derivative and decorated it externally with a payload of chelated gadolinium ions. RESULTS When [60]fullerene was functionalized in this manner with two gadolinium ions (Gd2C60), it displayed considerably higher T1 relaxivity at 4.7 T than the commercially used MRI contrast agent, Magnevist, (18.2 mM-1s-1 vs. 4.7 mM-1s-1). Attempts to increase this even further via decoration of [60]fullerene with 12 gadolinium ions was unsuccessful due to a poor water solubility. However, the current formulation of Gd2C60 did not result in any appreciable radiosensitization. CONCLUSION Our results show a successful generation of a novel contrast agent via decoration of fullerene with two chelated Gd ions. Though this formulation was not successful in generating radiosensitization, other chemical modifications can be further explored to increase radiosensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Byung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Subhiksha Raghuram
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Glycofullerenes as non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors- towards better nanotherapeutics for pancreatic cancer treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:260. [PMID: 31937861 PMCID: PMC6959220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble glycofullerenes GF1 and GF2 were synthesized using two-step modified Bingel-Hirsch methodology. Interestingly, we identified buckyballs as a novel class of non-receptor Src kinases inhibitors. The evaluated compounds were found to inhibit Fyn A and BTK proteins with IC50 values in the low micromolar range, with the most active compound at 39 µM. Moreover, we have demonstrated that formation of protein corona on the surface of [60]fullerene derivatives is changing the landscape of their activity, tuning the selectivity of obtained carbon nanomaterials towards Fyn A and BTK kinases. The performed molecular biology studies revealed no cytotoxicity and no influence of engineered carbon nanomaterials on the cell cycle of PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cancer cell lines. Incubation with the tested compounds resulted in the cellular redox imbalance triggering the repair systems and influenced the changing of protein levels.
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Adamiano A, Wu VM, Carella F, Lamura G, Canepa F, Tampieri A, Iafisco M, Uskoković V. Magnetic calcium phosphates nanocomposites for the intracellular hyperthermia of cancers of bone and brain. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1267-1289. [PMID: 31124760 PMCID: PMC6615412 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Magnetic hyperthermia is limited by the low selective susceptibility of neoplastic cells interspersed within healthy tissues, which we aim to improve on. Materials & methods: Two superparamagnetic calcium phosphates nanocomposites, that is, iron-doped hydroxyapatite and iron oxide (Mag) nanoparticles coated with amorphous calcium phosphate (Mag@CaP), were synthesized and tested for selective activity against brain and bone cancers. Results: Nanoparticle uptake and intracellular localization were prerequisites for reduction of cancer viability in alternate magnetic fields of extremely low power. Sheer adsorption onto the outer membrane was not sufficient to produce this effect, which was extremely significant for Mag@CaP and iron-doped hydroxyapatite, but negligible for Mag, demonstrating benefits of combining magnetic iron with calcium phosphates. Conclusion: Such selective effects are important in the global effort to rejuvenate clinical prospects of magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Adamiano
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Victoria M Wu
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Francesca Carella
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Gianrico Lamura
- Institute of Superconductors, Oxides & Other Innovative Materials & Devices (SPIN), National Research Council (CNR), Corso Perrone 24, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Canepa
- Institute of Superconductors, Oxides & Other Innovative Materials & Devices (SPIN), National Research Council (CNR), Corso Perrone 24, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science & Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
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Pulikkathara M, Mark C, Kumar N, Zaske AM, Serda RE. Sucrose modulation of radiofrequency-induced heating rates and cell death. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017; 3. [PMID: 29177085 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Applied radiofrequency (RF) energy induces hyperthermia in tissues, facilitating vascular perfusion This study explores the impact of RF radiation on the integrity of the luminal endothelium, and then predominately explores the impact of altering the conductivity of biologically-relevant solutions on RF-induced heating rates and cell death. The ability of cells to survive high sucrose (i.e. hyperosmotic conditions) to achieve lower conductivity as a mechanism for directing hyperthermia is evaluated. Methods RF radiation was generated using a capacitively-coupled radiofrequency system operating at 13.56 MHz. Temperatures were recorded using a FLIR SC 6000 infrared camera. Results RF radiation reduced cell-to-cell connections among endothelial cells and altered cell morphology towards a more rounded appearance at temperatures reported to cause in vivo vessel deformation. Isotonic solutions containing high sucrose and low levels of NaCl displayed low conductivity and faster heating rates compared to high salt solutions. Heating rates were positively correlated with cell death. Addition of sucrose to serum similarly reduced conductivity and increased heating rates in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular proliferation was normal for cells grown in media supplemented with 125 mM sucrose for 24 hours or for cells grown in 750 mM sucrose for 10 minutes followed by a 24 h recovery period. Conclusions Sucrose is known to form weak hydrogen bonds in fluids as opposed to ions, freeing water molecules to rotate in an oscillating field of electromagnetic radiation and contributing to heat induction. The ability of cells to survive temporal exposures to hyperosmotic (i.e. elevated sucrose) conditions creates an opportunity to use sucrose or other saccharides to selectively elevate heating in specific tissues upon exposure to a radiofrequency field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlyn Pulikkathara
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (location where research was performed)
| | - Colette Mark
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (location where research was performed)
| | - Natasha Kumar
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (location where research was performed)
| | - Ana Maria Zaske
- IM Bioscope 2 UT Core Facility, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (location where research was performed).,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA (current location)
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