Transcriptome profiling of 3D co-cultured cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells under oxidative stress using a photocrosslinkable hydrogel system

3D bioprinted aged human post-infarct myocardium tissue model

Background and Aims

Fibrotic tissue formed after myocardial infarction (MI) can be as detrimental as MI itself. However, current in vitro cardiac fibrosis models fail to recapitulate the complexities of post-MI tissue. Moreover, although MI and subsequent fibrosis is most prominent in the aged population, the field suffers from inadequate aged tissue models. Herein, an aged human post-MI tissue model, representing the native microenvironment weeks after initial infarction, is engineered using three-dimensional bioprinting via creation of individual bioinks to specifically mimic three distinct regions: remote, border, and scar.

Methods

The aged post-MI tissue model is engineered through combination of gelatin methacryloyl, methacrylated hyaluronic acid, aged type I collagen, and photoinitiator at variable concentrations with different cell types, including aged human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiac myofibroblasts, by introducing a methodology which utilizes three printheads of the bioprinter to model aged myocardium. Then, using cell-specific proteins, the cell types that comprised each region are confirmed using immunofluorescence. Next, the beating characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the engineered aged post-MI tissue model is used as a benchtop platform to assess the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the scar region.

Results

As a result, high viability (>74%) was observed in each region of the printed model. Constructs demonstrated functional behavior, exhibiting a beating velocity of 6.7 μm/s and a frequency of 0.3 Hz. Finally, the effectiveness of hiPSC-EV and MSC-EV treatment was assessed. While hiPSC-EV treatment showed no significant changes, MSC-EV treatment notably increased cardiomyocyte beating velocity, frequency, and confluency, suggesting a regenerative potential.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we envision that our approach of modeling post-MI aged myocardium utilizing three printheads of the bioprinter may be utilized for various applications in aged cardiac microenvironment modeling and testing novel therapeutics.

Advances in the design, generation, and application of tissue-engineered myocardial equivalents

Due to the limited regenerative ability of cardiomyocytes, the disabling irreversible condition of myocardial failure can only be treated with conservative and temporary therapeutic approaches, not able to repair the damage directly, or with organ transplantation. Among the regenerative strategies, intramyocardial cell injection or intravascular cell infusion should attenuate damage to the myocardium and reduce the risk of heart failure. However, these cell delivery-based therapies suffer from significant drawbacks and have a low success rate. Indeed, cardiac tissue engineering efforts are directed to repair, replace, and regenerate native myocardial tissue function. In a regenerative strategy, biomaterials and biomimetic stimuli play a key role in promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and neo-tissue formation. Thus, appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues should be combined with scaffolds emulating extracellular matrix in order to support cell growth and prompt favorable cardiac microenvironment and tissue regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments that occurred in the biomimetic design and fabrication of cardiac scaffolds and patches. Furthermore, we sift in vitro and in situ strategies in several preclinical and clinical applications. Finally, we evaluate the possible use of bioengineered cardiac tissue equivalents as in vitro models for disease studies and drug tests.

Myocardial infarction from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine point of view: A comprehensive review on models and treatments

In the modern world, myocardial infarction is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, which are responsible for around 18 million deaths every year or almost 32% of all deaths. Due to the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, this rate is expected to increase in the coming years. Although there has been some progress in myocardial infarction treatment, translating pre-clinical findings to the clinic remains a major challenge. One reason for this is the lack of reliable and human representative healthy and fibrotic cardiac tissue models that can be used to understand the fundamentals of ischemic/reperfusion injury caused by myocardial infarction and to test new drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we first present an overview of the anatomy of the heart and the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, and then discuss the recent developments on pre-clinical infarct models, focusing mainly on the engineered three-dimensional cardiac ischemic/reperfusion injury and fibrosis models developed using different engineering methods such as organoids, microfluidic devices, and bioprinted constructs. We also present the benefits and limitations of emerging and promising regenerative therapy treatments for myocardial infarction such as cell therapies, extracellular vesicles, and cardiac patches. This review aims to overview recent advances in three-dimensional engineered infarct models and current regenerative therapeutic options, which can be used as a guide for developing new models and treatment strategies.

GIMAP6 regulates autophagy, immune competence, and inflammation in mice and humans

Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) unveil regulatory pathways of human immunity. We describe a new IEI caused by mutations in the GTPase of the immune-associated protein 6 (GIMAP6) gene in patients with infections, lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, and multiorgan vasculitis. Patients and Gimap6^−/− mice show defects in autophagy, redox regulation, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)–containing lipids. We find that GIMAP6 complexes with GABARAPL2 and GIMAP7 to regulate GTPase activity. Also, GIMAP6 is induced by IFN-γ and plays a critical role in antibacterial immunity. Finally, we observed that Gimap6^−/− mice died prematurely from microangiopathic glomerulosclerosis most likely due to GIMAP6 deficiency in kidney endothelial cells.

Revealing the pathogenic changes of PAH based on multiomics characteristics

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), which is characterized by an increase in pulmonary circulation blood pressure, is a fatal disease, and its pathogenesis remains unclear.

METHODS

In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), tandem mass tags (TMT) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) were performed to detect the levels of mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation in pulmonary arteries (PAs), respectively. To screen the possible pathways and proteins related to PAH, pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. For selected genes, differential expression levels were confirmed at both the transcriptional and translational levels by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 362 differentially expressed genes (|Fold-change| > 1.5 and p < 0.05), 811 differentially expressed proteins (|Fold-change| > 1.2 and p < 0.05) and 76,562 differentially methylated regions (1000 bp slide windows, 500 bp overlap, p < 0.05, and |Fold-change| > 1.2) were identified when the PAH group (n = 15) was compared with the control group (n = 15). Through an integrated analysis of the characteristics of the three omic analyses, a multiomics table was constructed. Additionally, pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathways and ten Gene Ontology (GO) terms for the PAH group compared with the control group. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub genes. Finally, according to the genes identified in the PPI and the protein expression fold-change, nine key genes and their associated proteins were verified by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, including Col4a1, Itga5, Col2a1, Gstt1, Gstm3, Thbd, Mgst2, Kng1 and Fgg.

CONCLUSIONS

This study conducted multiomic characteristic profiling to identify genes that contribute to the hypoxia-induced PAH model, identifying new avenues for basic PAH research.

HiPS-Cardiac Trilineage Cell Generation and Transplantation: a Novel Therapy for Myocardial Infarction

Despite primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and the availability of optimal medications, including dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), most patients still experience major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) due to frequent recurrence of thrombotic complications and myocardial infarction (MI). MI occurs secondary to a massive loss of endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and cardiomyocytes (CMs). The adult cardiovascular system gradually loses the ability to spontaneously and regularly regenerate ECs, VSMCs, and CMs. However, human cells can be induced by cytokines and growth factors to regenerate human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which progress to produce cardiac trilineage cells (CTCs) such as ECs, VSMCs, and CMs, replacing lost cells and inducing myocardial repair. Nevertheless, the processes and pathways involved in hiPSC-CTC generation and their potential therapeutic effects remain unknown. Herein, we provide evidence of in vitro CTC generation, the pathways involved, in vivo transplantation, and its therapeutic effect, which may provide novel targets in regenerative medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

CRISPR/Cas9 Edited Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Vascular Tissues to Model Aging and Disease-Dependent Impairment

IMPACT STATEMENT

Modeling human disease as precisely as possible is of upmost importance in understanding the underlying pathology and discovering effective therapies. Therefore, disease models that are highly controlled and composed of human-origin cells that present the disease phenotype are crucial. The human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based tissue model we present in this study is an important example of human-origin tissue model with controlled gene expression. Through CRISPR/Cas9 editing of hypoxia inducible factor 1α in hiPSCs, we developed tissue models that show the age and disease-dependent endothelial deterioration. This model holds promise for various biomedical applications as more realistic disease phenotypes can be created using fully human-origin platforms.

Central role of the p53 pathway in the noncoding-RNA response to oxidative stress

Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in many conditions. Specifically, redox imbalance inhibits endothelial cell (EC) growth, inducing cell death and senescence. We used global transcriptome profiling to investigate the involvement of noncoding-RNAs in these phenotypes. By RNA-sequencing, transcriptome changes were analyzed in human ECs exposed to H₂O₂, highlighting a pivotal role of p53-signaling. Bioinformatic analysis and validation in p53-silenced ECs, identified several p53-targets among both mRNAs and long noncoding-RNAs (lncRNAs), including MALAT1 and NEAT1. Among microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-192-5p was the most induced by H₂O₂ treatment, in a p53-dependent manner. Down-modulated mRNA-targets of miR-192-5p were involved in cell cycle, DNA repair and stress response. Accordingly, miR-192-5p overexpression significantly decreased EC proliferation, inducing cell death. A central role of the p53-pathway was also confirmed by the analysis of differential exon usage: Upon H₂O₂ treatment, the expression of p53-dependent 5'-isoforms of MDM2 and PVT1 increased selectively. The transcriptomic alterations identified in H₂O₂-treated ECs were also observed in other physiological and pathological conditions where redox control plays a fundamental role, such as ECs undergoing replicative senescence, skeletal muscles of critical limb-ischemia patients and the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of long-living individuals. Collectively, these findings indicate a prominent role of noncoding-RNAs in oxidative stress response.

Engineered circulatory scaffolds for building cardiac tissue

Heart failure (HF) is the terminal state of cardiovascular disease (CVD), leading numerous patients to death every year. Cardiac tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of creating functional cardiac patches in vitro to promote cardiac function after transplantation onto damaged zone, giving the hope for patients with end-stage HF. However, the limited thickness of cardiac patches results in the graft failure of survival and function due to insufficient blood supply. To date, prevascularized cardiac tissue, with the use of circulatory scaffolds, holds the promise to be inosculated and perfused with host vasculature to eventually promote cardiac pumping function. Circulatory scaffolds play its role to provide oxygen and nutrients and take metabolic wastes away, and achieve anastomosis with host vasculature in vivo. Of worth note, heart-on-a-chip based on circulatory scaffolds now has been considered as a valuable unit to broaden the research for building cardiac tissue. In this review, we will present recent different strategies to engineer circulatory scaffolds for building cardiac tissue with microvasculature, followed by its current state and future direction.

Interdependence theory of tissue failure: bulk and boundary effects

The mortality rate of many complex multicellular organisms increases with age, which suggests that net ageing damage is accumulative, despite remodelling processes. But how exactly do these little mishaps in the cellular level accumulate and spread to become a systemic catastrophe? To address this question we present experiments with synthetic tissues, an analytical model consistent with experiments, and a number of implications that follow the analytical model. Our theoretical framework describes how shape, curvature and density influences the propagation of failure in a tissue subjected to oxidative damage. We propose that ageing is an emergent property governed by interaction between cells, and that intercellular processes play a role that is at least as important as intracellular ones.