1
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Chen ST, Yan Y, He SY, Li Y, Gu N. Laser-assisted manipulation of Volta potential pattern on the TC4 surface for improved hBMSCs osteogenesis. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 162:213916. [PMID: 38838618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy, a prevalent biomedical material in orthopedics, still faces limitation of the insufficient osseointegration. To improve the bioactivity of TC4, introducing the electric environment onto the TC4 surface may be an effective way in the view of the necessity of endogenous electric microenvironment in bone regeneration. Herein, a Volta potential pattern was engendered on the TC4 surface via parallel laser patterning, so as to promote the osteogenic differentiation of cells. A 15 W laser successfully transformed the original α + β dual phase towards radially distributed lath-like martensite phase in the laser treated region. The atomic lattice distortion between the heterogeneous microstructures of the laser treated and untreated regions leads to a significant Volta potential fluctuation on the TC4 surface. The Volta potential pattern as well as the laser-engraved microgrooves respectively induced mutually orthogonal cell alignments. The hBMSCs osteogenic differentiation was significantly enhanced on the laser treated TC4 surfaces in comparison to the surface without the laser treatment. Moreover, a drastic Volta potential gradient on the TC4 surface (treated with 15 W power and 400 μm interval) resulted in the most pronounced osteogenic differentiation tendency compared to other groups. Modulating the electric environment on the TC4 surface by manipulating the phase transformation may provide an effective way in evoking favorable cell response of bone regeneration, thereby improving the bioactivity of TC4 implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Si-Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Gu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Hu Y, Xing J, Zhang H, Pang X, Zhai Y, Cheng H, Xu D, Liao M, Qi Y, Wu D, Zhang B, Cheng L, Chu B, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Chai R. Electroacoustic Responsive Cochlea-on-a-Chip. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309002. [PMID: 38488690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Organ-on-chips can highly simulate the complex physiological functions of organs, exhibiting broad application prospects in developmental research, disease simulation, as well as new drug research and development. However, there is still less concern about effectively constructing cochlea-on-chips. Here, a novel cochlear organoids-integrated conductive hydrogel biohybrid system with cochlear implant electroacoustic stimulation (EAS) for cochlea-on-a-chip construction and high-throughput drug screening, is presented. Benefiting from the superior biocompatibility and electrical property of conductive hydrogel, together with cochlear implant EAS, the inner ear progenitor cells can proliferate and spontaneously shape into spheres, finally forming cochlear organoids with good cell viability and structurally mature hair cells. By incorporating these progenitor cells-encapsulated hydrogels into a microfluidic-based cochlea-on-a-chip with culture chambers and a concentration gradient generator, a dynamic and high-throughput evaluation of inner ear disease-related drugs is demonstrated. These results indicate that the proposed cochlea-on-a-chip platform has great application potential in organoid cultivation and deafness drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jiayue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xinyi Pang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yabo Zhai
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Menghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yanru Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Danqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Bo Chu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair & Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518063, China
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3
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Salamanca E, Wu YF, Aung LM, Chiu BR, Chen MK, Chang WJ, Sun YS. Allylamine coating on zirconia dental implant surface promotes osteogenic differentiation in vitro and accelerates osseointegration in vivo. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024. [PMID: 38804531 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The glow discharge plasma (GDP) procedure has proven efficacy in grafting allylamine onto zirconia dental implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration. This study explored the enhancement of zirconia dental implant properties using GDP at different energy settings (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 W) both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro analyses included scanning electron microscopy, wettability assessment, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and more. In vivo experiments involved implanting zirconia dental implants into rabbit femurs and later evaluation through impact stability test, micro-CT, and histomorphometric measurements. RESULTS The results demonstrated that 25 and 50 W GDP allylamine grafting positively impacted MG-63 cell proliferation and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of OCN, OPG, and COL-I. Both 25 and 50 W GDP allylamine grafting significantly improved zirconia's surface properties (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001). However, only 25 W allylamine grafting with optimal energy settings promoted in vivo osseointegration and new bone formation while preventing bone level loss around the dental implant (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study presents a promising method for enhancing Zr dental implant surface's bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisner Salamanca
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lwin Moe Aung
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor Rong Chiu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei Kuang Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Dental Department, Taipei Medical University, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying Sui Sun
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fan W, Yang X, Hu X, Huang R, Shi H, Liu G. A novel conductive microtubule hydrogel for electrical stimulation of chronic wounds based on biological electrical wires. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:258. [PMID: 38755644 PMCID: PMC11097419 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) is considered a promising therapy for chronic wounds via conductive dressing. However, the lack of a clinically suitable conductive dressing is a serious challenge. In this study, a suitable conductive biomaterial with favorable biocompatibility and conductivity was screened by means of an inherent structure derived from the body based on electrical conduction in vivo. Ions condensed around the surface of the microtubules (MTs) derived from the cell's cytoskeleton are allowed to flow in the presence of potential differences, effectively forming a network of biological electrical wires, which is essential to the bioelectrical communication of cells. We hypothesized that MT dressing could improve chronic wound healing via the conductivity of MTs applied by ES. We first developed an MT-MAA hydrogel by a double cross-linking method using UV and calcium chloride to improve chronic wound healing by ES. In vitro studies showed good conductivity, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the MT-MAA hydrogel, as well as an elevated secretion of growth factors with enhanced cell proliferation and migration ability in response to ES. The in vivo experimental results from a full-thickness diabetic wound model revealed rapid wound closure within 7d in C57BL/6J mice, and the wound bed dressed by the MT-MAA hydrogel was shown to have promoted re-epithelization, enhanced angiogenesis, accelerated nerve growth, limited inflammation phases, and improved antibacterial effect under the ES treatment. These preclinical findings suggest that the MT-MAA hydrogel may be an ideal conductive dressing for chronic wound healing. Furthermore, biomaterials based on MTs may be also promising for treating other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongshuo Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guobin Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Street, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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5
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Gao Y, Yin B, Liu X, Wu S. Difunctional Microelectrode Arrays for Single-Cell Electrical Stimulation and pH Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2087-2093. [PMID: 38275169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to its direct effect on biomolecules and cells, electrical stimulation (ES) is now widely used to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and neurostimulation and is even used in the clinic for pain relief, treatment of nerve damage, and muscle rehabilitation. Conventional ES is mostly studied on cell populations, but the heterogeneity of cancer cells results in the inability to access the response of individual cells to ES. Therefore, detecting the extracellular pH change (ΔpHe) after ES at the single-cell level is important for the application of ES in tumor therapy. In this study, cellular ΔpHe after periodic impulse electrostimulation (IES) was monitored in situ by using a polyaniline (PANI)-modified gold microelectrode array. The PANI sensor had excellent sensitivity (53.68 mV/pH) and linear correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.999) over the pH range of 5.55-7.41. The cells showed different degrees of ΔpHe after the IES with different intervals and stimulation potential. A shorter pulse interval and a higher stimulation potential could effectively enhance stimulation and increase cellular ΔpHe. At 0.5 V potential stimulation, the cellular ΔpHe increased with decreasing pulse interval. However, if the pulse interval was long enough, even at a higher potential of 0.7 V, there was no significant additional ΔpHe due to the insufficient stimulus strength. Based on the above conclusions, the prepared PANI microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were capable of stimulating and detecting single cells, which contributed to the deeper application of ES in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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6
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Huynh QS, Holsinger RMD. Development of a Cell Culture Chamber for Investigating the Therapeutic Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Neural Growth. Biomedicines 2024; 12:289. [PMID: 38397891 PMCID: PMC10886545 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural electric fields exist throughout the body during development and following injury, and, as such, EFs have the potential to be utilized to guide cell growth and regeneration. Electrical stimulation (ES) can also affect gene expression and other cellular behaviors, including cell migration and proliferation. To investigate the effects of electric fields on cells in vitro, a sterile chamber that delivers electrical stimuli is required. Here, we describe the construction of an ES chamber through the modification of an existing lid of a 6-well cell culture plate. Using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we tested the biocompatibility of materials, such as Araldite®, Tefgel™ and superglue, that were used to secure and maintain platinum electrodes to the cell culture plate lid, and we validated the electrical properties of the constructed ES chamber by calculating the comparable electrical conductivities of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture media from voltage and current measurements obtained from the ES chamber. Various electrical signals and durations of stimulation were tested on SH-SY5Y cells. Although none of the signals caused significant cell death, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays revealed that shorter stimulation times and lower currents minimized negative effects. This design can be easily replicated and can be used to further investigate the therapeutic effects of electrical stimulation on neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy-Susan Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
- Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R. M. Damian Holsinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
- Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Min Q, Gao Y, Wang Y. Bioelectricity in dental medicine: a narrative review. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:3. [PMID: 38172866 PMCID: PMC10765628 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectric signals, whether exogenous or endogenous, play crucial roles in the life processes of organisms. Recently, the significance of bioelectricity in the field of dentistry is steadily gaining greater attention. OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to comprehensively outline the theory, physiological effects, and practical applications of bioelectricity in dental medicine and to offer insights into its potential future direction. It attempts to provide dental clinicians and researchers with an electrophysiological perspective to enhance their clinical practice or fundamental research endeavors. METHODS An online computer search for relevant literature was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, with the keywords "bioelectricity, endogenous electric signal, electric stimulation, dental medicine." RESULTS Eventually, 288 documents were included for review. The variance in ion concentration between the interior and exterior of the cell membrane, referred to as transmembrane potential, forms the fundamental basis of bioelectricity. Transmembrane potential has been established as an essential regulator of intercellular communication, mechanotransduction, migration, proliferation, and immune responses. Thus, exogenous electric stimulation can significantly alter cellular action by affecting transmembrane potential. In the field of dental medicine, electric stimulation has proven useful for assessing pulp condition, locating root apices, improving the properties of dental biomaterials, expediting orthodontic tooth movement, facilitating implant osteointegration, addressing maxillofacial malignancies, and managing neuromuscular dysfunction. Furthermore, the reprogramming of bioelectric signals holds promise as a means to guide organism development and intervene in disease processes. Besides, the development of high-throughput electrophysiological tools will be imperative for identifying ion channel targets and precisely modulating bioelectricity in the future. CONCLUSIONS Bioelectricity has found application in various concepts of dental medicine but large-scale, standardized, randomized controlled clinical trials are still necessary in the future. In addition, the precise, repeatable and predictable measurement and modulation methods of bioelectric signal patterns are essential research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Min
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yajun Gao
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Implantology, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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8
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Di Martino A, Villari E, Poluzzi R, Brunello M, Rossomando V, D’Agostino C, Ruta F, Faldini C. Role of biophysical stimulation in multimodal management of vertebral compression fractures. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5650-5661. [PMID: 38047233 PMCID: PMC10692617 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raised life expectancy and aging of the general population are associated with an increased concern for fragility fractures due to factors such as osteoporosis, reduced bone density, and an higher risk of falls. Among these, the most frequent are vertebral compression fractures (VCF), which can be clinically occult. Once the diagnosis is made, generally thorough antero-posterior and lateral views of the affected spine at the radiographs, a comprehensive workup to assess the presence of a metabolic bone disease or secondary causes of osteoporosis and bone frailty is required. Treatment uses a multimodal management consisting of a combination of brace, pain management, bone metabolism evaluation, osteoporosis medication and has recently incorporated biophysical stimulation, a noninvasive technique that uses induced electric stimulation to improve bone recovery through the direct and indirect upregulation of bone morphogenic proteins, stimulating bone formation and remodeling. It contributes to the effectiveness of the therapy, promoting accelerated healing, supporting the reduction of bed rest and pain medications, improving patients' quality of life, and reducing the risk to undergo surgery in patients affected by VCFs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to outline the fundamental concepts of multimodal treatment for VCF, as well as the present function and significance of biophysical stimulation in the treatment of VCF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Di Martino
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Villari
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Poluzzi
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunello
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentino Rossomando
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio D’Agostino
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Ruta
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via G.B. Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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9
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Li Z, He D, Guo B, Wang Z, Yu H, Wang Y, Jin S, Yu M, Zhu L, Chen L, Ding C, Wu X, Wu T, Gong S, Mao J, Zhou Y, Luo D, Liu Y. Self-promoted electroactive biomimetic mineralized scaffolds for bacteria-infected bone regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6963. [PMID: 37907455 PMCID: PMC10618168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected bone defects are a major challenge in orthopedic treatment. Native bone tissue possesses an endogenous electroactive interface that induces stem cell differentiation and inhibits bacterial adhesion and activity. However, traditional bone substitutes have difficulty in reconstructing the electrical environment of bone. In this study, we develop a self-promoted electroactive mineralized scaffold (sp-EMS) that generates weak currents via spontaneous electrochemical reactions to activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, enhance adenosine triphosphate-induced actin remodeling, and ultimately achieve osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by activating the BMP2/Smad5 pathway. Furthermore, we show that the electroactive interface provided by the sp-EMS inhibits bacterial adhesion and activity via electrochemical products and concomitantly generated reactive oxygen species. We find that the osteogenic and antibacterial dual functions of the sp-EMS depend on its self-promoting electrical stimulation. We demonstrate that in vivo, the sp-EMS achieves complete or nearly complete in situ infected bone healing, from a rat calvarial defect model with single bacterial infection, to a rabbit open alveolar bone defect model and a beagle dog vertical bone defect model with the complex oral bacterial microenvironment. This translational study demonstrates that the electroactive bone graft presents a promising therapeutic platform for complex defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Li
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, PR China
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Danqing He
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Bowen Guo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, PR China
| | - Zekun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, PR China
| | - Huajie Yu
- Fourth Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chengye Ding
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Wu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jing Mao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials & Translational Research Center for Orocraniofacial Stem Cells and Systemic Health, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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10
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Yu C, Ying X, Shahbazi MA, Yang L, Ma Z, Ye L, Yang W, Sun R, Gu T, Tang R, Fan S, Yao S. A nano-conductive osteogenic hydrogel to locally promote calcium influx for electro-inspired bone defect regeneration. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122266. [PMID: 37597298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive nano-materials and electrical stimulation (ES) have been recognized as a synergetic therapy for ordinary excitable tissue repair. It is worth noting that hard tissues, such as bone tissue, possess bioelectrical properties as well. However, insufficient attention is paid to the synergetic therapy for bone defect regeneration via conductive biomaterials with ES. Here, a novel nano-conductive hydrogel comprising calcium phosphate-PEDOT:PSS-magnesium titanate-methacrylated alginate (CPM@MA) was synthesized for electro-inspired bone tissue regeneration. The nano-conductive CPM@MA hydrogel has demonstrated excellent electroactivity, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity. Additionally, it has the potential to enhance cellular functionality by increasing endogenous transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and activating TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. The synergetic therapy could facilitate intracellular calcium enrichment, resulting in a 5.8-fold increase in calcium concentration compared to the control group in the CPM@MA ES + group. The nano-conductive CPM@MA hydrogel with ES could significantly promote electro-inspired bone defect regeneration in vivo, uniquely allowing a full repair of rat femoral defect within 4 weeks histologically and mechanically. These results demonstrate that our synergistic strategy effectively promotes bone restoration, thereby offering potential advancements in the field of electro-inspired hard tissue regeneration using novel nano-materials with ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Xiaozhang Ying
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linjun Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Zaiqiang Ma
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Rongtai Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Tianyuan Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Shasha Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration, Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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11
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Panda AK, Basu B. Regenerative bioelectronics: A strategic roadmap for precision medicine. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122271. [PMID: 37619262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, stem cell-based regenerative engineering has demonstrated its significant potential to repair damaged tissues and to restore their functionalities. Despite such advancement in regenerative engineering, the clinical translation remains a major challenge. In the stance of personalized treatment, the recent progress in bioelectronic medicine likewise evolved as another important research domain of larger significance for human healthcare. Over the last several years, our research group has adopted biomaterials-based regenerative engineering strategies using innovative bioelectronic stimulation protocols based on either electric or magnetic stimuli to direct cellular differentiation on engineered biomaterials with a range of elastic stiffness or functional properties (electroactivity/magnetoactivity). In this article, the role of bioelectronics in stem cell-based regenerative engineering has been critically analyzed to stimulate futuristic research in the treatment of degenerative diseases as well as to address some fundamental questions in stem cell biology. Built on the concepts from two independent biomedical research domains (regenerative engineering and bioelectronic medicine), we propose a converging research theme, 'Regenerative Bioelectronics'. Further, a series of recommendations have been put forward to address the current challenges in bridging the gap in stem cell therapy and bioelectronic medicine. Enacting the strategic blueprint of bioelectronic-based regenerative engineering can potentially deliver the unmet clinical needs for treating incurable degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Kumar Panda
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India; Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
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12
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Wang Q, Zhang J, Yao G, Lou W, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Xie M, Gan X, Pan T, Gao M, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Lin Y. Effective Orthodontic Tooth Movement via an Occlusion-Activated Electromechanical Synergistic Dental Aligner. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16757-16769. [PMID: 37590490 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Malocclusion is a prevalent dental health problem plaguing over 56% worldwide. Mechanical orthodontic aligners render directional teeth movement extensively used for malocclusion treatment in the clinic, while mechanical regulation inefficiency prolongs the treatment course and induces adverse complications. As a noninvasive physiotherapy, an appropriate electric field plays a vital role in tissue metabolism engineering. Here, we propose an occlusion-activated electromechanical synergistic dental aligner that converts occlusal energy into a piezo-excited alternating electric field for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. Within an 18-day intervention, significantly facilitated orthodontic results were obtained from young and aged Sprague-Dawley rats, increasing by 34% and 164% in orthodontic efficiency, respectively. The different efficiencies were attributed to age-distributed periodontal tissue status. Mechanistically, the electromechanical synergistic intervention modulated the microenvironment, enhanced osteoblast and osteoclast activity, promoted alveolar bone metabolism, and ultimately accelerated tooth movement. This work holds excellent potential for personalized and effective treatment for malocclusions, which would vastly reduce the suffering of the long orthodontic course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhao Lou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Maowen Xie
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingyi Gan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
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13
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Heparinized PGA host-guest hydrogel loaded with paracrine products from electrically stimulated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for enhanced wound repair. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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14
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Li C, Zhang S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Xiao C, Yang B, Huang J, Li W, Ning C, Zhai J, Yu P, Wang Y. Piezoelectric Bioactive Glasses Composite Promotes Angiogenesis by the Synergistic Effect of Wireless Electrical Stimulation and Active Ions. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2300064. [PMID: 36854114 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient angiogenesis frequently occurs after the implantation of orthopedic materials, which greatly increases the risk of bone defect reconstruction failure. Therefore, the development of bone implant with improved angiogenic properties is of great importance. Mimicking the extracellular matrix clues provides a more direct and effective strategy to modulate angiogenesis. Herein, inspired by the bioelectrical characteristics of the bone microenvironment, a piezoelectric bioactive glasses composite (P-KNN/BG) based on the incorporation of polarized potassium sodium niobate is constructed, which could effectively promote angiogenesis. It is found that P-KNN/BG has exceptional wireless electrical stimulation performance and sustained active ions release. In vitro cell experiments reveal that P-KNN/BG enhances endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation via activating the eNOS/NO signaling pathway, which might be contributed to cell membrane hyperpolarization induced by wireless electrical stimulation increase the influx of active ions into the cells. In vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane experiment demonstrates that P-KNN/BG shows excellent pro-angiogenic capacity and biocompatibility. This work broadens the current understanding of bioactive materials with bionic electrical properties, which brings new insights into the clinical treatment of bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,School of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yichen Yao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Cairong Xiao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Jingyan Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Weichang Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Chengyun Ning
- School of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jinxia Zhai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Metallic Materials Surface Functionalization Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
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15
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Geevarghese R, Sajjadi SS, Hudecki A, Sajjadi S, Jalal NR, Madrakian T, Ahmadi M, Włodarczyk-Biegun MK, Ghavami S, Likus W, Siemianowicz K, Łos MJ. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Biomaterials and Their Effect on Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416185. [PMID: 36555829 PMCID: PMC9785373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials for tissue scaffolds are key components in modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Targeted reconstructive therapies require a proper choice of biomaterial and an adequate choice of cells to be seeded on it. The introduction of stem cells, and the transdifferentiation procedures, into regenerative medicine opened a new era and created new challenges for modern biomaterials. They must not only fulfill the mechanical functions of a scaffold for implanted cells and represent the expected mechanical strength of the artificial tissue, but furthermore, they should also assure their survival and, if possible, affect their desired way of differentiation. This paper aims to review how modern biomaterials, including synthetic (i.e., polylactic acid, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene terephthalate, ceramics) and natural (i.e., silk fibroin, decellularized scaffolds), both non-biodegradable and biodegradable, could influence (tissue) stem cells fate, regulate and direct their differentiation into desired target somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rency Geevarghese
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Seyedeh Sara Sajjadi
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Łukasiewicz Network-Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Samad Sajjadi
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | | | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Małgorzata K. Włodarczyk-Biegun
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wirginia Likus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Siemianowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (M.J.Ł.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2913 (M.J.Ł.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (M.J.Ł.); Tel.: +48-32-237-2913 (M.J.Ł.)
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16
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Martín D, Bocio-Nuñez J, Scagliusi SF, Pérez P, Huertas G, Yúfera A, Giner M, Daza P. DC electrical stimulation enhances proliferation and differentiation on N2a and MC3T3 cell lines. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:27. [PMID: 36229846 PMCID: PMC9563743 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical stimulation is a novel tool to promote the differentiation and proliferation of precursor cells. In this work we have studied the effects of direct current (DC) electrical stimulation on neuroblastoma (N2a) and osteoblast (MC3T3) cell lines as a model for nervous and bone tissue regeneration, respectively. We have developed the electronics and encapsulation of a proposed stimulation system and designed a setup and protocol to stimulate cell cultures. Methods Cell cultures were subjected to several assays to assess the effects of electrical stimulation on them. N2a cells were analyzed using microscope images and an inmunofluorescence assay, differentiated cells were counted and neurites were measured. MC3T3 cells were subjected to an AlamarBlue assay for viability, ALP activity was measured, and a real time PCR was carried out. Results Our results show that electrically stimulated cells had more tendency to differentiate in both cell lines when compared to non-stimulated cultures, paired with a promotion of neurite growth and polarization in N2a cells and an increase in proliferation in MC3T3 cell line. Conclusions These results prove the effectiveness of electrical stimulation as a tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, both for neural and bone injuries. Bone progenitor cells submitted to electrical stimulation have a higher tendency to differentiate and proliferate, filling the gaps present in injuries. On the other hand, neuronal progenitor cells differentiate, and their neurites can be polarized to follow the electric field applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. .,Microelectronics Institute of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - J Bocio-Nuñez
- Bone Metabolism Unit, UGC Medicina Interna, HUV Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Santiago F Scagliusi
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Microelectronics Institute of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Pérez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Microelectronics Institute of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria Huertas
- Microelectronics Institute of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Electronics and Electromagnetism Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Yúfera
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Microelectronics Institute of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercè Giner
- Departamento de Citologia e Histologia Normal y Patologica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Daza
- Cell Biology Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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17
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How to correctly estimate the electric field in capacitively coupled systems for tissue engineering: a comparative study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11049. [PMID: 35773278 PMCID: PMC9247067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Capacitively Coupled (CCoupled) electric fields are used to stimulate cell cultures in Tissue Engineering. Knowing the electric field (E-Field) magnitude in the culture medium is fundamental to establish a relationship between stimulus strength and cellular effects. We analysed eight CCoupled studies and sought to corroborate the reported estimates of the E-Field in the culture medium. First, we reviewed the basic physics underlying CCoupled stimulation and delineated three approaches to estimate the E-field. Using these approaches, we found that the reported values were overestimated in five studies, four of which were based on incorrect assumptions. In all studies, insufficient information was provided to reproduce the setup exactly. Creating electrical models of the experimental setup should improve the accuracy of the E-field estimates and enhance reproducibility. For this purpose, we developed a free open-source tool, the E-field Calculator for CCoupled systems, which is available for download from an internet hosting platform.
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18
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Montorsi M, Genchi GG, De Pasquale D, De Simoni G, Sinibaldi E, Ciofani G. Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a Multimodal Reconfigurable Bioreactor for Bone Tissue Engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1965-1979. [PMID: 35383894 PMCID: PMC9324218 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, bone tissue engineering developed and exploited many typologies of bioreactors, which, besides providing proper culture conditions, aimed at integrating those bio‐physical stimulations that cells experience in vivo, to promote osteogenic differentiation. Nevertheless, the highly challenging combination and deployment of many stimulation systems into a single bioreactor led to the generation of several unimodal bioreactors, investigating one or at mostly two of the required biophysical stimuli. These systems miss the physiological mimicry of bone cells environment, and often produced contrasting results, thus making the knowledge of bone mechanotransduction fragmented and often inconsistent. To overcome this issue, in this study we developed a perfusion and electroactive‐vibrational reconfigurable stimulation bioreactor to investigate the differentiation of SaOS‐2 bone‐derived cells, hosting a piezoelectric nanocomposite membrane as cell culture substrate. This multimodal perfusion bioreactor is designed based on a numerical (finite element) model aimed at assessing the possibility to induce membrane nano‐scaled vibrations (with ~12 nm amplitude at a frequency of 939 kHz) during perfusion (featuring 1.46 dyn cm−2 wall shear stress), large enough for inducing a physiologically‐relevant electric output (in the order of 10 mV on average) on the membrane surface. This study explored the effects of different stimuli individually, enabling to switch on one stimulation at a time, and then to combine them to induce a faster bone matrix deposition rate. Biological results demonstrate that the multimodal configuration is the most effective in inducing SaOS‐2 cell differentiation, leading to 20‐fold higher collagen deposition compared to static cultures, and to 1.6‐ and 1.2‐fold higher deposition than the perfused‐ or vibrated‐only cultures. These promising results can provide tissue engineering scientists with a comprehensive and biomimetic stimulation platform for a better understanding of mechanotransduction phenomena beyond cells differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Montorsi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giada Graziana Genchi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giorgio De Simoni
- CNR, Nanoscience Institute, NEST Laboratory, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Sinibaldi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Biodesign Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Simpson Querrey Institute, Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
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20
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Zhang J, He X, Zhou Z, Chen X, Shao J, Huang D, Dong L, Lin J, Wang H, Weng W, Cheng K. The osteogenic response to chirality-patterned surface potential distribution of CFO/P(VDF-TrFE) membranes. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4576-4587. [PMID: 35791864 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) has demonstrated an ability to promote osteogenesis, and the biomaterials with a chirality-patterned topological surface could enhance cellular osteogenic differentiation. In this work, we created a chirality-patterned...
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xuzhao He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Jiaqi Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lingqing Dong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Wenjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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21
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Hao Z, Xu Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Li H, Chen T, Hu Y, Chen R, Huang K, Chen C, Li J. Biophysical Stimuli as the Fourth Pillar of Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790050. [PMID: 34858997 PMCID: PMC8630705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of critical bone defects remains challenging worldwide. Three canonical pillars (biomaterial scaffolds, bioactive molecules, and stem cells) of bone tissue engineering have been widely used for bone regeneration in separate or combined strategies, but the delivery of bioactive molecules has several obvious drawbacks. Biophysical stimuli have great potential to become the fourth pillar of bone tissue engineering, which can be categorized into three groups depending on their physical properties: internal structural stimuli, external mechanical stimuli, and electromagnetic stimuli. In this review, distinctive biophysical stimuli coupled with their osteoinductive windows or parameters are initially presented to induce the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Then, osteoinductive mechanisms of biophysical transduction (a combination of mechanotransduction and electrocoupling) are reviewed to direct the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These mechanisms include biophysical sensing, transmission, and regulation. Furthermore, distinctive application strategies of biophysical stimuli are presented for bone tissue engineering, including predesigned biomaterials, tissue-engineered bone grafts, and postoperative biophysical stimuli loading strategies. Finally, ongoing challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanke Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingkun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renxin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kegang Huang
- Wuhan Institute of Proactive Health Management Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Hefeng Central Hospital, Enshi, China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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