1
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Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Li R, Li J, Shi H, Zhang C, Feng L. Customized A-D-A type molecule to construct a nitric oxide nanogenerator with enhanced antibacterial activity for infected wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:9675-9685. [PMID: 39193614 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose an increasingly serious threat to global health due to the development of drug-resistant strains. Developing a method to efficiently kill bacteria and promote tissue repair is imperative to decrease the damage from bacterial infection, especially infected wounds. Herein, a biofriendly and light-controlled nitric oxide (NO) generator HFB with simultaneous bacterial killing and wound repair properties is reported based on a tailored light-responsive molecule F(EIBC)2. HFB demonstrates an appropriate photothermal conversion efficiency of 33.4% and type I reactive oxygen species (˙OH and H2O2) generation capability to simultaneously trigger NO generation and potently kill bacteria. Furthermore, HFB can effectively eradicate mature bacterial biofilms with the aid of favorable permeability of NO. Additionally, HFB effectively eradicates Staphylococcus aureus in infected wounds of living mice and accelerates healing via NO-induced angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Owing to the encapsulated human serum albumin (HSA), heavy metal-free feature, and synergistic killing mechanism, HFB exhibits good biosafety to surrounding tissue and major organs. This work provides a novel dual-functional photo-responsive molecule and a potential light-controlled release platform for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Chuangxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Ruipeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
- Institute for Carbon-Based Thin Film Electronics, Peking University, Shanxi (ICTFE-PKU), Taiyuan 030012, China
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2
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Miranda-Buendia E, González-Gómez GH, Maciel-Cerda A, González-Torres M. In Vitro Culture of Human Dermal Fibroblasts on Novel Electrospun Polylactic Acid Fiber Scaffolds Loaded with Encapsulated Polyepicatechin Physical Gels. Gels 2024; 10:601. [PMID: 39330203 PMCID: PMC11431576 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyepicatechin (PEC) in a hydrogel has previously shown promise in enhancing physiological properties and scaffold preparation. However, it remains unclear whether PEC-based fibers can be applied in skin tissue engineering (STE). This study aimed to synthesize and characterize electrospun PEC physical gels and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds (PLAloadedPECsub) for potential use as constructs with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). PEC was produced through enzymatic polymerization, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the feasibility of producing PLAloadedPECsub by electrospinning. The metabolic activity and viability of HDFs cocultured with the scaffolds indicate that PLAloadedPECsub is promising for the use of STE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Miranda-Buendia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (G.H.G.-G.)
| | - Gertrudis H. González-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (G.H.G.-G.)
| | - Alfredo Maciel-Cerda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- Conahcyt & Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra”, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
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3
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Feng Y, Qin S, Yang Y, Li H, Zheng Y, Shi S, Xu J, Wen S, Zhou X. A functional hydrogel of dopamine-modified gelatin with photothermal properties for enhancing infected wound healing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114058. [PMID: 38936031 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Infected skin wound has gradually become a prevalent injury that affects overall health. Currently, biomaterials with good adhesion, efficient antibacterial properties, and angiogenesis are considered as a suitable way to effectively heal infected wound. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel comprising gelatin, dopamine (DA), and ferric ions (Fe3+) was developed for infected wound healing. The modified gelatin-dopamine (Gel-DA) enhanced adhesive capability. Subsequently introducing ferric ions (Fe3+) to form Gel-DA-Fe3+ hydrogels by Fe3+ and catechol coordination bonds. The designed hydrogels demonstrated multifaceted functionality, encompassing photothermal antibacterial, angiogenesis, and so on. The introduction of DA enhanced the adhesion of Gel-DA-Fe3+ to the skin surface and might serve as a physical barrier to seal wound. Meanwhile, DA and Fe3+ jointly endowed good photothermal effects to composite hydrogels, which could eliminate over 95 % of bacteria. In vitro results revealed that Gel-DA-Fe3+ hydrogels had good biocompatibility and promoted HUVECs migration and tube formation. Furthermore, in vivo studies confirmed that Gel-DA-Fe3+ hydrogels markedly expedited the wound healing of rats through eradicating bacteria, accelerating the deposition of collagen, and promoting angiogenesis. What's more, Gel-DA-Fe3+ hydrogels under near-infrared laser had a more pronounced ability for wound healing. Therefore, Gel-DA-Fe3+ hydrogels had great potential for application in bacteria-infected wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Yemei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huarun Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Yushi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Siman Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Jieru Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China; Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Shiyu Wen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xianyi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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4
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Yu P, Wei L, Yang Z, Liu X, Ma H, Zhao J, Liu L, Wang L, Chen R, Cheng Y. Hydrogel Wound Dressings Accelerating Healing Process of Wounds in Movable Parts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6610. [PMID: 38928316 PMCID: PMC11203733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in the human body and requires proper dressing to facilitate healing after an injury. Wounds on movable parts, such as the elbow, knee, wrist, and neck, usually undergo delayed and inefficient healing due to frequent movements. To better accommodate movable wounds, a variety of functional hydrogels have been successfully developed and used as flexible wound dressings. On the one hand, the mechanical properties, such as adhesion, stretchability, and self-healing, make these hydrogels suitable for mobile wounds and promote the healing process; on the other hand, the bioactivities, such as antibacterial and antioxidant performance, could further accelerate the wound healing process. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in hydrogel-based movable wound dressings and propose the challenges and perspectives of such dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Liqi Wei
- Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Engineering Research, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Engineering Research, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Engineering Research, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Lulu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Lili Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China; (P.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Yan Cheng
- Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Engineering Research, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (H.M.)
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5
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Zhao K, Hu Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhou M, Ye X, Zhou F, Zhu B, Ding Z. Bletilla striata Polysaccharide-/Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogel with Enhanced Photothermal Effect for Rapid Healing of Diabetic Infected Wounds via the Regulation of Microenvironment. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3345-3359. [PMID: 38700942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The management of diabetic ulcers poses a significant challenge worldwide, and persistent hyperglycemia makes patients susceptible to bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the overuse of antibiotics may lead to drug resistance and prolonged infections, contributing to chronic inflammation and hindering the healing process. To address these issues, a photothermal therapy technique was incorporated in the preparation of wound dressings. This innovative solution involved the formulation of a self-healing and injectable hydrogel matrix based on the Schiff base structure formed between the oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan. Furthermore, the introduction of CuO nanoparticles encapsulated in polydopamine imparted excellent photothermal properties to the hydrogel, which promoted the release of berberine (BER) loaded on the nanoparticles and boosted the antibacterial performance. In addition to providing a reliable physical protection to the wound, the developed hydrogel, which integrated the herbal components of BSP and BER, effectively accelerated wound closure via microenvironment regulation, including alleviated inflammatory reaction, stimulated re-epithelialization, and reduced oxidative stress based on the promising results from cell and animal experiments. These impressive outcomes highlighted their clinical potential in safeguarding the wound against bacterial intrusion and managing diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbo Hu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcan Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchi Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fangmei Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
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6
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Wang Y, Gao H, Wang X, Li D, Zhang W, Meng X, Wang L, Zhu T, Dong P, Chen Y, Meng X. Dual cross-linked self-healing hydrogel enhanced by dopamine nanoparticles and raffinose for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132615. [PMID: 38795900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
A series of intricate and dynamic physiological healing processes are involved in the healing of skin wounds. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel is firstly designed and constructed by L-arginine-grafted O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCA), catechol-modified oxidized hyaluronic acid (DOHA), and dopamine nanoparticles (pDA-NPs). pDA-NPs were loaded in hydrogel for inherently powerful antimicrobial properties and could be as a cross-linking agent to construct hydrogels. Raffinose (Raf) was further incorporated to obtain CMCA-DOHA-pDA2@Raf hydrogel for its function of modulating epidermal differentiation. The hydrogel has good physicochemical properties and could promote cell proliferation and migration, which shows superior hemostatic capabilities in animal models of hemorrhage. The hydrogel significantly promoted wound healing on rat skin defect models by upregulating VEGF and CD31 and decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α, stimulating neovascularization and collagen deposition in epithelial structures. This multifunctional hydrogel implies the potential to be a dynamic wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Skin Drug Delivery Technology, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Skin Drug Delivery Technology, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Skin Drug Delivery Technology, Jinan 250101, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Skin Drug Delivery Technology, Jinan 250101, China.
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7
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Yu Y, Yang M, Zhao H, Zhang C, Liu K, Liu J, Li C, Cai B, Guan F, Yao M. Natural blackcurrant extract contained gelatin hydrogel with photothermal and antioxidant properties for infected burn wound healing. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101113. [PMID: 38933414 PMCID: PMC11201118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Burns represent a prevalent global health concern and are particularly susceptible to bacterial infections. Severe infections may lead to serious complications, posing a life-threatening risk. Near-infrared (NIR)-assisted photothermal antibacterial combined with antioxidant hydrogel has shown significant potential in the healing of infected wounds. However, existing photothermal agents are typically metal-based, complicated to synthesize, or pose biosafety hazards. In this study, we utilized plant-derived blackcurrant extract (B) as a natural source for both photothermal and antioxidant properties. By incorporating B into a G-O hydrogel crosslinked through Schiff base reaction between gelatin (G) and oxidized pullulan (O), the resulting G-O-B hydrogel exhibited good injectability and biocompatibility along with robust photothermal and antioxidant activities. Upon NIR irradiation, the controlled temperature (around 45-50 °C) generated by the G-O-B hydrogel resulted in rapid (10 min) and efficient killing of Staphylococcus aureus (99 %), Escherichia coli (98 %), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (82 %). Furthermore, the G-O-B0.5 hydrogel containing 0.5 % blackcurrant extract promoted collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and accelerated burn wound closure conclusively, demonstrating that this well-designed and extract-contained hydrogel dressing holds immense potential for enhancing the healing process of bacterial-infected burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Yu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengyu Yang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bingjie Cai
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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8
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Shan J, Jin X, Zhang C, Huang M, Xing J, Li Q, Cui Y, Niu Q, Chen XL, Wang X. Metal natural product complex Ru-procyanidins with quadruple enzymatic activity combat infections from drug-resistant bacteria. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2298-2316. [PMID: 38799629 PMCID: PMC11121202 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection hampers wound repair by impeding the healing process. Concurrently, inflammation at the wound site triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and damage to proteins and cells. This can lead to chronic wounds, posing severe risks. Therefore, eliminating bacterial infection and reducing ROS levels are crucial for effective wound healing. Nanozymes, possessing enzyme-like catalytic activity, can convert endogenous substances into highly toxic substances, such as ROS, to combat bacteria and biofilms without inducing drug resistance. However, the current nanozyme model with single enzyme activity falls short of meeting the complex requirements of antimicrobial therapy. Thus, developing nanozymes with multiple enzymatic activities is essential. Herein, we engineered a novel metalloenzyme called Ru-procyanidin nanoparticles (Ru-PC NPs) with diverse enzymatic activities to aid wound healing and combat bacterial infections. Under acidic conditions, due to their glutathione (GSH) depletion and peroxidase (POD)-like activity, Ru-PC NPs combined with H2O2 exhibit excellent antibacterial effects. However, in a neutral environment, the Ru-PC NPs, with catalase (CAT) activity, decompose H2O2 to O2, alleviating hypoxia and ensuring a sufficient oxygen supply. Furthermore, Ru-PC NPs possess exceptional antioxidant capacity through their superior superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, effectively scavenging excess ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in a neutral environment. This maintains the balance of the antioxidant system and prevents inflammation. Ru-PC NPs also promote the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2, facilitating wound healing. More importantly, Ru-PC NPs show good biosafety with negligible toxicity. In vivo wound infection models have confirmed the efficacy of Ru-PC NPs in inhibiting bacterial infection and promoting wound healing. The focus of this work highlights the quadruple enzymatic activity of Ru-PC NPs and its potential to reduce inflammation and promote bacteria-infected wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shan
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muchen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jianghao Xing
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuyu Cui
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qiang Niu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xu Lin Chen
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
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9
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Omidian H, Wilson RL, Gill EJ. Advancements and Challenges in Self-Healing Hydrogels for Wound Care. Gels 2024; 10:241. [PMID: 38667660 PMCID: PMC11048759 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript explores self-healing hydrogels as innovative solutions for diverse wound management challenges. Addressing antibiotic resistance and tailored wound care, these hydrogels exhibit promising outcomes, including accelerated wound closure and tissue regeneration. Advancements in multifunctional hydrogels with controlled drug release, antimicrobial properties, and real-time wound assessment capabilities signal a significant leap toward patient-centered treatments. However, challenges such as scalability, long-term safety evaluation, and variability in clinical outcomes persist. Future directions emphasize personalized medicine, manufacturing innovation, rigorous evaluation through clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This manuscript features the ongoing pursuit of effective, adaptable, and comprehensive wound care solutions to transform medical treatments and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA; (R.L.W.); (E.J.G.)
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10
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Liu K, Yu Y, Zhao H, Yang M, Zhang C, Guan F, Yao M. Cowberry extract loaded chitosan hydrogel with photothermal and antioxidant properties promotes infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129988. [PMID: 38325692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and oxidative stress impede clinical wound healing. Herein, the plant-derived cowberry extract (CE) was first explored as a natural photothermal agent and antioxidant to deal with bacterial infection and oxidative stress. After loading in the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs)/oxidized dextran (Odex) hydrogel, the photothermal effect of CE was highly enhanced by CMCs. The controlled temperature induced by CE-containing hydrogel under NIR laser irradiation could rapidly (10 min) and effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, 99.3 %) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, 94.6 %). Besides, this hydrogel exhibited a fast gelation and hemostasis abilities, high stability, adhesion and ROS scavenging capabilities, as well as good injectability and biocompatibility. Above superior properties make this hydrogel to accelerate the wound healing in S. aureus-infected mice, and it is expected to be a potential clinical wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yachao Yu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Mengyu Yang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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11
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Fan X, Huang J, Zhang W, Su Z, Li J, Wu Z, Zhang P. A Multifunctional, Tough, Stretchable, and Transparent Curcumin Hydrogel with Potent Antimicrobial, Antioxidative, Anti-inflammatory, and Angiogenesis Capabilities for Diabetic Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9749-9767. [PMID: 38359334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of diabetic chronic wounds is still faced with great challenges, mainly due to wound infection, excessive inflammation, and peripheral vascular disease in the wound area. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop a novel multifunctional hydrogel with high efficiency to accelerate diabetic wound healing. Curcumin (Cur), a Chinese herbal, has shown great potential in enhancing the healing of diabetic chronic wounds because of its immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic properties. However, its low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and chemical instability have limited its clinical applications. To address these current bottlenecks, novel poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (SA)-Cur (PCSA) hydrogels were prepared for the first time, and they demonstrated all of the above intriguing performances by the Michael addition reaction of CS and Cur. PCSA hydrogels show multiple dynamic bonds, which possess strong mechanical properties (tensile stress: ∼0.980 MPa; toughness: ∼258.45 kJ/m3; and compressive strength: ∼7.38 MPa at strain of 80%). These intriguing performances provided an optimal microenvironment for cell migration and proliferation and also promoted the growth of blood vessels, leading to early angiogenesis. Importantly, the experimental results demonstrated that PCSA hydrogels can effectively transform pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages without the need for additional ingredients in vitro. Benefiting from these characteristics, a full-thickness diabetic wound in a rat model demonstrated that PCSA hydrogels can effectively accelerate wound healing via ROS-scavenging, downregulation of IL-1β, and upregulation of CD31 expression, resulting in angiogenesis and collagen deposition. This strategy not only provides a simple and safe Cur-based hydrogel for diabetic wound healing but also highlights the significant potential for the development of high-performance biomaterials for promoting diabetic wound healing using traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmou Fan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Zhihong Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Zeyong Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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12
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Wang Q, Han Q, Xu X, Ding X, Nie X, Xu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Li J, Shi Q. Bioinspired Zn-MOF doped radial porous chitosan-based sponge with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for rapid hemostasis and wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128960. [PMID: 38151078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel bioinspired radial porous zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) doped sodium alginate/chitosan derivatives/pullulan-based SA/PSCS/Pul/Zn-MOF (SPCP/Zn) composites sponge with excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties was fabricated by the ice-templating method. Boric acid (BA) and Ca2+, which were respectively used as hydrogen- and ionic- bonding cross-linkers, provided strong mechanical properties for sponge matrix composed of SA, PSCS, and Pul. The obtained SPCP/Zn sponge exhibited uniform porous morphology, proper hydrophilicity, and admirable biocompatibility. In addition, the SPCP/Zn sponge achieved a sustained release of Zn2+ and gallic acid, which displayed powerful antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Importantly, the SPCP/Zn sponge exhibited shorter rapid hemostasis (20.4 ± 2.9 s) and lower blood loss (19.8 ± 4.3 mg). The SPCP/Zn sponge also showed faster wound closure ratio for the rat full-thickness skin defect model. It was revealed that SPCP/Zn sponge could significantly accelerate and enhance wound healing through downregulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and increasing the expression of growth factors (VEGF). Due to its excellent properties, the SPCP/Zn sponge may have promising potential in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qiaoyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemstry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China; Yantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Junqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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13
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Zhang W, Chen H, Zhao J, Chai P, Ma G, Dong Y, He X, Jiang Y, Wu Q, Hu Z, Wei Q. Body temperature-induced adhesive hyaluronate/gelatin-based hybrid hydrogel dressing for promoting skin regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126848. [PMID: 37699465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin wound management faces significant clinical challenges, including continuous bacterial infection and inflammation. Therefore, developing removable hydrogel dressings with intrinsic multifunctional properties is highly desirable. In this study, a body temperature-induced adhesive and removable hydrogel was designed to treat skin defect wounds. The HA/Gel-R-Ag hybrid gel was prepared by incorporating a silver ion-crosslinked sulfhydryl hyaluronate/gelatin-based polymeric gel network into a supramolecular rhein gel network, thereby significantly enhancing its mechanical properties. Temperature-responsive gelatin chains give the hybrid gel reversible tissue adhesiveness and detachment, thus avoiding secondary injury to wounds when changing the hydrogels. The hybrid gel exhibited excellent bactericidal ability owing to the antibacterial capacity of the silver ions and rhein. Moreover, both HA and rhein endowed the hybrid gel with immunoregulatory effects by promoting macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. In a full-thickness skin defect mouse mode, this porous, degradable, and biocompatible HA/Gel-R-Ag hybrid gel boosted skin regeneration by inhibiting inflammation and promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis. It is thus a simple method for widening the application range of mechanically weak rhein gels and providing a promising wound dressing material with multiple intrinsic functions for treating skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hanwen Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Junkai Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Panfeng Chai
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guanglei Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yahao Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Zhiguo Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Qingcong Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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14
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Guo H, Shen H, Ma J, Wang P, Yao Z, Zhang W, Tan X, Chi B. Versatile Injectable Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel for Immediate Hemostasis, Robust Tissue Adhesion Barrier, and Antibacterial Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37922211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Iatrogenic ulcers resulting from endoscopic submucosal dissection surgery remain a significant clinical concern due to the risk of uncontrolled bleeding. Herein, we have developed an injectable shear-thinning hydrogel cross-linked through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The hydrogel underwent comprehensive characterization, focusing on rheological behavior, injectability, microstructure, film-forming capability, adhesion, swelling behavior, degradation kinetics, antibacterial efficacy, hemostatic performance, and biocompatibility. The incorporation of poly(vinyl alcohol) notably enhanced the internal structural stability and injection pressure, while the Laponite content influenced self-healing ability, modulus, and viscosity. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited pH sensitivity, appropriate degradation, and swelling rates and displayed favorable film-forming and adhesion properties. Notably, it demonstrated excellent resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting its potential to create an optimal wound environment. In vivo studies further confirmed the hydrogel's exceptional hemostatic performance, positioning it as an optimal material for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) surgery. Moreover, cell experiments and hemolysis tests revealed high biocompatibility, supporting their potential to facilitate the healing of iatrogenic ulcers post-ESD surgery. In conclusion, our hydrogels hold great promise as endoscopic treatment materials for ESD-induced ulcers given their outstanding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haifeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Juping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Penghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zheng Yao
- China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210019, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bo Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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