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Yao S, Luo G, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhan Y, Xu N, Zhang X, Zheng L. Apolipoprotein M promotes the anti-inflammatory effect of high-density lipoprotein by binding to scavenger receptor BI. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1676. [PMID: 33490188 PMCID: PMC7812182 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation participates pivotally in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated plasma protein that affects HDL metabolism and shows various anti-inflammatory functions in atherosclerosis. In this study, we aim to determine whether apoM is expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and promoted the anti-inflammatory effect of HDL by combing with scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI). Methods The expression of apoM in PBMCs is detected by a confocal fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry. The interactions between apoM and SR-BI are detected with co-immunoprecipitation. The multiplexed Luminex xMAP assay detects the inflammatory factors induced by apoM+ HDL and apoM– HDL in inflammatory cell model. Results ApoM is expressed on CD14+ monocytes, CD3+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells, CD16+ and CD56+ NK cells. CD14+ monocytes have the highest ratio of apoM+ cells. ApoM+ HDL, apoM– HDL, and recombinant apoM protein could be co-precipitated with SR-BI on the surface of human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells. In vitro, apoM+ HDL induces significantly less expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β than apoM– HDL. Conclusions ApoM was expressed on all PBMCs. ApoM interacted with SR-BI on THP-1. ApoM+ HDL has a more significant anti-inflammatory effect than apoM– HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Zhan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, Lunds, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Apolipoprotein M: Research Progress and Clinical Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:85-103. [PMID: 32705596 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was first identified and characterized to the apolipoprotein family in 1999. Human apoM gene is located in a highly conserved segment in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III locus on chromosome 6 and codes for an about 23 kDa protein that structurally belongs to the lipocalin superfamily. ApoM is selectively expressed in hepatocytes and in the tubular epithelium of kidney. In human plasma, apoM is mainly confined to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, but it may also occur in other lipoprotein classes, such as in the triglyceride-rich particles after fat intake. It has been demonstrated that apoM is critical for the formation of HDL, notably pre-beta HDL1. The antiatherogenic function of HDL is well established, and its ability to promote cholesterol efflux from foam cells in the atherosclerotic lesions is generally regarded as one of the key mechanisms behind this protective function. However, HDL could also display a variety of properties that may affect the complex atherosclerotic processes by other mechanisms, thus being involved in processes related to antioxidant defense, immune system, and systemic effects in septicemia, which may be partly contributed via its apolipoproteins and/or phospholipids. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that apoM functions as a natural carrier of sphingosin-1-phosphate (S1P) in vivo which may be related to its antiatherosclerotic and protective effects on endothelial cell barrier and anti-inflammatory properties. These may also provide a link between the diverse effects of HDL.
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Feng YH, Zheng L, Wei J, Yu MM, Zhang J, Luo GH, Xu N. Increased apolipoprotein M induced by lack of scavenger receptor BI is not activated via HDL-mediated cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:200. [PMID: 30144814 PMCID: PMC6109342 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is a classic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, which mediates selective lipid uptake from HDL cholesterol esters (HDL-C). Apolipoprotein M (ApoM), as a component of HDL particles, could influence preβ-HDL formation and cholesterol efflux. The aim of this study was to determine whether SR-BI deficiency influenced the expression of ApoM. Methods Blood samples and liver tissues were collected from SR-BI gene knockout mice, and serum lipid parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C) and ApoM were measured. Hepatic ApoM and ApoAI mRNA levels were also determined. In addition, BLT-1, an inhibitor of SR-BI, was added to HepG2 cells cultured with cholesterol and HDL, under serum or serum-free conditions. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ApoM were detected by RT-PCR and western blot. Results We found that increased serum ApoM protein levels corresponded with high hepatic ApoM mRNA levels in both male and female SR-BI−/− mice. Besides, serum TC and HDL-C were also significantly increased. Treatment of HepG2 hepatoma cells with SR-BI specific inhibitor, BLT-1, could up-regulate ApoM expression in serum-containing medium but not in serum-free medium, even in the presence of HDL-C and cholesterol. Conclusions Results suggested that SR-BI deficiency promoted ApoM expression, but the increased ApoM might be independent from HDL-mediated cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Feng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jiang Wei
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Miao-Mei Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Guang-Hua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Wei J, Yu Y, Luo GH, Feng YH, Shi YP, Zhang J, Mu QF, Yu MM, Pan LL, Berggren-Söderlund M, Nilsson-Ehle P, Zhang XY, Xu N. 17β-estradiol regulates the expression of apolipoprotein M through estrogen receptor α-specific binding motif in its promoter. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:66. [PMID: 28359281 PMCID: PMC5374570 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that estrogen could significantly enhance expression of apolipoprotein M (apoM), whereas the molecular basis of its mechanism is not fully elucidated yet. To further investigate the mechanism behind the estrogen induced up-regulation of apoM expression. Results Our results demonstrated either free 17β-estradiol (E2) or membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated E2 (E2-BSA) could modulate human apoM gene expression via the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) pathway in the HepG2 cells. Moreover, experiments with the luciferase activity analysis of truncated apoM promoters could demonstrate that a regulatory region (from-1580 to −1575 bp (−GGTCA-)) upstream of the transcriptional start site of apoM gene was essential for the basal transcriptional activity that regulated by the ER-α. With the applications of an electrophoresis mobility shift assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we could successfully identify a specific ER-α binding element in the apoM promoter region. Conculsion In summary, the present study indicates that 17β-estradiol induced up-regulation of apoM in HepG2 cells is through an ER-α-dependent pathway involving ER-α binding element in the promoter of the apoM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wei
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Guang-Hua Luo
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yue-Hua Feng
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yuan-Ping Shi
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Qin-Feng Mu
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Miao-Mei Yu
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Li-Li Pan
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Maria Berggren-Söderlund
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Vertebrates are endowed with a closed circulatory system, the evolution of which required novel structural and regulatory changes. Furthermore, immune cell trafficking paradigms adapted to the barriers imposed by the closed circulatory system. How did such changes occur mechanistically? We propose that spatial compartmentalization of the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) may be one such mechanism. In vertebrates, S1P is spatially compartmentalized in the blood and lymphatic circulation, thus comprising a sharp S1P gradient across the endothelial barrier. Circulatory S1P has critical roles in maturation and homeostasis of the vascular system as well as in immune cell trafficking. Physiological functions of S1P are tightly linked to shear stress, the key biophysical stimulus from blood flow. Thus, circulatory S1P confinement could be a primordial strategy of vertebrates in the development of a closed circulatory system. This review discusses the cellular and molecular basis of the S1P gradients and aims to interpret its physiological significance as a key feature of the closed circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
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Hu YW, Chen ZP, Hu XM, Zhao JY, Huang JL, Ma X, Li SF, Qiu YR, Wu XJ, Sha YH, Gao JJ, Wang YC, Zheng L, Wang Q. The miR-573/apoM/Bcl2A1-dependent signal transduction pathway is essential for hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Apoptosis 2016. [PMID: 26201458 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with an increasing incidence worldwide. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a novel apolipoprotein that is mainly expressed in liver and kidney tissues. However, the anti-tumor properties of apoM remain largely unknown. We evaluated the anti-tumor activities and mechanisms of apoM in HCC both in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay results showed that apoM was a potential target of hsa-miR-573 and was downregulated after transfection with hsa-miR-573 mimics. Overexpression of apoM suppressed migration, invasion, and proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro. Overexpression of hsa-miR-573 in hepatoma cells reduced apoM expression, leading to promotion of the invasion, migration, and proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro. In addition, hsa-miR-573 markedly promoted growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice with an accompanying reduction in cell apoptosis. ApoM markedly inhibited growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice and promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, Bcl2A1 mRNA and protein levels were inhibited by apoM overexpression and an increase in apoptosis rate by apoM was markedly compensated by Bcl2A1 overexpression in HepG2 cells. These results provide evidence that hsa-miR-573 promoted tumor growth by inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis and this pro-tumor effect might be mediated through Bcl2A1 in an apoM-dependent manner. Therefore, our findings may be useful to improve understanding of the critical effects of hsa-miR-573 and apoM in HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
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Christensen PM, Liu CH, Swendeman SL, Obinata H, Qvortrup K, Nielsen LB, Hla T, Di Lorenzo A, Christoffersen C. Impaired endothelial barrier function in apolipoprotein M-deficient mice is dependent on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1. FASEB J 2016; 30:2351-9. [PMID: 26956418 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) transports sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in plasma, and ApoM-deficient mice (Apom(-/-)) have ∼50% reduced plasma S1P levels. There are 5 known S1P receptors, and S1P induces adherens junction formation between endothelial cells through the S1P1 receptor, which in turn suppresses vascular leak. Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between vascular leakage in ApoM deficiency and S1P1 function in normal physiology and in inflammation. Vascular permeability in the lungs was assessed by accumulation of dextran molecules (70 kDa) and was increased ∼40% in Apom(-/-) mice compared to WT (C57Bl6/j) mice. Reconstitution of plasma ApoM/S1P or treatment with an S1P1 receptor agonist (SEW2871) rapidly reversed the vascular leakage to a level similar to that in WT mice, suggesting that it is caused by decreased plasma levels of S1P and reduced S1P1 stimulation. In a carrageenan-induced model of inflammation, Apom(-/-) mice had increased vascular leakage compared with that in WT mice. Adenoviral overexpression of ApoM in Apom(-/-) mice decreased the vascular leakage compared to adenoviral overexpression of green fluorescent protein. The study suggests that vascular leakage of albumin-sized particles in ApoM deficiency is S1P- and S1P1-dependent and this dependency exacerbates the response to inflammatory stimuli.-Christensen, P. M., Liu, C. H., Swendeman, S. L., Obinata, H., Qvortrup, K., Nielsen, L B., Hla, T., Di Lorenzo, A., Christoffersen, C. Impaired endothelial barrier function in apolipoprotein M-deficient mice is dependent on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine H Liu
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven L Swendeman
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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di Masi A, Trezza V, Leboffe L, Ascenzi P. Human plasma lipocalins and serum albumin: Plasma alternative carriers? J Control Release 2016; 228:191-205. [PMID: 26951925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalins are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins that bind and transport a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands. Lipocalins share a conserved eight anti-parallel β-sheet structure. Among the different lipocalins identified in humans, α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), apolipoprotein D (apoD), apolipoprotein M (apoM), α1-microglobulin (α1-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) are plasma proteins. In particular, AGP is the most important transporter for basic and neutral drugs, apoD, apoM, and RBP mainly bind endogenous molecules such as progesterone, pregnenolone, bilirubin, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and retinol, while α1-m binds the heme. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a monomeric all-α protein that binds endogenous and exogenous molecules like fatty acids, heme, and acidic drugs. Changes in the plasmatic levels of lipocalins and HSA are responsible for the onset of pathological conditions associated with an altered drug transport and delivery. This, however, does not necessary result in potential adverse effects in patients because many drugs can bind both HSA and lipocalins, and therefore mutual compensatory binding mechanisms can be hypothesized. Here, molecular and clinical aspects of ligand transport by plasma lipocalins and HSA are reviewed, with special attention to their role as alterative carriers in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, I-00136 Roma, Italy.
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, I-00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, I-00136 Roma, Italy; Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Ren K, Tang ZL, Jiang Y, Tan YM, Yi GH. Apolipoprotein M. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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HUANG LIZHU, GAO JIALIN, PU CHUN, ZHANG PUHONG, WANG LIZHUO, FENG GANG, ZHANG YAO. Apolipoprotein M: Research progress, regulation and metabolic functions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1617-24. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yu Y, Luo GH, Zhang J, Jiang H, Wei J, Shi YP, Zhang XY, Xu N. Increased mRNA levels of apolipoprotein M and apolipoprotein AI in the placental tissues with fetal macrosomia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 291:299-303. [PMID: 25194312 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined mRNA levels of apolipoprotein M (apoM) and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) in the term placental tissues obtained from 37 women with normal birth weight neonates and from 37 women with macrosomic neonates (birth body weight ≥4,000 g), and further discussed possible clinical significance of these observations. METHODS The mRNA levels of apoM and apoAI in the placental tissues were determined by the real time RT-PCR, which demonstrated that both apoM and apoAI mRNA levels were significantly higher in the placentas from macrosomia than those from normal birth. Moreover, we analyzed the overexpressions of apoM and apoAI with the clinical data. Meanwhile we examined several known risk factors of macrosomia including the mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF-IIR. RESULTS It demonstrated that apoM expression was significantly positively correlated to the placental weight, fetal birth weight, pregestational body mass index (BMI), weight gain during pregnancy, maternal weight, maternal BMI and the mRNA levels of IGF-IR as well as IGF-IIR. The apoAI mRNA level was statistically significantly correlated to the placental weight, fetal birth weight, IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Binary logistic regression analysis suggested that both apoM and apoAI mRNA may considered as independent risk factors for macrosomia. The clinical significance needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 213003, Changzhou, People's Republic of China,
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12
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Zhao JY, Hu YW, Li SF, Hu YR, Ma X, Wu SG, Wang YC, Gao JJ, Sha YH, Zheng L, Wang Q. Dihydrocapsaicin down-regulates apoM expression through inhibiting Foxa2 expression and enhancing LXRα expression in HepG2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:50. [PMID: 24642298 PMCID: PMC3999941 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein M (apoM), as a novel apolipoprotein which is mainly expressed in liver and kidney tissues, is associated with development and progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Our group have recently shown that Dihydrocapsaicin(DHC)can significantly decrease atherosclerotic plaque formation in apoE−/− mice. However, the effect and possible mechanism of DHC on apoM expression remain unclear. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with 0 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM DHC for 24 h or were treated with 100 μM DHC for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mRNA levels and protein levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results We found that DHC markedly decreased expression of apoM at both mRNA and protein level in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Expression of Foxa2 was decreased while expression of LXRα was increased by DHC treatment in HepG2 cells. In addittion, overexpression of Foxa2 markedly compensated the inhibition effect induced by DHC on apoM expression. LXRα small interfering RNA significantly abolished the inhibition effect which induced by DHC on apoM expression. The liver of C57BL/6 mice treated with DHC had significantly lower expression of apoM. Furthermore, the liver had lower expression of Foxa2 while had higher expression of LXRα. Conclusions DHC could down-regulate apoM expression through inhibiting Foxa2 expression and enhancing LXRα expression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Hu YW, Zheng L, Wang Q, Zhong TY, Yu X, Bao J, Cao NN, Li B, Si-Tu B. Vascular endothelial growth factor downregulates apolipoprotein M expression by inhibiting Foxa2 in a Nur77-dependent manner. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 15:423-34. [PMID: 22877565 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) influences apolipoprotein M (ApoM) expression and pre-β-high-density lipoprotin (HDL) formation, and whether forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) and Nur77 are involved in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the serum VEGF concentrations of 264 adults who underwent a medical checkup and found that VEGF concentration was positively correlated with serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and ApoB concentrations, but was negatively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ApoM concentrations. We further investigated the effects of VEGF on ApoM expression and pre-β-HDL formation, and the mechanisms responsible, in HepG2 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. VEGF markedly downregulated ApoM expression and pre-β-HDL formation. At the same time, expression of Foxa2 was also inhibited, whereas expression of Nur77 was increased by treatment with VEGF. Furthermore, small interfering (si) RNA knockdown of Foxa2 made the downregulation of VEGF on ApoM expression and pre-β-HDL formation even more obvious. In addition, siRNA knockdown of Nur77 significantly compensated for the inhibitory effect of VEGF on Foxa2 expression, whereas the Nur77 agonist cytosporone B led to the downregulation of Foxa2 expression more significantly than VEGF. Moreover, overexpression of a Nur77 transgene in C57BL/6 mice resulted in decreased serum ApoM and pre-β-HDL levels, whereas si-Nur77-treated mice displayed upregulated serum ApoM and pre-β-HDL levels. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that VEGF may first downregulate expression of Foxa2 by enhancing Nur77 activity and then decrease expression of ApoM and pre-β-HDL formation. Therefore, our study may be useful in understanding the critical effect of VEGF in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Dihydrotestosterone regulating apolipoprotein M expression mediates via protein kinase C in HepG2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:168. [PMID: 23216709 PMCID: PMC3543304 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Administration of androgens decreases plasma concentrations of high-density lipid cholesterol (HDL-C). However, the mechanisms by which androgens mediate lipid metabolism remain unknown. This present study used HepG2 cell cultures and ovariectomized C57BL/6 J mice to determine whether apolipoprotein M (ApoM), a constituent of HDL, was affected by dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in the presence of either DHT, agonist of protein kinase C (PKC), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), blocker of androgen receptor flutamide together with different concentrations of DHT, or DHT together with staurosporine at different concentrations for 24 hrs. Ovariectomized C57BL/6 J mice were treated with DHT or vehicle for 7d or 14d and the levels of plasma ApoM and livers ApoM mRNA were measured. The mRNA levels of ApoM, ApoAI were determined by real-time RT-PCR. ApoM and ApoAI were determined by western blotting analysis. Results Addition of DHT to cell culture medium selectively down-regulated ApoM mRNA expression and ApoM secretion in a dose-dependent manner. At 10 nM DHT, the ApoM mRNA levels were about 20% lower than in untreated cells and about 40% lower at 1000 nM DHT than in the control cells. The secretion of ApoM into the medium was reduced to a similar extent. The inhibitory effect of DHT on ApoM secretion was not blocked by the classical androgen receptor blocker flutamide but by an antagonist of PKC, Staurosporine. Agonist of PKC, PMA, also reduced ApoM. At 0.5 μM PMA, the ApoM mRNA levels and the secretion of ApoM into the medium were about 30% lower than in the control cells. The mRNA expression levels and secretion of another HDL-associated apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) were not affected by DHT. The levels of plasma ApoM and liver ApoM mRNA of DHT-treated C57BL/6 J mice were lower than those of vehicle-treated mice. Conclusions DHT directly and selectively down-regulated the level of ApoM mRNA and the secretion of ApoM by protein kinase C but independently of the classical androgen receptor.
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15
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Gu JG, Zhu CL, Cheng DZ, Xie Y, Liu F, Zhou X. Enchanced levels of apolipoprotein M during HBV infection feedback suppresses HBV replication. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:154. [PMID: 21875437 PMCID: PMC3173363 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic liver diseases can interfere with hepatic metabolism of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major etiological agent causing acute and chronic liver diseases. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein and exclusively expressed in the liver parenchyma cells and in the tubular cells of the kidney. This study was to determine the correlation between HBV infection and ApoM expression. Materials and methods Serum ApoM levels in patients with HBV infection and in healthy individuals were measured by ELISA, ApoM mRNA expression were determined by RT-PCR, and the expression of S and E proteins of HBV, as well as the synthesis of viral DNA were measured by ELISA and real-time PCR. Results The levels of serum ApoM was significantly elevated in patients as compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.001), ApoM promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression were all stimulated in cells transfected with infectious HBV clone. In addition, ApoM decreases the expression of S and E proteins of HBV and the synthesis of viral DNA. Conclusion Raised ApoM levels in HBV infection may in turn suppress HBV replication, one of the protective mechanisms of nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gang Gu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, PR China
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16
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Estrogen upregulates hepatic apolipoprotein M expression via the estrogen receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1146-51. [PMID: 21816233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is present predominantly in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma, thus possibly involved in the regulation of HDL metabolism and the process of atherosclerosis. Although estrogen replacement therapy increases serum levels of apoAI and HDL, it does not seem to reduce the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Therefore, we investigated the effects of estrogen on apoM expression in vitro and in vivo. HepG2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of estrogen with or without the estrogen receptor antagonist, fulvestrant, and apoM expression in the cells was determined. Hepatic apoM expression and serum levels of apoM were also determined in normal and in ovariectomized rats treated with either placebo or estradiol benzoate, using sham operated rats as controls. Estrogen significantly increased mRNA levels of apoM and apoAI in HepG2 cell cultures in a dose- and time-dependent manner; the upregulation of both apolipoproteins was fully abolished by addition of estrogen receptor antagonist. In normal rats, estrogen treatment led to an increase in plasma lipid levels including HDL cholesterol, a marked upregulation of apoM mRNA and a significant increase in serum levels of apoM. The same pattern of regulation was found in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen. Thus, estrogen upregulates apoM expression both in vivo and in vitro by mechanism(s) involving the estrogen receptor.
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17
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Jiang J, Wu C, Luo G, Zheng L, Chen L, Zhang X, Xu N. Expression of apolipoprotein M in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:53-7. [PMID: 19796793 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined mRNA levels and protein mass of apolipoprotein M (apoM) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and in the adjacent tissues. Plasma apoM levels in these HCC patients were also determined and compared to the normal subjects. The mean level of plasma apoM in the HCC patients was 0.61±0.30ODmm⁻², which was significantly higher than that in the normal subjects 0.37±0.07ODmm⁻² (P<0.01). However, both apoM mRNA levels and apoM protein mass in the HCC tissues were significantly lower than in the adjacent tissues (P<0.05). It is concluded that human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues had a reduced capacity to produce apoM than the adjacent non-tumor tissues. However, the plasma apoM levels were higher in the HCC patients than in normal subjects, which suggested that tissues adjacent to the tumors or extra-hepatic apoM production in the HCC patients may contribute to the higher plasma apoM levels in these patients. The clinical significance of apoM in relation to HCC still needs further investigation.
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18
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Sevvana M, Kassler K, Ahnström J, Weiler S, Dahlbäck B, Sticht H, Muller YA. Mouse ApoM displays an unprecedented seven-stranded lipocalin fold: folding decoy or alternative native fold? J Mol Biol 2010; 404:363-71. [PMID: 20932978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse apolipoprotein M (m-apoM) displays a 79% sequence identity to human apolipoprotein M (h-apoM). Both proteins are apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoproteins, with similar anticipated biological functions. The structure of h-apoM has recently been determined by X-ray crystallography, which revealed that h-apoM displays, as expected, a lipocalin-like fold characterized by an eight-stranded β‑barrel that encloses an internal fatty-acid-binding site. Surprisingly, this is not true for m-apoM. After refolding from inclusion bodies, the crystal structure of m-apoM (reported here at 2.5 Å resolution) displays a novel yet unprecedented seven-stranded β-barrel structure. The fold difference is not caused by a mere deletion of a single β-strand; instead, β-strands E and F are removed and replaced by a single β-strand A' formed from residues from the N-terminus. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that m-apoM is able to adopt both a seven-stranded barrel structure and an eight-stranded barrel structure in solution, and that both folds are comparably stable. Thermal unfolding simulations identify the position where β-strand exchange occurs as the weak point of the β-barrel. We wonder whether the switch in topology could have a biological function and could facilitate ligand release, since it goes hand in hand with a narrowing of the barrel diameter. Possibly also, the observed conformation represents an on-pathway or off-pathway folding intermediate of apoM. The difference in fold topology is quite remarkable, and the fold promiscuity observed for m-apoM might possibly provide a glimpse at potential cross-points during the evolution of β-barrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumati Sevvana
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnik, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Im IZMP, Henkestr. 91, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Luo G, Zhang X, Mu Q, Chen L, Zheng L, Wei J, Berggren-Söderlund M, Nilsson-Ehle P, Xu N. Expression and localization of apolipoprotein M in human colorectal tissues. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:102. [PMID: 20846402 PMCID: PMC2945960 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been well documented that apolipoprotein M (apoM) is principally expressed in the liver and kidney. However we found that there was weak apoM expression in other tissues or organs too, which could not be ignored. In the present study, we therefore examined apoM expression in human colorectal tissues including cancer tissues, cancer adjacent normal tissues, polyp tissues and normal mucosa as well as inflammatory mucosa. Methods Tissue samples were collected from patients who underwent surgical resection or endoscopic examination. ApoM mRNA levels were determined by the real-time RT-PCR and apoM protein mass were examined by the immunohistochemistry. Results ApoM protein can be detected in all colorectal tissues. However, apoM protein mass were significantly lower in the cancer tissues than its matched adjacent normal tissues, polyp tissues, normal mucosa and inflammatory mucosa. In parallel, apoM mRNA levels in the colorectal cancer tissues (0.0536 ± 0.0131) were also significantly lower than those in their adjacent normal tissues (0.1907 ± 0.0563) (P = 0.033). Interestingly, apoM mRNA levels in colorectal cancer tissues were statistic significant higher in the patients with lymph node metastasis than the patients without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.008). Patients under Dukes' C and D stages had much higher apoM mRNA levels than patients under Dukes' A and B stages (P = 0.034). Conclusion It is concluded that apoM could also be expressed in human colorectal tissues besides liver and kidney. ApoM mRNA levels in the colorectal cancer tissues were significantly increased in the patients with lymph node metastasis. Whether increased apoM expression in the patients with lymph node metastasis being related to patients' prognosis and the physiopathological importance of apoM expression in colorectal tissues need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou, China
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20
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Christoffersen C, Dahlbäck B, Nielsen LB. Apolipoprotein M: Progress in understanding its regulation and metabolic functions. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009; 66:631-7. [PMID: 17101555 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ApoM is a novel apolipoprotein mainly present in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It belongs to the lipocalin protein superfamily and may bind a small but so far unknown lipophilic ligand. It is secreted without cleavage of its hydrophobic signal peptide, which probably anchors apoM in the phospholipid moiety of plasma lipoproteins. Recent studies suggest that apoM may affect HDL metabolism and have anti-atherogenic functions. The subfraction of human HDL that contains apoM therefore protects LDL from oxidation and mediates cholesterol efflux more efficiently then HDL without apoM. In addition to hepatocytes, apoM is highly expressed in kidney proximal tubule cells. Recent data suggest that apoM is secreted into the pre-urine from the tubule cells but is normally taken up again in a megalin-dependent fashion. Further studies of mice with genetically modified apoM expression will be essential to unravel the potential roles of apoM in lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and kidney biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Xu WW, Zhang Y, Tang YB, Xu YL, Zhu HZ, Ferro A, Ji Y, Chen Q, Fan LM. A GENETIC VARIANT OF APOLIPOPROTEIN M INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN A CHINESE POPULATION. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:546-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Huang XS, Zhao SP, Hu M, Luo YP. Apolipoprotein M likely extends its anti-atherogenesis via anti-inflammation. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:136-40. [PMID: 17218068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM), a novel human apolipoprotein recently discovered, predominantly presents in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma, exclusively expressed in liver and in kidney. The present data demonstrated apoM protects against atherosclerosis (AS) primarily via partaking in prebeta-HDL formation and promoting cholesterol efflux to HDL. However, this lipid-metabolism-associated pathway seems unlikely responsible for all atheroprotective effects of apoM. Notably, the human apoM gene is just located in the major histocompatibility complex class III region (MHC-III) on chromosome 6, many genes in this region are related to the immune and inflammatory response. Furthermore, apoM has been documented to link with some inflammatory factors including platelet activating factor (PAF) and leptin. These evidences indicate that apoM may be involved in inflammatory activities in vivo and the potential immuno- and inflam-reactive property of apoM may contribute to the anti-inflammatory function of HDL, as generally acknowledged as an important atheroprotective mechanism of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-sheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Zhonglu, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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23
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Xu X, Ye Q, Xu N, He X, Luo G, Zhang X, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Nilsson-Ehle P. Effects of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury on Apolipoprotein M Expression in the Liver. Transplant Proc 2006; 38:2769-73. [PMID: 17112825 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression pattern of apolipoprotein M (apoM) mRNA in a rat model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Animals were ischemic for 1 hour followed by various reperfusion times. As expected, serum alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly increased under IRI, which indicated the severity of liver injury. Hepatic mRNA levels of HSP70, which is the most common characterized protein within the family of heat-shock proteins (HSP), were significantly increased after 0.5 to 3 hours of IRI. Plasma C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) levels were significantly increased after 1-hour ischemia followed by 0.5 to 3 hours of reperfusion. Interestingly, similar to HSP70, apoM mRNA levels in the liver were gradually increased after 0.5 to 3 hours of IRI, whereas it returned to a lower level after 6 or 24 hours of IRI, which indicated that hepatic apoM expression was significantly influenced by the acute phase of IRI. However, plasma apoM levels were not increased in parallel, even slightly decreasing after 0.5 or 1 hour of IRI. We concluded that apoM mRNA expression pattern, like HSP70, in the liver showed rapid, significant changes during hepatic local IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Research Institute of Organ Transplantation, The Affiliated TongJi Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein M is a recently described apolipoprotein predominantly associated with high-density lipoprotein, but also found in chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoprotein. The purpose is to review recent information on the unusual structural properties of apolipoprotein M and its possible role in formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and reverse cholesterol metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Apolipoprotein M is a lipocalin having a coffee filter-like structure with a hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Mature apolipoprotein M retains its signal peptide, which serves as a hydrophobic anchor. In mice, silencing of expression in the liver with siRNA led to disappearance of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and appearance of unusually large high-density lipoproteins. This suggests that apolipoprotein M is important for the formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and reverse cholesterol transport. In accordance with this idea, hepatic overexpression of apolipoprotein M with an adenovirus in low-density lipoprotein-receptor deficient mice led to an approximately 70% reduction of atherosclerosis. In addition to the liver, apolipoprotein M is also expressed in the kidney. Kidney-derived apolipoprotein M binds to megalin, a member of the low-density lipoprotein-receptor family, which interacts with many lipocalins in renal tubuli. Apolipoprotein M is excreted in the urine of mice with a kidney-specific megalin deficiency but not in the urine of normal mice, suggesting megalin-mediated uptake of apolipoprotein M in the tubular epithelium of normal mice. SUMMARY Apolipoprotein M is a novel apolipoprotein with unusual structural features that appears to play important roles in high-density lipoprotein metabolism and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden.
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25
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Xu N, Nilsson-Ehle P, Ahrén B. Suppression of apolipoprotein M expression and secretion in alloxan-diabetic mouse: Partial reversal by insulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:1174-7. [PMID: 16516154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that apolipoprotein M (apoM) expression is reduced in ob/ob mice. Whether such a reduction is specific for this model or is a more general phenomenon in diabetes models is not known. In the present study, we therefore investigated apoM expression and secretion in NMRI mice rendered diabetes through administration of alloxan (120 mg/kg). Plasma glucose levels were markedly increased and plasma insulin levels markedly reduced at 3 days after alloxan. At the same time, that plasma apoM concentrations were decreased by 70%, apoM mRNA levels in liver was decreased by 40%, and apoM mRNA in kidney was decreased by 20% in alloxan-treated mice compared to saline-injected controls. Furthermore we found also that daily sc administration of insulin (5 IU/kg per day) increased plasma apoM levels, and apoM mRNA levels in liver and kidney. We therefore conclude that apoM is reduced in this diabetes model and that exogenous insulin administrations partially reverses the abnormal apoM expression. Based on these results, we suggest that insulin regulates apoM synthesis in vivo and, therefore, that the reduction of apoM expression is a general phenomenon in diabetes models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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26
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Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D. Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. J Proteome Res 2006; 4:2420-8. [PMID: 16335996 DOI: 10.1021/pr050213t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During early stages of embryo development, the brain cavity is filled with Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid, which has an essential role in the survival, proliferation and neurogenesis of the neuroectodermal stem cells. We identified and analyzed the proteome of Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid from rat embryos (Rattus norvegicus), which includes proteins involved in the regulation of Central Nervous System development. The comparison between mammalian and avian Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid proteomes reveals great similarity, but also greater complexity in some protein groups. The pattern of apolipoproteins and enzymes in CSF is more complex in the mammals than in birds. This difference may underlie the greater neural complexity and synaptic plasticity found in mammals. Fourteen Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid gene products were previously identified in adult human Cerebro-Spinal Fluid proteome, and interestingly they are altered in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and/or neurological disorders. Understanding these molecules and the mechanisms they control during embryonic neurogenesis may contribute to our understanding of Central Nervous System development and evolution, and these human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Parada
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Luo G, Hurtig M, Zhang X, Nilsson-Ehle P, Xu N. Leptin inhibits apolipoprotein M transcription and secretion in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:198-202. [PMID: 15904876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a novel apolipoprotein presented mostly in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma. Previously we have reported that both leptin and leptin receptor are essential for apoM expression in vivo. The expression of apoM is lower in the leptin deficient (ob/ob) mouse and leptin receptor deficient (db/db) mouse than in the normal mouse. In the present study, however, we demonstrated that supra-physiological concentrations of recombinant leptin significantly inhibited apoM transcription and secretion in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells. Both Northern blotting and real-time RT-PCR were applied into the analyses of apoM mRNA levels, and compatible data were obtained. The inhibitory effect of leptin on apoM mRNA levels in HepG2 cells is dose dependent, i.e. 100 ng/mL of leptin decreased apoM mRNA levels by 30%, and 500 ng/mL of leptin decreased apoM mRNA levels about 50%. Even at a physiological concentration of leptin (10 ng/mL), apoM expression was decreased, and in parallel, the secretion of apoM into the medium was also decreased. Furthermore, we examined apoAI, apoB and apoE by Northern blotting analyses. The results demonstrated that leptin does not significantly influence the expressions of apoAI, apoB and apoE in HepC2 cells, suggesting that leptin has a specific regulatory effect on hepatic apoM transcription and secretion in vitro. The mechanism on the contradictory effects of leptin on apoM expression in vivo and in vitro needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Changzhou 213003, China
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28
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Xu N, Nilsson-Ehle P, Hurtig M, Ahrén B. Both leptin and leptin-receptor are essential for apolipoprotein M expression in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:916-21. [PMID: 15358114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that circulating levels of leptin and apolipoprotein M (apoM) correlate to each other. In this study, we examined whether plasma leptin and leptin-receptors are of importance for apoM expression in vivo. It was found that in both liver and kidney, expression of apoM was significantly lower in leptin deficient ob/ob mice and in leptin-receptor deficient db/db mice than in control mice. Furthermore, leptin administration (0.5 or 1.5 microg/g body weight) significantly increased plasma apoM levels and apoM mRNA levels in liver and in kidney in ob/ob mice. We conclude that both leptin and leptin-receptor are essential for the apoM expression, indicating that leptin is physiologically regulating apoM synthesis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins/blood
- Apolipoproteins/genetics
- Apolipoproteins/metabolism
- Apolipoproteins M
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Leptin/deficiency
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Lipocalins
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Leptin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Luo G, Zhang X, Nilsson-Ehle P, Xu N. Apolipoprotein M. Lipids Health Dis 2004; 3:21. [PMID: 15461812 PMCID: PMC523857 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a 26-kDa protein that is mainly associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma, with a small proportion present in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Human apoM gene is located in p21.31 on chromosome 6 (chromosome 17, in mouse). Human apoM cDNA (734 base pairs) encodes 188-amino acid residue-long protein. It belongs to lipocalin protein superfamily. Human tissue expression array study indicates that apoM is only expressed in liver and in kidney and small amounts are found in fetal liver and kidney. In situ apoM mRNA hybridization demonstrates that apoM is exclusively expressed in the hepatocytes and in the tubule epithelial cells in kidney. Expression of apoM could be regulated by platelet activating factor (PAF), transforming growth factors (TGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and leptin in vivo and/or in vitro. It has been demonstrated that apoM expression is dramatically decreased in apoA-I deficient mouse. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) is an activator of apoM gene promoter. Deficiency of HNF-1α mouse shows lack of apoM expression. Mutations in HNF-1α (MODY3) have reduced serum apoM levels. Expression of apoM is significantly decreased in leptin deficient (ob/ob) mouse or leptin receptor deficient (db/db) mouse. ApoM concentration in plasma is positively correlated to leptin level in obese subjects. These may suggest that apoM is related to the initiation and progression of MODY3 and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Luo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Su Zhou University, Chang Zhou 213003, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Su Zhou University, Chang Zhou 213003, China
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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