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He X, Li Y, Yang C, Lu L, Nie Y, Tian X. Carbon dots-MnO 2 nanocomposites for As(III) detection in groundwater with high sensitivity and selectivity. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5572-5580. [PMID: 33165472 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As(iii) pollution has caused increasing concern due to its significant impact in environmental safety and human health. Carbon dots (CDs)-MnO2 nanocomposites were prepared and characterized for As(iii) detection. The intense blue fluorescence of CDs can be greatly quenched by functionalization with MnO2 nanosheets due to the existence of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites were then used as a fluorescence sensor for As(iii) detection with high detection sensitivity and selectivity. The redox reaction between As(iii) and MnO2 nanosheets can induce the decomposition of MnO2 and termination of the FRET process. Then the blue fluorescence originating from CDs can be recovered. The detection limit of CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites toward As(iii) was calculated to be 16.8 nM (1.40 ppb) in a linear concentration range of 0-200 nM. CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites were also found to possess highly selective ability toward As(iii) detection. In addition, the spiked and recovery test also confirmed the practicality and reliability of CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites toward As(iii) detection in real water samples, such as groundwater etc. Our research has provided a reliable tool and strategy for visual detection of As(iii) with outstanding sensing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu He
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yong Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Chao Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Liqiang Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yulun Nie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xike Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Involvement of Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins in Carcinogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102245. [PMID: 33036298 PMCID: PMC7600575 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in many cellular processes while its reorganization is important in maintaining cell homeostasis. However, in the case of cancer cells, actin and ABPs (actin-binding proteins) are involved in all stages of carcinogenesis. Literature has reported that ABPs such as SATB1 (special AT-rich binding protein 1), WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), nesprin, and villin take part in the initial step of carcinogenesis by regulating oncogene expression. Additionally, changes in actin localization promote cell proliferation by inhibiting apoptosis (SATB1). In turn, migration and invasion of cancer cells are based on the formation of actin-rich protrusions (Arp2/3 complex, filamin A, fascin, α-actinin, and cofilin). Importantly, more and more scientists suggest that microfilaments together with the associated proteins mediate tumor vascularization. Hence, the presented article aims to summarize literature reports in the context of the potential role of actin and ABPs in all steps of carcinogenesis.
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Cellulose hydrogel is a novel carbon-source and doping-material-carrier to prepare fluorescent carbon dots for intracellular bioimaging. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Arsenite and its trivalent methylated metabolites inhibit glucose-stimulated calcium influx and insulin secretion in murine pancreatic islets. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2525-2533. [PMID: 31332465 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), a common drinking water and food contaminant, has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in population studies worldwide. Several mechanisms underlying the diabetogenic effects of iAs have been proposed through laboratory investigations. We have previously shown that exposure to arsenite (iAs(III)) or its methylated trivalent metabolites, methylarsonite (MAs(III)) and dimethylarsinite (DMAs(III)), inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islets, without significant effects on insulin expression or insulin content. The goal of the present study was to determine if iAs(III) and/or its metabolites inhibit Ca2+ influx, an essential mechanism that regulates the release of insulin from β cells in response to glucose. We found that in vitro exposures for 48 h to non-cytotoxic concentrations of iAs(III), MAs(III), and DMAs(III) impaired Ca2+ influx in isolated murine pancreatic islets stimulated with glucose. MAs(III) and DMAs(III) were more potent inhibitors of Ca2+ influx than iAs(III). These arsenicals also inhibited Ca2+ influx and GSIS in islets treated with depolarizing levels of potassium chloride in the absence of glucose. Treatment with Bay K8644, a Cav1.2 channel agonist, did not restore insulin secretion in arsenical-exposed islets. Tolbutamide, a KATP channel blocker, prevented inhibition of insulin secretion in MAs(III)- and DMAs(III)-exposed islets, but only marginally in islets exposed to iAs(III). Our findings suggest that iAs(III), MAs(III), and DMAs(III) inhibit glucose-stimulated Ca2+ influx in pancreatic islets, possibly by interfering with KATP and/or Cav1.2 channel function. Notably, the mechanisms underlying inhibition of GSIS by iAs(III) may differ from those of its trivalent methylated metabolites.
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The Role of Actin Dynamics and Actin-Binding Proteins Expression in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Its Association with Cancer Progression and Evaluation of Possible Therapeutic Targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4578373. [PMID: 29581975 PMCID: PMC5822767 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4578373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis causes death of 90% of cancer patients, so it is the most significant issue associated with cancer disease. Thus, it is no surprise that many researchers are trying to develop drugs targeting or preventing them. The secondary tumour site formation is closely related to phenomena like epithelial-to-mesenchymal and its reverse, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The change of the cells' phenotype to mesenchymal involves the acquisition of migratory potential. Cancer cells movement is possible due to the development of invasive structures like invadopodia, lamellipodia, and filopodia. These changes are dependent on the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In turn, the polymerization and depolymerization of actin are controlled by actin-binding proteins. In many tumour cells, the actin and actin-associated proteins are accumulated in the cell nucleus, suggesting that it may also affect the progression of cancer by regulating gene expression. Once the cancer cell reaches a new habitat it again acquires epithelial features and thus proliferative activity. Targeting of epithelial-to-mesenchymal or/and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions through regulation of their main components expression may be a potential solution to the problem of metastasis. This work focuses on the role of these processes in tumour progression and the assessment of therapeutic potential of agents targeting them.
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Kume A, Kawai S, Kato R, Iwata S, Shimizu K, Honda H. Exploring high-affinity binding properties of octamer peptides by principal component analysis of tetramer peptides. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:230-238. [PMID: 27618533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the binding properties of a peptide sequence, we conducted principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical features of a tetramer peptide library comprised of 512 peptides, and the variables were reduced to two principal components. We selected IL-2 and IgG as model proteins and the binding affinity to these proteins was assayed using the 512 peptides mentioned above. PCA of binding affinity data showed that 16 and 18 variables were suitable for localizing IL-2 and IgG high-affinity binding peptides, respectively, into a restricted region of the PCA plot. We then investigated whether the binding affinity of octamer peptide libraries could be predicted using the identified region in the tetramer PCA. The results show that octamer high-affinity binding peptides were also concentrated in the tetramer high-affinity binding region of both IL-2 and IgG. The average fluorescence intensity of high-affinity binding peptides was 3.3- and 2.1-fold higher than that of low-affinity binding peptides for IL-2 and IgG, respectively. We conclude that PCA may be used to identify octamer peptides with high- or low-affinity binding properties from data from a tetramer peptide library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kume
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shun Kawai
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinmei Iwata
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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Izdebska M, Grzanka D, Gagat M, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Grzanka A. Downregulation of importin-9 protects MCF-7 cells against apoptosis induced by the combination of garlic-derived alliin and paclitaxel. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3084-93. [PMID: 26934847 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on the biological mechanism of breast cancer have identified a number of potential therapeutic molecular targets. In this context, one type of potential candidates appears to be agents that target the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells or regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of altered actin transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus by the downregulation of importin-9 (IPO9) in breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells exposed to an apoptosis-inducing combination of garlic-derived S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) and paclitaxel (PTX). The expression of IPO9 was downregulated by the transfection of non-aggressive breast cancer MCF-7 cells with siRNA against IPO9. The altered expression of IPO9 and cofilin-1 (CFL1) was examined using western blotting. Moreover, the effect of the downregulation of IPO9 on cell death induced by the combination of PTX and alliin was also investigated. The alterations of IPO9 and CFL1 levels were also related with F-actin organizational changes and F-actin fluorescence intensity in the nuclear/perinuclear area of the cells. The results presented here indicate that alliin and PTX act synergistically to promote and potentiate apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, using RNA interference technique, we showed that downregulation of IPO9 expression was correlated with a significant reduction in the apoptotic cell population as well as with a decrease in F-actin content in whole cells, and in the cortical and nuclear/perinuclear areas of the cells. Simultaneously, the downregulation of IPO9 was also accompanied by the increased post-translational expression of CFL1. Furthermore, the data obtained in the present study allow us to conclude that CFL1 itself does not translocate actin into the cell nucleus but this transport requires the functional expression of IPO9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Izdebska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Medicine, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Salucci S, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Gobbi P. Three-dimensional apoptotic nuclear behavior analyzed by means of Field Emission in Lens Scanning Electron Microscope. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2539. [PMID: 26428889 PMCID: PMC4598601 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential biological function required during embryogenesis, tissue home-ostasis, organ development and immune system regulation. It is an active cell death pathway involved in a variety of pathological conditions. During this process cytoskeletal proteins appear damaged and undergo an enzymatic disassembling, leading to formation of apoptotic features. This study was designed to examine the three-dimensional chromatin behavior and cytoskeleton involvement, in particular actin re-modeling. HL-60 cells, exposed to hyperthermia, a known apoptotic trigger, were examined by means of a Field Emission in Lens Scanning Electron Microscope (FEISEM). Ultrastructural observations revealed in treated cells the presence of apoptotic patterns after hyperthermia trigger. In particular, three-dimensional apoptotic chromatin rearrangements appeared involving the translocation of filamentous actin from cytoplasm to the nucleus. FEISEM immunogold techniques showed actin labeling and its precise three-dimensional localization in the diffuse chromatin, well separated from the condensed one. The actin presence in dispersed chromatin inside the apoptotic nucleus can be considered an important feature, indispensable to permit the apoptotic machinery evolution.
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Kuipers J, van Ham TJ, Kalicharan RD, Veenstra-Algra A, Sjollema KA, Dijk F, Schnell U, Giepmans BNG. FLIPPER, a combinatorial probe for correlated live imaging and electron microscopy, allows identification and quantitative analysis of various cells and organelles. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:61-70. [PMID: 25786736 PMCID: PMC4379394 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural examination of cells and tissues by electron microscopy (EM) yields detailed information on subcellular structures. However, EM is typically restricted to small fields of view at high magnification; this makes quantifying events in multiple large-area sample sections extremely difficult. Even when combining light microscopy (LM) with EM (correlated LM and EM: CLEM) to find areas of interest, the labeling of molecules is still a challenge. We present a new genetically encoded probe for CLEM, named "FLIPPER", which facilitates quantitative analysis of ultrastructural features in cells. FLIPPER consists of a fluorescent protein (cyan, green, orange, or red) for LM visualization, fused to a peroxidase allowing visualization of targets at the EM level. The use of FLIPPER is straightforward and because the module is completely genetically encoded, cells can be optimally prepared for EM examination. We use FLIPPER to quantify cellular morphology at the EM level in cells expressing a normal and disease-causing point-mutant cell-surface protein called EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule). The mutant protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and could therefore alter ER function and morphology. To reveal possible ER alterations, cells were co-transfected with color-coded full-length or mutant EpCAM and a FLIPPER targeted to the ER. CLEM examination of the mixed cell population allowed color-based cell identification, followed by an unbiased quantitative analysis of the ER ultrastructure by EM. Thus, FLIPPER combines bright fluorescent proteins optimized for live imaging with high sensitivity for EM labeling, thereby representing a promising tool for CLEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Present Address: Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruby D. Kalicharan
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Veenstra-Algra
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas A. Sjollema
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Freark Dijk
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Schnell
- Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex. USA
| | - Ben N. G. Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Grzanka D, Gagat M, Izdebska M. Involvement of the SATB1/F-actin complex in chromatin reorganization during active cell death. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1441-50. [PMID: 24676287 PMCID: PMC4055304 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, confirmations on the presence of actin and/or its polymerized form, F-actin, in the cell nucleus are progressively accumulating. Nevertheless, the function and localization of F-actin in the nucleus is still not fully characterized. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between F-actin and sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) and their involvement in chromatin remodeling associated with active cell death. Both SATB1 and F-actin were colocalized in the transcriptional active regions of the cell nucleus and a functional interaction was observed between SATB1 and higher-organized nuclear F-actin structures at the border between condensed and decondensed chromatin. These results extend the knowledge on the role of SATB1 and nuclear F-actin in three-dimensional chromatin organization and their functions during active cell death. Additionally, this study opens the discussion on the involvement of the SATB1/F-actin functional complex in active cell death; further studies are required to fully elucidate these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Grzanka
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Izdebska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Actin is required for cellular death. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:775-82. [PMID: 23683404 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins, which takes part in many cellular processes. This review provides information on the history, forms and localization of actin and its role, in particular in cellular death processes. We discuss the relationships between reorganization of actin filaments and apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the translocation and accumulation of actin in the nuclear area. Moreover, owing to the difficulties of F-actin localization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the phalloidin-based method of its detection using streptavidin-coated quantum dots is presented in this review.
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