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Rathee S, Mishra H, Mishra A. The Perils of Leading a Democracy. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 92:472-491. [PMID: 32233645 DOI: 10.1177/0091415020912932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental characteristics can influence aging. Democracy results in higher life expectancy for its members. However, there is a lack of research that indicates the influence of democracy on its leaders. Specifically, we examine how the nature of democracy affects the perceived aging of its leaders. In this paper, we capture perceived aging via face perception. We suggest that leaders in a democracy are perceived to age more compared to those in an autocracy. Counter to the common belief that democracies are less stressful, we find that the stress of being a leader in a democracy can have adverse effects. Study 1 uses picture pairs of 268 leaders from across the world, and participants judge age difference in years between the pictures. Study 2, a controlled study, examines downstream influences on the leader's specific attributes. Results indicate that leaders appearing to age more are more likely to avoid complex decisions, to be less charismatic, and to be less inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Rathee
- 7060 David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Himanshu Mishra
- 7060 David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Arul Mishra
- 7060 David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Freebody S, Kuhn G. Own-age biases in adults’ and children’s joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following! Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:372-379. [PMID: 27734758 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1247899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported own-age biases in younger and older adults in gaze following. We investigated own-age biases in social attentional processes between adults and children by focusing on two aspects of the joint attention process; the extent to which people attend towards an individual’s face, and the extent to which they fixate objects that are looked at by this person (i.e., gaze following). Participants viewed images that always contained a child and an adult who either looked towards each other or each looked at objects located to their side. Observers consistently, and rapidly fixated the actor’s faces, though the children were faster to fixate the child’s face than the adult’s faces, whilst the adults were faster to fixate on the adult’s face than the child’s face. The children also spent significantly more time fixating the child’s face than the adult’s face, and the opposite pattern of results was found for the adults. Whilst both adults and children prioritized objects when they were looked at by the actor, both groups showed equivalent levels of gaze following, and there was no own-age bias for gaze following. Our results show an own-age bias for prioritizing faces, but not gaze following.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Freebody
- Department of Psychology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Gustav Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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Bortolon C, Capdevielle D, Raffard S. Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:79-107. [PMID: 25800172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion processing has been extensively studied in schizophrenia patients while general face processing has received less attention. The already published reviews do not address the current scientific literature in a complete manner. Therefore, here we tried to answer some questions that remain to be clarified, particularly: are the non-emotional aspects of facial processing in fact impaired in schizophrenia patients? At the behavioral level, our key conclusions are that visual perception deficit in schizophrenia patients: are not specific to faces; are most often present when the cognitive (e.g. attention) and perceptual demands of the tasks are important; and seems to worsen with the illness chronification. Although, currently evidence suggests impaired second order configural processing, more studies are necessary to determine whether or not holistic processing is impaired in schizophrenia patients. Neural and neurophysiological evidence suggests impaired earlier levels of visual processing, which might involve the deficits in interaction of the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways impacting on further processing. These deficits seem to be present even before the disorder out-set. Although evidence suggests that this deficit may be not specific to faces, further evidence on this question is necessary, in particularly more ecological studies including context and body processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1061 Pathologies of the Nervous System: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombiere Hospital, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Dolzycka D, Herzmann G, Sommer W, Wilhelm O. Can training enhance face cognition abilities in middle-aged adults? PLoS One 2014; 9:e90249. [PMID: 24632743 PMCID: PMC3954557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Face cognition is a crucial skill for social interaction and shows large individual differences in healthy adults, suggesting a possibility for improvement in some. We developed and tested specific training procedures for the accuracy of face memory and the speed of face cognition. Two groups each of 20 healthy middle-aged trainees practiced for 29 daily sessions of 15 minutes duration with different computerized home-based training procedures. In addition, 20 matched and 59 non-matched controls were included. Face cognition speed training enhanced performance during the training and transferred to the latent factor level as measured in a pre-post comparison. Persistence of the training effect was evidenced at the manifest level after three months. However, the training procedure influenced the speed of processing object stimuli to the same extent as face stimuli and therefore seems to have affected a more general ability of processing complex visual stimuli and not only faces. No effects of training on the accuracy of face memory were found. This study demonstrates that face-specific abilities may be hard to improve but also shows the plasticity of the speed of processing complex visual stimuli – for the first time in middle-aged, normal adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dolzycka
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Grit Herzmann
- Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Werner Sommer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Davy-Jow S. The devil is in the details: A synthesis of psychology of facial perception and its applications in forensic facial reconstruction. Sci Justice 2013; 53:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dagovitch Y, Ganel T. Effects of facial identity on age judgments: evidence from repetition priming. Exp Psychol 2010; 57:390-7. [PMID: 20178927 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
According to current face recognition models, facial identity is processed independently from other visually derived facial aspects, such as facial age. Here we used a repetition priming paradigm to investigate the relationship between the processing of facial identity and facial age. In Experiment 1, participants made speeded age classifications for primed and unprimed faces of famous celebrities. Performance was faster and more accurate for primed compared to unprimed faces, which indicates that the processing of facial age benefits from priming effects. In Experiment 2, priming was also found for preexperimentally unfamiliar faces which were familiarized during the experimental session. In Experiment 3, priming effects were found even when different photos of the same people were presented at study and at test. These results suggest that the processing of age is mediated by memory representations of facial identity.
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR, Hansen K. The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2973-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Richards RM, Ellis AW. Mechanisms of Identity and Gender Decisions to Faces: Who Rocked in 1986? Perception 2008; 37:1700-19. [DOI: 10.1068/p6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments are reported in which participants made familiarity decisions (Is this face familiar or not?) or gender decisions (Is this face male or female?) to the same sets of faces presented as whole faces or as internal features only. The experimental items on which the analysis was performed were famous and unfamiliar male faces that differed on rated masculinity. The famous faces also differed on age of acquisition (AoA). The experimental male faces were combined with an equal number of famous and unfamiliar female faces for presentation to participants. In experiment 1 we found faster and more accurate familiarity decisions to whole male faces than to internal features; also an interaction between AoA and masculinity such that familiarity decisions were both faster and more accurate to high-than to low-masculinity faces when those faces were late-acquired, but not when they were early-acquired. In experiment 2 we found the same benefit for whole faces over internal features and the same interaction between AoA and masculinity in gender decisions. The similarity between the effects of AoA and masculinity in familiarity and gender decisions is more readily accounted for by models of face processing which posit a close relationship between gender and identity processing than by models which maintain that those aspects of face perception are dealt with by quite separate processing streams. We propose that gender decisions, like familiarity decisions, are semantic judgments (rather than judgments based on the analysis of the surface features of faces), and that the shared basis of the two forms of decision explains why they show similar influences of AoA and masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew W Ellis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York Y010 5DD, UK
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Abbas ZA, Duchaine B. The Role of Holistic Processing in Judgments of Facial Attractiveness. Perception 2008; 37:1187-96. [DOI: 10.1068/p5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that facial identity recognition, expression recognition, gender categorisation, and race categorisation rely on a holistic representation. Here we examine whether a holistic representation is also used for judgments of facial attractiveness. Like past studies, we used the composite paradigm to assess holistic processing (Young et al 1987, Perception16 747–759). Experiment 1 showed that top halves of upright faces are judged to be more attractive when aligned with an attractive bottom half than when aligned with an unattractive bottom half. To assess whether this effect resulted from holistic processing or more general effects, we examined the impact of the attractive and unattractive bottom halves when upright halves were misaligned and when aligned and misaligned halves were presented upside-down. The bottom halves had no effect in either condition. These results demonstrate that the perceptual processes underlying upright facial-attractiveness judgments represent the face holistically. Our findings with attractiveness judgments and previous demonstrations involving other aspects of face processing suggest that a common holistic representation is used for most types of face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara-Angela Abbas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; also Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Bradley Duchaine
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; also Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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