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Buckley MG, Myles LA, Easton A, McGregor A. The spatial layout of doorways and environmental boundaries shape the content of event memories. Cognition 2022; 225:105091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Factors Related to the Performance of Elite Young Sailors in a Regatta: Spatial Orientation, Age and Experience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062913. [PMID: 33809133 PMCID: PMC7999380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the role of spatial orientation in the performance of sport sailors. Participants were 30 elite male sailors from classes 420, Laser, Windsurfing RS:X and Windsurfing Techno, grouped into two categories: Monohull (18 sailors) and Windsurfing (12 sailors). Ages ranged between 13 and 18 years old (M = 15.7, SD = 1.05). To assess spatial orientation, the Perspective Taking/Spatial Orientation Test was used, and performance was inferred from the final classification at the regatta. In addition, the influence of experience and age on the performance was analyzed. The results show that in the Monohull group, the performance is determined by the spatial orientation (18% of the explained variance), while in the Windsurfing group, the variables that are related to performance are sailing experience and age (60% of the explained variance). Spatial orientation seems to be the more important variable for performance in the Monohull group, while in classes belonging to the Windsurfing group, this variable does not seem to be decisive for obtaining good results in the regatta.
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The Interaction Between Long-Term Memory and Postural Control: Different Effects of Episodic and Semantic Tasks. Motor Control 2021; 25:182-197. [PMID: 33421961 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the postural response to specific types of long-term memory (episodic vs. semantic) in young adults performing an unperturbed upright stance. Although a similar level of steadiness (mean distance) was observed, dual tasking induced a higher velocity, more energy in the higher frequency range (power spectral density), and less regularity (sample entropy) compared with a simple postural task. Moreover, mean velocity was always greater in the semantic than in the episodic task. The differences in postural control during dual tasking may result from the types of processes involved in the memory task. Findings suggest a spatial process sharing between posture and episodic memory.
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Abstract
In this commentary on Bastin et al., we suggest that spatial context plays a critical role in the encoding and retrieval of events. Specifically, the translation process between the viewpoint-independent content of a memory and the viewpoint-dependent stimuli activating the retrieval (mental frame syncing) plays a critical role in spatial memory recollection. This perspective also provides an explanatory model for pathological disturbances such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Virtual Enactment Effect on Memory in Young and Aged Populations: a Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050620. [PMID: 31067784 PMCID: PMC6572276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial cognition is a critical aspect of episodic memory, as it provides the scaffold for events and enables successful retrieval. Virtual enactment (sensorimotor and cognitive interaction) by means of input devices within virtual environments provides an excellent opportunity to enhance encoding and to support memory retrieval with useful traces in the brain compared to passive observation. METHODS We conducted a systematic review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines concerning the virtual enactment effect on spatial and episodic memory in young and aged populations. We aim at giving guidelines for virtual enactment studies, especially in the context of aging, where spatial and episodic memory decline. RESULTS Our findings reveal a positive effect on spatial and episodic memory in the young population and promising outcomes in aging. Several cognitive factors (e.g., executive function, decision-making, and visual components) mediate memory performances. Findings should be taken into account for future interventions in aging. CONCLUSIONS The present review sheds light on the key role of the sensorimotor and cognitive systems for memory rehabilitation by means of a more ecological tool such as virtual reality and stresses the importance of the body for cognition, endorsing the view of an embodied mind.
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Mutual interferences between automatic ongoing spatial-updating with self-motion and source recall. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gomez A, Rousset S, Bonniot C, Charnallet A, Moreaud O. Deficits in egocentric-updating and spatial context memory in a case of developmental amnesia. Neurocase 2015; 21:226-43. [PMID: 24579921 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2014.890730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with developmental amnesia usually suffer from both episodic and spatial memory deficits. DM, a developmental amnesic, was impaired in her ability to process self-motion (i.e., idiothetic) information while her ability to process external stable landmarks (i.e., allothetic) was preserved when no self-motion processing was required. On a naturalistic and incidental episodic task, DM was severely and predictably impaired on both free and cued recall tasks. Interestingly, when cued, she was more impaired at recalling spatial context than factual or temporal information. Theoretical implications of that co-occurrence of deficits and those dissociations are discussed and testable cerebral hypothesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez
- a LPNC , CNRS, UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
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Paracetamol—The outcome on neurotransmission and spatial learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gomez A, Cerles M, Rousset S, Le Bas JF, Baciu M. Ongoing egocentric spatial processing during learning of non-spatial information results in temporal-parietal activity during retrieval. Front Psychol 2013; 4:366. [PMID: 23805114 PMCID: PMC3691443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in amnesic patients suggest that spatial cognition and episodic memory are intimately related. Among the different types of spatial processing, the allocentric, relying on the hippocampal formation, and the egocentric-updated, relying on parieto-temporal connections have both been considered to functionally underlie episodic memory encoding and retrieval. We explore the cerebral correlates underlying the episodic retrieval of words previously learnt outside the magnet while performing different spatial processes, allocentric and egocentric-updated. Subsequently and during fMRI, participants performed an episodic word recognition task. Data processing revealed that the correct recognition of words learnt in egocentric-updated condition enhanced activity of the medial and lateral parietal, as well as temporal cortices. No additional regions were activated in the present study by retrieving words learnt in allocentric condition. This study sheds new light on the functional links between episodic memory and spatial processing: The temporo-parietal network is confirmed to be crucial in episodic memory in healthy participants and could be linked to the egocentric-updated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gomez
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS, UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
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Baars BJ, Franklin S, Ramsoy TZ. Global workspace dynamics: cortical "binding and propagation" enables conscious contents. Front Psychol 2013; 4:200. [PMID: 23974723 PMCID: PMC3664777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A global workspace (GW) is a functional hub of binding and propagation in a population of loosely coupled signaling elements. In computational applications, GW architectures recruit many distributed, specialized agents to cooperate in resolving focal ambiguities. In the brain, conscious experiences may reflect a GW function. For animals, the natural world is full of unpredictable dangers and opportunities, suggesting a general adaptive pressure for brains to resolve focal ambiguities quickly and accurately. GW theory aims to understand the differences between conscious and unconscious brain events. In humans and related species the cortico-thalamic (C-T) core is believed to underlie conscious aspects of perception, thinking, learning, feelings of knowing (FOK), felt emotions, visual imagery, working memory, and executive control. Alternative theoretical perspectives are also discussed. The C-T core has many anatomical hubs, but conscious percepts are unitary and internally consistent at any given moment. Over time, conscious contents constitute a very large, open set. This suggests that a brain-based GW capacity cannot be localized in a single anatomical hub. Rather, it should be sought in a functional hub - a dynamic capacity for binding and propagation of neural signals over multiple task-related networks, a kind of neuronal cloud computing. In this view, conscious contents can arise in any region of the C-T core when multiple input streams settle on a winner-take-all equilibrium. The resulting conscious gestalt may ignite an any-to-many broadcast, lasting ∼100-200 ms, and trigger widespread adaptation in previously established networks. To account for the great range of conscious contents over time, the theory suggests an open repertoire of binding coalitions that can broadcast via theta/gamma or alpha/gamma phase coupling, like radio channels competing for a narrow frequency band. Conscious moments are thought to hold only 1-4 unrelated items; this small focal capacity may be the biological price to pay for global access. Visuotopic maps in cortex specialize in features like color, retinal size, motion, object identity, and egocentric/allocentric framing, so that a binding coalition for the sight of a rolling billiard ball in nearby space may resonate among activity maps of LGN, V1-V4, MT, IT, as well as the dorsal stream. Spatiotopic activity maps can bind into coherent gestalts using adaptive resonance (reentry). Single neurons can join a dominant coalition by phase tuning to regional oscillations in the 4-12 Hz range. Sensory percepts may bind and broadcast from posterior cortex, while non-sensory FOKs may involve prefrontal and frontotemporal areas. The anatomy and physiology of the hippocampal complex suggest a GW architecture as well. In the intact brain the hippocampal complex may support conscious event organization as well as episodic memory storage.
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Nasuti C, Carloni M, Fedeli D, Gabbianelli R, Di Stefano A, Serafina CL, Silva I, Domingues V, Ciccocioppo R. Effects of early life permethrin exposure on spatial working memory and on monoamine levels in different brain areas of pre-senescent rats. Toxicology 2012; 303:162-8. [PMID: 23174539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure during brain development could represent an important risk factor for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies investigated the effect of permethrin (PERM) administered at 34 mg/kg, a dose close to the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) from post natal day (PND) 6 to PND 21 in rats. Despite the PERM dose did not elicited overt signs of toxicity (i.e. normal body weight gain curve), it was able to induce striatal neurodegeneration (dopamine and Nurr1 reduction, and lipid peroxidation increase). The present study was designed to characterize the cognitive deficits in the current animal model. When during late adulthood PERM treated rats were tested for spatial working memory performances in a T-maze-rewarded alternation task they took longer to choose for the correct arm in comparison to age matched controls. No differences between groups were found in anxiety-like state, locomotor activity, feeding behavior and spatial orientation task. Our findings showing a selective effect of PERM treatment on the T-maze task point to an involvement of frontal cortico-striatal circuitry rather than to a role for the hippocampus. The predominant disturbances concern the dopamine (DA) depletion in the striatum and, the serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NE) unbalance together with a hypometabolic state in the medial prefrontal cortex area. In the hippocampus, an increase of NE and a decrease of DA were observed in PERM treated rats as compared to controls. The concentration of the most representative marker for pyrethroid exposure (3-phenoxybenzoic acid) measured in the urine of rodents 12 h after the last treatment was 41.50 μg/L and it was completely eliminated after 96 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Nasuti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Cornwell BR, Arkin N, Overstreet C, Carver FW, Grillon C. Distinct contributions of human hippocampal theta to spatial cognition and anxiety. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1848-59. [PMID: 22467298 PMCID: PMC3390451 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current views of the hippocampus assign this structure, and its prominent theta rhythms, a key role in both cognition and affect. We studied this duality of function in humans, where no direct evidence exists. Whole-head magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data were recorded to measure theta activity while healthy participants (N = 25) navigated two virtual Morris water mazes, one in which they risked receiving aversive shocks without warning to induce anxiety and one in which they were safe from shocks. Results showed that threat of shock elevated anxiety level and enhanced navigation performance as compared to the safe condition. MEG source analyses revealed that improved navigation performance during threat was preferentially associated with increased left septal (posterior) hippocampal theta (specifically 4-8 Hz activity), replicating previous research that emphasizes a predominant role of the septal third of the hippocampus in spatial cognition. Moreover, increased self-reported anxiety during threat was preferentially associated with increased left temporal (anterior) hippocampal theta (specifically 2-6 Hz activity), consistent with this region's involvement in mediating conditioned and innate fear. Supporting contemporary theory, these findings highlight simultaneous involvement of the human hippocampus in spatial cognition and anxiety, and clarify their distinct correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Cornwell
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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González-Burgos I, Fletes-Vargas G, González-Tapia D, González-Ramírez MM, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Martínez-Degollado M. Prefrontal serotonin depletion impairs egocentric, but not allocentric working memory in rats. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:321-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Prior experiences of a stimulus facilitate reprocessing of that stimulus on a subsequent occasion. This relative ease and speed with which information is processed is defined as fluency and can constitute a basis for memory judgment. Fluency can also be manipulated on line by perceptual bias (e.g., levels of noise), leading to an increase in recognition for items processed more fluently (e.g., items with less noise). Previous experiments using Remember-Know paradigm have shown an impact of perceptual fluency only on familiarity and not on recollection. Recent episodic memory models have postulated a strong link between episodic memory and spatial processes, especially with egocentric updating (Gomez et al. in Acta Psychol 132(3):221-227, 2009). The present experiment was conducted to determine whether self-motion fluency affects recognition performance and particularly has an impact on "Remember" responses. Thirty participants learned a 4-min path movie and then had to recognize among short paths if they were part of the learned path, followed by a Remember-Know procedure for recognized items. Self-motion fluency was manipulated with the presence of nimble acceleration applied on a small part of the recognition paths. Results show that the presence of a self-motion fluency increases significantly the proportion of remember responses solely on learned paths. This study spotlights for the first time a specific fluency effect on recollection and indicates an implication of egocentric-updating processing in episodic memory retrieval.
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Kim K, Mundy P. Joint attention, social-cognition, and recognition memory in adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:172. [PMID: 22712011 PMCID: PMC3374937 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early emerging capacity for Joint Attention (JA), or socially coordinated visual attention, is thought to be integral to the development of social-cognition in childhood. Recent studies have also begun to suggest that JA affects adult cognition as well, but methodological limitations hamper research on this topic. To address this issue we developed a novel virtual reality paradigm that integrates eye-tracking and virtual avatar technology to measure two types of JA in adults, Initiating Joint Attention (IJA) and Responding to Joint Attention (RJA). Distinguishing these types of JA in research is important because they are thought to reflect unique, as well as common constellations of processes involved in human social-cognition and social learning. We tested the validity of the differentiation of IJA and RJA in our paradigm in two studies of picture recognition memory in undergraduate students. Study 1 indicated that young adults correctly identified more pictures they had previously viewed in an IJA condition (67%) than in a RJA (58%) condition, η2 = 0.57. Study 2 controlled for IJA and RJA stimulus viewing time differences, and replicated the findings of Study 1. The implications of these results for the validity of the paradigm and research on the affects of JA on adult social-cognition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanguk Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
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Gomez A, Rousset S, Charnallet A. Spatial deficits in an amnesic patient with hippocampal damage: Questioning the multiple trace theory. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1313-24. [PMID: 21805527 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS-UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendès-France, Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
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Egocentric working memory impairment and dendritic spine plastic changes in prefrontal neurons after NMDA receptor blockade in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1402:101-8. [PMID: 21696707 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Working memory may involve context-dependent allocentric or own movement-dependent egocentric strategies. While allocentric working memory can be disrupted by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockage, the possible effects of NMDA receptor manipulation on the egocentric strategy have not been studied. Because dendritic spine plasticity in part underlies working memory-related behavioral efficiency, egocentric working memory performance was evaluated in adult rats following NMDA receptor blockade with 10mg/kg of the NMDA-receptor antagonist CPP, i.p. Dendritic spine density and the proportion of different spine types (thin, stubby, mushroom, wide, branched and double) were assessed in third-layer pyramidal neurons of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, after behavioral testing. Working memory was evaluated by challenging the rats to resolve twelve trials per day in a single-day session over five consecutive days, in a "cross-arm" maze and according to a delayed match-to-sample procedure. In control animals, the dendritic spine density remained unchanged after behavioral testing, although the proportion of mushroom spines decreased while that of the branched spines increased. NMDA receptor blockade impaired the behavioral performance of rats and resulted in a decrease in dendritic spine density when compared to the control animals, and dendritic spine types were unchanged. These results suggest that behavioral efficiency of egocentric working memory is dependent on NMDA receptor activation, and that plastic changes in spine cytoarchitecture may play a key role in behavioral performance.
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