1
|
Li H, Feng J, Shi X, Zhao X. Neural mechanisms of Chinese character recognition, updating, and maintenance in the N-back task. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 200:112356. [PMID: 38701899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Using the N-back task, we investigated how memory load influences the neural activity of the Chinese character cognitive subprocess (recognition, updating, and maintenance) in Mainland Chinese speakers. Twenty-seven participants completed the Chinese character N-back paradigm while having their event-related potentials recorded. The study employed time and frequency domain analyses of EEG data. Results showed that accuracy decreased and response times increased with larger N values. For ERPs, N2pc and P300 amplitudes decreased and SW amplitude increased with larger N values. For time frequency analyses, the desynchronization of alpha oscillations decreased after stimulus onset, but the synchronization of alpha oscillations increased during the maintenance phase. The results suggest that greater memory load is related to a decrease in cognitive resources during updating and an increase in cognitive resources during information maintenance. The results of a behavioral-ERP data structural equation model analysis showed that the ERP indicators in the maintenance phase predicted behavioral performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianru Feng
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Shi
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao X, Cao W, Maes JHR. Association between adolescents' socioeconomic status and working memory updating functioning: Role of parental educational involvement. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:931-942. [PMID: 36994922 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Family socioeconomic status (SES) is positively associated with executive functioning. This study tested whether parental educational involvement mediates this association. Two hundred and sixty, 12-15-year-old adolescents completed working memory updating (WMU) and general intelligence tasks, and questionnaires on SES and parental educational involvement. SES and WMU ability were positively associated; there was no difference between the fathers and mothers for three types of educational involvement. The mothers' behavioural involvement positively mediated the SES-WM updating association, whereas a negative mediation was observed for the mothers' intellectual involvement. The fathers' educational involvement did not play a significant mediating role. These results might inform interventions targeting educational involvement for enhancing the cognitive development of children from low SES families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, 967 East Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, 967 East Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao X, Zheng Q, Maes JHR. Educational mobility and older adults' working memory updating ability: association and role of resilience. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36325945 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2141194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research revealed that a low childhood socioeconomic status, including low parental education, correlates with impaired executive functioning. However, there is a lack of research on the association of working memory updating (WMU) ability, which is one of the major components of executive functioning, and of resilience with educational mobility. The purpose of the present two studies was to further examine these associations. METHOD In Study 1, 180, 60-88-year old adults with different levels of educational mobility performed a WMU task. In Study 2, 130, 60-89-year old adults that had experienced different levels of upward educational mobility completed a WMU task and a resilience questionnaire. RESULTS Study 1 revealed that extent of educational mobility was significantly positively associated with WMU ability. Study 2 revealed significant positive associations among extent of educational mobility, resilience, and WMU task performance. CONCLUSION The results were discussed in terms of possible causal relations between the variables and implications for interventions that aim to enhance upward educational mobility and cognitive functioning in late adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoping Zheng
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The effect of working memory capacity and training on intertemporal decision making in children from low-socioeconomic-status families. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 216:105347. [PMID: 34971975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ in their tendency to discount delayed rewards. Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been found to be associated with strong delayed reward discounting (DRD), which in turn contributes to risky decision making and adverse behaviors. However, research on possible cognitive mediators of the negative association between SES and DRD, and on effects of cognitive training in low-SES adolescents, is largely lacking. In examining Chinese adolescents (aged 11-15 years; N = 207), Study 1 assessed which aspect of working memory (WM)-simple maintenance, simple manipulation, or updating-serves as mediator, which proved to be WM updating. Based on this outcome, in Study 2 Chinese adolescents (aged 12-14 years; N = 73) with low family SES were assigned to a WM updating training condition or a control condition. All participants performed DRD and WM tasks before and after treatment. The trained adolescents showed positive training effects on DRD, and this effect was specifically correlated with beneficial training effects on performance on a WM updating transfer task. These results support the role of WM updating in DRD and might inform training programs to promote more favorable decision making in low-SES adolescents.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao X, Wang L, Maes JHR. Training and transfer effects of working memory updating training in male abstinent long-term methamphetamine users. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100385. [PMID: 34938843 PMCID: PMC8664865 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine use is associated with cognitive impairments, including executive functioning. These impairments might be cause and/or effect of the drug (re-)use and have, therefore, motivated interventions to improve cognitive functioning. Until now, only very few studies have examined the effect of training working memory updating (WMU), one of the core executive functions, in this population. In the present study, 32 long-term male abstinent methamphetamine inpatients received either a multiple-session WMU training or an active control treatment. All participants performed a number of tasks assessing WMU, inhibition, and task-switching ability- before and after treatment. The WMU-trained patients improved their performance on the trained task and on a non-trained WMU task, reflecting near transfer. However, there was no beneficial training-induced effect for the other tasks, indicating the absence of far transfer. Possible treatment implications of these findings were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO. Box 9104, Nijmegen 6500 HE, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gunn C, Fairchild G, Verster JC, Adams S. The Effects of Alcohol Hangover on Executive Functions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1148. [PMID: 32316438 PMCID: PMC7230396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that processes reliant on executive functions are impaired by an alcohol hangover, yet few studies have investigated the effect of hangovers on core executive function processes. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of hangovers on the three core components of the unity/diversity model of executive functions: the ability to switch attention, update information in working memory, and maintain goals. Thirty-five 18-to-30-year-old non-smoking individuals who reported experiencing a hangover at least once in the previous month participated in this study. They completed tasks measuring switching (number-switching task), updating (n-back task), and goal maintenance (AX Continuous Performance Test, AX-CPT) whilst experiencing a hangover and without a hangover in a 'naturalistic' within-subjects crossover design. Participants made more errors in the switching task (p = 0.019), more errors in both the 1- (p < 0.001) and 2-back (p < 0.001) versions of the n-back, and more errors in the AX-CPT (p = 0.007) tasks when experiencing a hangover, compared to the no-hangover condition. These results suggest that an alcohol hangover impairs core executive function processes that are important for everyday behaviours, such as decision-making, planning, and mental flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Gunn
- Addiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Sally Adams
- Addiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scott GA, Liu MC, Tahir NB, Zabder NK, Song Y, Greba Q, Howland JG. Roles of the medial prefrontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and their combined circuit for performance of the odor span task in rats: analysis of memory capacity and foraging behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:67-77. [PMID: 31949038 PMCID: PMC6970426 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050195.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM), the capacity for short-term storage of small quantities of information for immediate use, is thought to depend on activity within the prefrontal cortex. Recent evidence indicates that the prefrontal neuronal activity supporting WM is driven by thalamocortical connections arising in mediodorsal thalamus (mdThal). However, the role of these connections has not been studied using olfactory stimuli leaving open the question of whether this circuit extends to all sensory modalities. Additionally, manipulations of the mdThal in olfactory memory tasks have yielded mixed results. In the present experiment, we investigated the role of connections between the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and mdThal in the odor span task (OST) using a pharmacological contralateral disconnection technique. Inactivation of either the mPFC or mdThal alone both significantly impaired memory performance in the OST, replicating previous findings with the mPFC and confirming that the mdThal plays an essential role in intact OST performance. Contralateral disconnection of the two structures impaired OST performance in support of the idea that the OST relies on mPFC-mdThal connections, but ipsilateral control infusions also impaired performance, complicating this interpretation. We also performed a detailed analysis of rats’ errors and foraging behavior and found a dissociation between mPFC and mdThal inactivation conditions. Inactivation of the mdThal and mPFC caused a significant reduction in the number of approaches rats made per odor, whereas only mdThal inactivation or mPFC-mdThal disconnection caused significant increases in choice latency. Our results confirm that the mdThal is necessary for performance of the OST and that it may critically interact with the mPFC to mediate OST performance. Additionally, we have provided evidence that the mPFC and mdThal play dissociable roles in mediating foraging behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A Scott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Max C Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nimra B Tahir
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nadine K Zabder
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Song
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Basso D, Saracini C. Differential involvement of left and right frontoparietal areas in visuospatial planning: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
9
|
Kaur S, Norris DG, Gathercole SE. The time course of updating in running span. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2019; 46:2397-2409. [PMID: 31855001 PMCID: PMC7790168 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Running span can be performed by either passively listening to memory items or actively updating the target set. Previous research suggests that the active updating process is demanding and time consuming and is favored at slow rates of presentation while the passive strategy is employed at fast rates. Two experiments examined the time course of recruitment of resources during task performance and its sensitivity to presentation rate. In Experiment 1, participants performed 1 of 3 serial recall tasks: running span, simple span, and modified span. The tasks were completed at the same time as a choice reaction time (RT; CRT) task and the RTs were used to index the resource demands of the memory task. Running span generated higher RT costs than simple span. The costs were present only for positions at and beyond the point in the sequence when the target memory set was changed, indicating a shift to a more cognitively demanding mode of updating. At these positions there was a generalized increase in RT costs that peaked 1,000 ms following item presentation. In Experiment 2 the resource demands of running span varied with presentation rate and a peak demand at 1,000 ms was again evident, but only with a slow presentation rate. In conjunction with strategy reports, these data establish that the process of active updating in running span is slow and cognitively demanding, making it difficult to use when presentation rates are fast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Kaur
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kowialiewski B, Van Calster L, Attout L, Phillips C, Majerus S. Neural Patterns in Linguistic Cortices Discriminate the Content of Verbal Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2997-3014. [PMID: 31813984 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An influential theoretical account of working memory (WM) considers that WM is based on direct activation of long-term memory knowledge. While there is empirical support for this position in the visual WM domain, direct evidence is scarce in the verbal WM domain. This question is critical for models of verbal WM, as the question of whether short-term maintenance of verbal information relies on direct activation within the long-term linguistic knowledge base or not is still debated. In this study, we examined the extent to which short-term maintenance of lexico-semantic knowledge relies on neural activation patterns in linguistic cortices, and this by using a fast encoding running span task for word and nonword stimuli minimizing strategic encoding mechanisms. Multivariate analyses showed specific neural patterns for the encoding and maintenance of word versus nonword stimuli. These patterns were not detectable anymore when participants were instructed to stop maintaining the memoranda. The patterns involved specific regions within the dorsal and ventral pathways, which are considered to support phonological and semantic processing to various degrees. This study provides novel evidence for a role of linguistic cortices in the representation of long-term memory linguistic knowledge during WM processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kowialiewski
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Calster
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Phillips
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Working memory updating training modulates a cascade of event-related potentials depending on task load. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
12
|
Vilà-Balló A, Salmi J, Soveri A, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Lehtonen M, Laine M. Neural signatures for active maintenance and interference during working memory updating. Biol Psychol 2018; 132:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Palladino P, Artuso C. Working Memory Updating: Load and Binding. The Journal of General Psychology 2018; 145:45-63. [PMID: 29345539 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2017.1415083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to examine how specific objects are updated in working memory. We compared conditions in which contents or content-context bindings from working memory were both encoded and updated (Experiment 1). In addition, for bindings, we manipulated the memory load (i.e., number of contents) to maintain during updating. Results indicated that memory load did not specifically affect the process; rather, the content-context binding (vs. single contents) was critical in determining the increase in response latencies. Results were replicated even in Experiment 2, in which we manipulated the spatial locations of the to-be-recognized probes. Results showed evidence of a potential dissociation between updating of memory contents-only and content-context bindings. In addition, memory load and spatial coherence between phases and probe recognition did not interact with updating performance. Overall, results were taken as a contribution toward mapping the complex nature of the updating mechanism.
Collapse
|
14
|
Waris O, Soveri A, Ahti M, Hoffing RC, Ventus D, Jaeggi SM, Seitz AR, Laine M. A Latent Factor Analysis of Working Memory Measures Using Large-Scale Data. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1062. [PMID: 28701976 PMCID: PMC5487690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a key cognitive system that is strongly related to other cognitive domains and relevant for everyday life. However, the structure of WM is yet to be determined. A number of WM models have been put forth especially by factor analytical studies. In broad terms, these models vary by their emphasis on WM contents (e.g., visuospatial, verbal) vs. WM processes (e.g., maintenance, updating) as critical, dissociable elements. Here we conducted confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses on a broad set of WM tasks, half of them numerical-verbal and half of them visuospatial, representing four commonly used task paradigms: simple span, complex span, running memory, and n-back. The tasks were selected to allow the detection of both content-based (visuospatial, numerical-verbal) and process-based (maintenance, updating) divisions. The data were collected online which allowed the recruitment of a large and demographically diverse sample of adults (n = 711). Both factor analytical methods pointed to a clear division according to task content for all paradigms except n-back, while there was no indication for a process-based division. Besides the content-based division, confirmatory factor analyses supported a model that also included a general WM factor. The n-back tasks had the highest loadings on the general factor, suggesting that this factor reflected high-level cognitive resources such as executive functioning and fluid intelligence that are engaged with all WM tasks, and possibly even more so with the n-back. Together with earlier findings that indicate high variability of process-based WM divisions, we conclude that the most robust division of WM is along its contents (visuospatial vs. numerical-verbal), rather than along its hypothetical subprocesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Waris
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Anna Soveri
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Miikka Ahti
- Department of Psychology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Russell C. Hoffing
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, RiversideCA, United States
| | - Daniel Ventus
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Susanne M. Jaeggi
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, IrvineCA, United States
| | - Aaron R. Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, RiversideCA, United States
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Linares R, Borella E, Lechuga MT, Carretti B, Pelegrina S. Training working memory updating in young adults. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 82:535-548. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Zancada-Menendez C, He Q, Sampedro-Piquero P, Lopez L, McNamara TP. Influence of bidirectional perspective on learning routes and spatial layout. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1143476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Linares R, Bajo MT, Pelegrina S. Age-related differences in working memory updating components. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 147:39-52. [PMID: 26985577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible age-related changes throughout childhood and adolescence in different component processes of working memory updating (WMU): retrieval, transformation, and substitution. A set of numerical WMU tasks was administered to four age groups (8-, 11-, 14-, and 21-year-olds). To isolate the effect of each of the WMU components, participants performed different versions of a task that included different combinations of the WMU components. The results showed an expected overall decrease in response times and an increase in accuracy performance with age. Most important, specific age-related changes in the retrieval component were found, demonstrating that the effect of retrieval on accuracy was larger in children than in adolescents or young adults. These findings indicate that the availability of representations from outside the focus of attention may change with age. Thus, the retrieval component of updating could contribute to the age-related changes observed in the performance of many updating tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Linares
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - M Teresa Bajo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Botto M, Palladino P. Time and interference: Effects on working memory. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:239-58. [PMID: 26085338 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study tested predictions from the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model with a classical verbal working memory (WM) task, where target and non-target information interfere strongly with each other. Different predictions can be formulated according to the dominant perspectives (TBRS and interference hypothesis) on the role of inhibitory control in WM task performance. Here, we aimed to trace the activation of irrelevant information, examining priming effects in a lexical decision task immediately following WM recall. Results indicate the roles of both time and interference constraints in determining task performance. In particular, the role of time available seemed crucial at the highest WM loads (i.e., 3 and 4 memoranda). These were also associated with a higher activation of no-longer-relevant information but, in this case, independently from time available for processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Botto
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Palladino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, University of Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|