Metabolic syndrome in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen suppression

Optimizing screening and management of cardiovascular health in prostate cancer: A review

In clinical practice, cancer management does not consistently encompass screening and identification of cardiovascular (CV) risk. The use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer has been associated with increased CV risk and development of metabolic syndrome, necessitating identification of patients at risk in this population (e.g., those with pre-existing CV disease). A multidisciplinary team of Canadian physicians was assembled to develop a series of recommendations intended to identify patients who may benefit from optimal management of their CV disease and/or modification of cardiac risk factors. A key goal was the development of a simple screening tool for identification of patients with pre-existing CV disease. This simple and inclusive set of recommendations are intended for use within urology clinics to facilitate holistic approaches and simplify the management of patients.

Androgen deprivation therapy is associated with diabetes: Evidence from meta-analysis

Aims/Introduction

There is still no obvious evidence proving that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would increase the risk of diabetes. To determine if ADT is associated with diabetes in men with prostate cancer, we carried out the present study.

Materials and Methods

We systematically searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library Central Register through 2014. Studies comparing ADT vs control aimed at treating prostate cancer reporting diabetes as outcome were included. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. This meta‐analysis was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses checklist. Observational studies were evaluated through the Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.

Results

Eight studies were identified with 65,695 ADT users and 91,893 non‐ADT users. The pooled incidence of diabetes was 39% higher in ADT groups. A significant association was observed in the overall analysis (risk ratio [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.53; P < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, diabetes was found to be significantly associated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) alone (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.36–1.54; P < 0.001), GnRH plus oral antiandrogen (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.01–1.93; P = 0.04) and orchiectomy (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.50; P < 0.001), but not with antiandrogen alone (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.75–2.36; P = 0.33). Diabetes was strongly related to long duration of ADT (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.22–1.68; P < 0.001), and was slightly associated with short duration of ADT (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12–1.49; P = 0.0004).

Conclusions

ADT, especially long duration (>6 months) of this treatment, GnRH alone, GnRH plus antiandrogen and orchiectomy can increase the incidence of diabetes.

SIMBOSPROST: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy: A multicentre, cross-sectional study

AIM

To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoporosis in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) treated with radical radiotherapy (RT) with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

BACKGROUND

Worldwide, the prevalence of MetS is estimated to range from 20% to 25% of the adult population. However, prevalence rates are much higher in PCa patients (pts) who undergo ADT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Multicentre cross-sectional study of 270 pts in Spain with PCa. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the duration of ADT (6, 12-18, ≥24 months) and compared to a control group without ADT. MetS was defined according to NCEP ATP III criteria. Osteoporosis was assessed by DEXA.

RESULTS

A total of 270 pts, treated from November 2011 to October 2012, were included. Of these, 122 pts (47%) fulfilled the criteria for MetS. The median age of this group was significantly higher (71.3 vs. 69.38 years, p = 0.028). MetS prevalence was 50% in the control group. In pts who received ADT, prevalence was 44.8% after 6 months of ADT, 45.3% after 12-18 months, and 50% after ≥24 months (pns). Most pts (168/270; 62%) underwent DEXA. Of those tested, 78 (46.4%) had osteopenia and only 11 (6.5%) had osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of MetS in pts with PCa treated with radical RT was higher (47%) than in the general population. However, there were no significant differences in the duration of ADT administration. The prevalence of osteoporosis was low. These findings suggest that the prevalence of MetS in PCa patients may be higher than previously reported.

The metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy

PURPOSE

Androgen deprivation therapy may promote the development of the metabolic syndrome in patients with prostate cancer. We assessed the prevalence of the full metabolic syndrome and its components during the first year of androgen deprivation therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This observational, multicenter, prospective study included 539 patients with prostate cancer scheduled to receive 3-month depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs for more than 12 months. Waist circumference, body mass index, lipid profile, blood pressure and fasting glucose were evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. The metabolic syndrome was assessed according to NCEP ATP III criteria (2001) and 4 other definitions (WHO 1998, AACE 2003, AHA/NHLBI 2005 and IDF 2005).

RESULTS

At 6 and 12 months after the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy, significant increases were observed in waist circumference, body mass index, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No significant changes in blood pressure 130/85 or greater were detected. A nonsignificant increase of 3.9% in the prevalence of the full metabolic syndrome (ATP III) was observed (22.9% at baseline vs 25.5% and 26.8% at 6 and 12 months, respectively). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at baseline varied according to the definition used, ranging from 9.4% (WHO) to 50% (IDF). At 12 months significant increases in prevalence were observed with the WHO (4.1%) and AHA/NHLBI (8.1%) definitions.

CONCLUSIONS

Androgen deprivation therapy produces significant early effects on waist circumference, body mass index, fasting glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. The prevalence of and increase in the metabolic syndrome depend on the defining criteria. Counseling patients on the prevention, early detection and treatment of specific metabolic alterations is recommended.