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Slodownik D, Bar J, Solomon M, Lavy Y, Baum S, Mordechai Galed O, Cnaan R, Solomon-Cohen E, Horev L, Daniely D. Pediatric Contact Dermatitis: A 10-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study. Dermatitis 2023; 34:399-404. [PMID: 37192492 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is relatively common in the adult and pediatric populations alike, few studies describe the special features of contact sensitization among the Israeli pediatric populations, none of them is multicenter. Our study aims to describe and analyze patch test results and trends in 4 tertiary care centers between 2012 and 2022. Methods: We assessed the results of 357 patch tests performed on children 0-18 years old between 2012 and 2022 in designated clinics in 4 tertiary medical centers. All patients were tested using the European baseline series and additional series as clinically indicated. We assessed the demographic features, atopic features, and influence, as well as the main allergens to cause sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis among the pediatric population. Results: In total 69% of the study population were females, mainly 12-18 years old, 35% of the study population were previously diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, and 57% had an atopic diathesis. Females were more commonly sensitized (P < 0.05). Patients without atopic dermatitis were more commonly diagnosed with ACD and had more reactions on patch test (P < 0.05). The most common allergens to cause ACD are preservatives and metals, as previously described, however, acrylate sensitivity is an emerging group that has not been described among the Israeli pediatric population in previous studies. Fragrance mix 2 and Mroxylon pereirae are relatively rare allergens among the Israeli pediatric population, whereas linalool hyperoxide might be considered an emerging allergen. Methylisothiazolinone causes ACD more frequently among patients without atopic dermatitis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Among the Israeli pediatric population, ACD is more common in females without atopic dermatitis. Acrylates become a common culprit and should be included in baseline series. Patients with atopic dermatitis are less frequently sensitized by methylisothiazolinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Slodownik
- From the Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Bar
- From the Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Solomon
- Department of Dermatology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yaron Lavy
- Department of Dermatology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sharon Baum
- Department of Dermatology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Roten Cnaan
- Department of Dermatology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Liran Horev
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; and
- Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Danny Daniely
- From the Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Chamani S, Mobasheri L, Rostami Z, Zare I, Naghizadeh A, Mostafavi E. Heavy metals in contact dermatitis: A review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127240. [PMID: 37331278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with chemical substances in the environment and can either be irritant or allergic in nature. The clinical symptoms of contact dermatitis, include local skin rash, itching, redness, swelling, and lesions. Nowadays, 15-20% of people have some degree of contact dermatitis, which can be more or less severe. Immune responses in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are due to the effects of cytokines and allergen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on the skin. Acids and alkalis such as drain cleaners, plants such as poinsettias, hair colors, and nail polish remover, are all prominent causes of irritant contact dermatitis (ICDs). Heavy metals are metallic elements with a high atomic weight that are hazardous in low quantities and are known to cause dermatitis after systemic or local exposure. Nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) are among the most common heavy metals used in various industries. Metal allergies may cause ACD and also systemic contact dermatitis (SCD). Contact dermatitis is detected by laboratory tests such as patch testing, lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), and evaluation of cytokine production by primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This article presents an update on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ACD and SCD caused by three heavy metals (Cr, Cu, and Pb). Ni is not discussed due to recent coverage. Furthermore, the effects of contact sensitivity to some other heavy metals, such as gold (Au), cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), and mercury (Hg) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Chamani
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rostami
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | - Ali Naghizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Is Patch Test Necessary in Children to Solve the Clinical Conundrum of Foot Eczema. Dermatitis 2022; 33:349-354. [PMID: 34999604 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot eczema in children is a commonly encountered condition but is associated with diverse etiology, thereby posing a diagnostic challenge. These include atopic eczema, juvenile plantar dermatoses, irritant contact dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis. Because of the diverse etiology, it is often difficult to distinguish between the conditions clinically, thereby warranting patch testing for the correct diagnosis. OBJECTIVES The study was conducted to determine the frequency of positive patch tests among children with foot eczema and to compare them with children with and without atopy. METHODS This was a prospective observational study done on 86 children aged 4 to 17 years presenting with foot eczema in whom patch testing was done using Indian standard series and footwear series and patients' own footwear. RESULTS The clinical diagnosis of foot eczema in our study was allergic contact dermatitis (37%), followed by atopic eczema (30%), juvenile plantar dermatoses (17%), and lichen simplex chronicus (15%). Patch test positivity was present in 36% of the cases with clinical relevance in 65% of the cases. The common allergens were rubber allergens and disperse dyes. Of the children who were patch tested, highest patch test positivity rates were seen in allergic contact dermatitis (50%) and juvenile plantar dermatoses (53%). No significant differences were observed with regard to patch test positivity or relevance between children with and without atopy. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of foot eczema in children cannot be made on clinical grounds alone, and patch testing should be recommended in children with any morphological pattern of foot eczema irrespective of presence or absence of atopy, especially in those with long-standing and recalcitrant disease with frequent exacerbations.
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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yılmaz Z, Özkaya E. Patch-test results in terms of the recently recommended allergens in children and adolescents: A retrospective cohort study over 22 years from Turkey. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:198-210. [PMID: 33759232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A European pediatric patch-test series was suggested recently. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the patch-test results in children (<10-years-old) and adolescents (10- to 18-years-old) in Turkey, focusing on the clinical/occupational relevance and the diagnostic value of the recently suggested series. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study on 317 consecutively patch-tested patients ≤18 years of age, between 1996 and 2017. RESULTS The contact sensitization rate was 46.1%. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was diagnosed in 30.9%, comprising non-occupational (84.7%) and occupational (15.3%) ACD. Nickel was the leading allergen in almost every age group. Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) was the clinically most relevant allergen, followed by p-phenylenediamine (PPD), ammonium persulfate, fragrance mix I, nickel sulfate, and mercury/mercury(II)amidochloride. Occupational ACD was most frequently seen in hairdresser apprentices (adolescents only) who were sensitized with PPD ± ammonium persulfate. ACD from MCI/MI increased to 5-fold, ammonium persulfate and mercurial compounds to 2-fold, and PPD to 1.7-fold after 2007. Almost one third of patients would be missed by testing only with the recommended allergens. CONCLUSIONS For patch testing in Turkish children and adolescents, we suggest additionally testing with ammonium persulfate, mercury/mercury(II)amidochloride, toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin, and polyethylene glycol, the latter as a marker for nitrofurazone allergy, in appropriate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yılmaz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Boyabat 75th Year State Hospital, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Esen Özkaya
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Goossens A, Morren MA. Contact Allergy in Children. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Neale H, Garza-Mayers AC, Tam I, Yu J. Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis. Part I: Clinical features and common contact allergens in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:235-244. [PMID: 33217510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to environmental allergens, has a prevalence that is similar in children and adults. However, diagnostic testing for ACD in pediatric populations accounts for less than one tenth of all patch tests. The relative infrequency of pediatric patch testing may be attributed to the difficulty in testing in this population, which includes a smaller surface area for patch test placement and maintaining cooperation during patch testing, especially in younger children. Diagnosis can be difficult in children because the appearance of ACD can mimic other common pediatric skin conditions, particularly atopic dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. Comprehensive history taking, guided by patient presentation, age group, and location of dermatitis, helps build clinical suspicion. Such clinical suspicion is one of the major reasons behind patch testing, with additional indications being recalcitrant dermatitis and dermatitis with atypical distribution. US pediatric data have shown the top allergens to be metals, fragrances, topical antibiotics, preservatives, and emollients. These trends are important to recognize to guide management and accurate diagnosis, because ACD tends to persist if the allergen is not identified and can affect patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Neale
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Cristina Garza-Mayers
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Idy Tam
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JiaDe Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Boonchai W, Chaiyabutr C, Charoenpipatsin N, Sukakul T. Pediatric contact allergy: A comparative study with adults. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:34-40. [PMID: 32696982 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis is increasing. The patch test allergens included in pediatric baseline series vary globally. The worldwide prevalence of pediatric reactions to allergens needs clarification. OBJECTIVES Identify the prevalence, associated factors, and culprit allergens for contact allergy among patch-tested Thai children, and compare with those for adults. METHODS Baseline series patch test results from 2010-2019 were collected for patients younger than 18 years of age. As a control group, sex-matched adult patients were randomly selected. The results and characteristics of the two groups were compared. RESULTS The median age of 112 patch tested pediatric patients was 16 (range 2-17) years. Of the children, 35.5% had at least one positive reaction, significantly less than the 56.6% for adults. The five most common pediatric allergens were nickel sulfate (12.1%), potassium dichromate (8.0%), methylisothiazolinone (7.1%), fragrance mix II (6.0%), and carba mix (5.4%). Although similar, the 10 most common allergens of the groups differed in order. Positive reactions to cosmetic allergens were significantly less frequent among the children. Many allergens remained entirely negative. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of positive reactions was lower in children, varying by population and region. The top-10 pediatric and adult causative allergens were almost identical. We recommend using the same baseline patch test series for children and adults in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayada Chaiyabutr
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Norramon Charoenpipatsin
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Felmingham C, Davenport R, Bala H, Palmer A, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis in children and proposal for an Australian Paediatric Baseline Series. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 61:33-38. [PMID: 31630402 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an increasingly common diagnosis in children. The objectives of this study were to review our experience with ACD in children in tertiary settings, to ascertain the spectrum of allergens in this population and to subsequently propose the first Australian Paediatric Baseline Series for patch testing. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of patch test data from 1993 to 2017 from two tertiary referral patch-testing centres in Melbourne, Victoria. RESULTS A total of 511 children were patch tested during the study period. Of these, 58.3% (298/511) of children tested had a positive patch test, and 65.1% (194/298, or 38.0% of the total) had a relevant positive patch test. The most common relevant patch test reactions were fragrance mix, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI), Myroxylon pereirae, nickel sulphate, and colophonium. CONCLUSION Allergic contact dermatitis is not uncommon in children, and patch testing should be considered in children with suspected ACD or with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Based on our experience over 25 years, we propose the first Australian Paediatric Baseline Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Felmingham
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Davenport
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harini Bala
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Palmer
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Corrêa-Fissmer M, Dalazen CC, Ferreira BP, Iser BPM. Assessment of patch test results carried out during ten years in a city in southern Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 93:807-812. [PMID: 30484523 PMCID: PMC6256204 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20185023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact dermatitis affects up to 20% of the population. Patch testing for contact allergy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To describe and discuss the results of patch tests performed in a city in southern Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed on all skin test results over ten years. Variables such as gender, age at the time of testing, and test results were evaluated. Triggering factors, duration of complain, and previous medications used related to the clinical history were retrieved for some patients by reviewing their medical records. RESULTS The sample was composed of 539 patch tests, of which 411 (76.2%) were from women. The age of the tested subjects ranged from 5 to 87 years. The prevalence of positive reactions in the patch tests was 391 (72.5%). The most prevalent positive reaction was to nickel sulfate (196; 36.4%), which had statistical significance when associated with female gender (p<0,001). STUDY LIMITATIONS Database obtained through secondary sources (the reports of the exams and the medical records), occurring the incomplete registration of some information. CONCLUSIONS Data analysis at the local level is important to define preventive policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Corrêa-Fissmer
- Outpatient Clinic of Medical Specialties, Universidade do Sul de
Santa Catarina, Tubarão (SC), Brazil
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Oosterhaven JAF, Uter W, Aberer W, Armario-Hita JC, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bauer A, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Elsner P, García-Gavín J, Giménez-Arnau AM, John SM, Kręcisz B, Mahler V, Rustemeyer T, Sadowska-Przytocka A, Sánchez-Pérez J, Simon D, Valiukevičienė S, Weisshaar E, Schuttelaar MLA. European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): Contact allergies in relation to body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 80:263-272. [PMID: 30520058 PMCID: PMC6590142 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Analyses of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) database have focused primarily on the prevalence of contact allergies to the European baseline series, both overall and in subgroups of patients. However, affected body sites have hitherto not been addressed. Objective To determine the prevalence of contact allergies for distinct body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods Analysis of data collected by the ESSCA (www.essca‐dc.org) in consecutively patch tested patients, from 2009 to 2014, in eight European countries was performed. Cases were selected on the basis of the presence of minimally one positive patch test reaction to the baseline series, and a final diagnosis of ACD attributed to only one body site. Results Six thousand two hundred and fifty‐five cases were analysed. The head and hand were the most common single sites that ACD was attributed to. Differences between countries were seen for several body sites. Nickel, fragrance mix I, cobalt and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone were the most frequent allergens reported for various body sites. Conclusions Distinct allergen patterns per body site were observed. However, contact allergies were probably not always relevant for the dermatitis that patients presented with. The possibility of linking positive patch test reactions to relevance, along with affected body sites, should be a useful addition to patch test documentation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jart A F Oosterhaven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Aberer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José C Armario-Hita
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Puerto Real, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Barbara K Ballmer-Weber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich and Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University Allergy Centre, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan García-Gavín
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Complex, Faculty of Medicine, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela; also: Dermatological Office, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Beata Kręcisz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria.,Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Chlorhexidine in 2 Pediatric Patient. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Córdoba S, Sanz-Sánchez T, Mohedano-Vicente E, Borbujo J. Dermatitis alérgica de contacto a clorhexidina en dos pacientes pediátricos. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019; 110:76-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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