1
|
Kudapa D, Klaver SJ, Peterson R, Burr EK, De Leon AN, Leary AV, Maynard MH, Hayden ER, Kramer MP, Dvorak RD. A Deviance Regulation Theory Intervention Affects the Association Between Narcissistic Traits and Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategies in College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1546-1555. [PMID: 38831657 PMCID: PMC11298194 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background: College students continue to report problematic alcohol use. To mitigate adverse outcomes, recent studies have employed harm reduction strategies known as Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS). Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT), an impression management intervention, has been used to promote the use of PBS. DRT relies on impression management to modify behavior. This may be especially important for individuals with higher levels of trait narcissism. Method: College student drinkers (n = 132) were randomly assigned to receive a positive message about PBS users, a negative message about non-PBS users, or control. Participants reported on current PBS use norms, daily alcohol use, PBS use, and any alcohol-related problems experienced during the previous week for the next 10 weeks. Results: Data were analyzed using multilevel regression to examine PBS use across time by condition. When PBS norms were low, narcissism was strongly associated with lower rates of PBS use in the control group. If individuals received a positive or negative message, the association between narcissism and PBS use was diminished, among individuals with low PBS norms. There were no significant differences at mean or high levels of norms, indicating the messaging was only important for the highest risk group (i.e., those with low PBS norms). Discussion: The results of this study suggest that message framing may be effective at reducing the robust negative association between narcissism and PBS use for individuals with low PBS norms. Positive messages about individuals that use PBS may be one approach to mitigating problematic alcohol consumption in this at-risk group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily K. Burr
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Richards VL, Glenn SD, Turrisi RJ, Mallett KA, Ackerman S, Russell MA. Transdermal alcohol concentration features predict alcohol-induced blackouts in college students. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:880-888. [PMID: 38639884 PMCID: PMC11114374 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) are common in college students. Individuals with AIBs also experience acute and chronic alcohol-related consequences. Research suggests that how students drink is an important predictor of AIBs. We used transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) sensors to measure biomarkers of increasing alcohol intoxication (rise rate, peak, and rise duration) in a sample of college students. We hypothesized that the TAC biomarkers would be positively associated with AIBs. METHODS Students were eligible to participate if they were aged 18-22 years, in their second or third year of college, reported drinking 4+ drinks on a typical Friday or Saturday, experienced ≥1 AIB in the past semester, owned an iPhone, and were willing to wear a sensor for 3 days each weekend. Students (N = 79, 55.7% female, 86.1% White, Mage = 20.1) wore TAC sensors and completed daily diaries over four consecutive weekends (89.9% completion rate). AIBs were assessed using the Alcohol-Induced Blackout Measure-2. Logistic multilevel models were conducted to test for main effects. RESULTS Days with faster TAC rise rates (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.56, 5.90), higher peak TACs (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.64, 7.11), and longer rise TAC durations (OR = 4.16, 95% CI: 2.08, 10.62) were associated with greater odds of experiencing an AIB. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of "risky" drinking college students, three TAC drinking features identified as being related to rising intoxication independently predicted the risk for daily AIBs. Our findings suggest that considering how an individual drinks (assessed using TAC biomarkers), rather than quantity alone, is important for assessing risk and has implications for efforts to reduce risk. Not only is speed of intoxication important for predicting AIBs, but the height of the peak intoxication and the time spent reaching the peak are important predictors, each with different implications for prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L. Richards
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon D. Glenn
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J. Turrisi
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Mallett
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Ackerman
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A. Russell
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peterson R, Dvorak RD, Burr EK, De Leon AN, Klaver SJ, Maynard MH, Hayden ER, Aguilar B. Revised Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (PBSS-20) Sub-Types: An Analysis of Direct/Controlled Consumption and Indirect/Harm Reduction PBS. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2024:472379241246367. [PMID: 38591951 DOI: 10.1177/00472379241246367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are commonly conceptualized with a three-factor model, as used in the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20 (PBSS-20). However, inconsistencies exist between factors and drinking outcomes. The current study used factor analysis to test a two-factor structure directly via controlled consumption (Direct/CC) and indirectly via harm reduction (Indirect/HR) using the PBSS-20 among a combined sample of n = 4,883 drinkers. Both the two- and three-factor structures evince similar model fit. A two-factor model yielded more concise PBS measurement. Negative associations were observed with consumption (Direct/CC PBS) and problems (Indirect/HR). A condensed, eight-item, two-factor model accounted for less variance in alcohol consumption, however more variance in alcohol-related problems. A more consistent framework for understanding the impact of PBS on alcohol-related outcomes is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Emily K Burr
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emma R Hayden
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Bradley Aguilar
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Richards VL, Glenn SD, Turrisi RJ, Altstaedter A, Mallett KA, Russell MA. Does it really matter that I do not remember my night? Consequences related to blacking out among college student drinkers. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1798-1805. [PMID: 37533347 PMCID: PMC10834833 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) are experienced frequently by college student drinkers and are more likely to occur on days with high-intensity drinking (HID; 8+ for females/10+ for males) than non-HID days. Research suggests that AIBs are associated with experiencing other alcohol-related consequences (ARCs), including more serious ARCs (SARCs; e.g., legal and sexual consequences), but we do not know whether individuals experience more ARCs and more SARCs on occasions when they black out than when they do not black out. This study examines the associations between AIBs and the total number of both ARCs and SARCs. METHODS Students (N = 462, 51.7% female, 87.7% White, Mage = 20.1) were assessed across 6 weekends via e-surveys (80%-97% response rate). Multilevel models were used to test for main effects, controlling for drinking (HID or estimated blood alcohol concentration; eBAC) and sex. RESULTS Drinking days when an AIB was experienced were associated with more total ARCs (b = 3.54, 95% CI: 3.10, 3.99) and more SARCs (b = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.95) per day than non-AIB days. The more frequently a person experienced an AIB, the more total ARCs (b = 5.33, 95% CI: 4.40, 6.25) and SARCs (1.05, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.30) they reported on average. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced blackout days were associated with higher levels of harm than non-AIB days, even at the same levels of drinking. Interventions that focus on reducing the occurrence of AIBs and factors that contribute to them, in addition to reducing alcohol consumption, may help reduce total harm associated with drinking among college students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Richards
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon D Glenn
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Turrisi
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa Altstaedter
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly A Mallett
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Russell
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richards VL, Turrisi RJ, Glenn SD, Waldron KA, Rodriguez GC, Mallett KA, Russell MA. Alcohol-induced blackouts among college student drinkers: A multilevel analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107706. [PMID: 37001258 PMCID: PMC10150855 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors (manner of drinking, combined alcohol and other substance use, physiology) that are associated with alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) over and above estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). METHODS Students (N = 462, 51.7 % female, 87.7 % White, Mage = 20.1) were assessed across 6 weekends via e-surveys (80-97 % response rate). eBAC was calculated using standard number of drinks, drinking duration, sex, and weight. Three-level multilevel models (days, weeks, persons) were conducted to test for main effects, controlling for eBAC. RESULTS Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) were associated with decreased odds of AIBs on the daily (OR = 0.64, 95 % CI: 0.53, 0.77), weekly (OR = 0.84, 95 % CI: 0.72, 0.98), and person-levels (OR = 0.62, 95 % CI: 0.51, 0.74). Combined cannabis with alcohol was associated with increased odds of AIBs on the weekly (OR = 2.13, 95 % CI 1.13, 4.07) and person-levels (OR = 3.56, 95 % CI 1.60, 7.93). People who more frequently played drinking games (OR = 1.41, 95 % CI: 1.12, 1.77), pregamed (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.19, 2.03), and showed higher tolerance (OR = 1.22, 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.37) showed increased risk of AIBs, over and above eBAC levels. CONCLUSION We identified a number of daily-, weekly-, and person-level factors that uniquely contribute to the prediction of AIBs even at equivalent eBACs. Many of these factors were behavioral, suggesting that they may serve as malleable prevention targets for AIBs in college student drinkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Richards
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Robert J Turrisi
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Shannon D Glenn
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Katja A Waldron
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Gabriel C Rodriguez
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Kimberly A Mallett
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Michael A Russell
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller MB, Freeman LK, Aranda A, Shoemaker S, Sisk D, Rubi S, Everson AT, Flores LY, Williams MS, Dorimé-Williams ML, McCrae CS, Borsari B. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackout in a diverse sample of veterans. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:395-405. [PMID: 36533546 PMCID: PMC9992316 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-induced blackouts have been associated concurrently and prospectively with alcohol-related harm. Although rates of heavy drinking among military samples tend to be comparable or higher than rates among civilian samples, the prevalence and correlates of blackout in the military population are understudied. METHODS Veterans (N = 241, 29% female, 39% Black) reported on their alcohol consumption and mental health as part of a larger health-related study among veterans. In this secondary analysis, we tested theoretically and empirically informed predictors (gender, drinking quantity, and other drug use) and consequences [depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] of alcohol-induced blackout. Given the diversity of the sample, potential roles of racial/ethnic discrimination and drinking to cope in alcohol-induced blackout were also tested. RESULTS Past-year prevalence of alcohol-induced blackout was 53% among veterans who drank alcohol and 68% among those who screened positive for hazardous drinking. Everyday experience of racial discrimination was the strongest concurrent predictor of alcohol-induced blackout. Drinking quantity and use of other drugs were significant correlates only in bivariate models. Controlling for gender, race, drinking quantity, other drug use, and discrimination, blackout frequency was significantly associated with symptoms of depression, but not symptoms of PTSD. Both blackout and racial discrimination were associated with drinking to cope. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackout among veterans are largely consistent with those documented in civilian and young adult populations. Among racially diverse groups, racial discrimination may be more strongly associated with mental health symptoms than alcohol consumption or acute alcohol consequences such as blackout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, College of Arts & Sciences, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lindsey K. Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, College of Arts & Sciences, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Amaya Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, College of Arts & Sciences, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sydney Shoemaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Delaney Sisk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sofia Rubi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Adam T. Everson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 1 Hospital Dr DC067.00, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Lisa Y. Flores
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, College of Arts & Sciences, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael S. Williams
- Department of Educational Leadership & Policy Analysis, University of Missouri, College of Education, 202 Hill Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marjorie L. Dorimé-Williams
- Department of Educational Leadership & Policy Analysis, University of Missouri, College of Education, 202 Hill Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Brian Borsari
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|